Ko tetahi o nga waahi o runga Alexa (porowhita pokapū), ka tiakina e HTTPS, me nga subdomains (hina) me nga whakawhirinakitanga (ma), kei roto ko nga mea whakaraerae (whakamarumaru)
I enei ra, ko te tohu hononga haumaru HTTPS kua waiho hei huanga paerewa me te tika mo tetahi paetukutuku nui. Mehemea kua ngaro, tata ki nga kaitirotiro tata katoa e whakaatu ana i te whakatupato a kaua e tūtohu kia tukuna atu nga korero muna ki a ia.
Engari ka puta ko te noho mai o te "raka" i roto i te pae wāhitau e kore e mau tonu te tiaki. mai i te rarangi Alexa i whakaatu: he maha o ratou e pa ana ki nga whakaraeraetanga o te kawa SSL/TLS, te nuinga o te waa ma nga subdomains, ma te whakawhirinaki ranei. E ai ki nga kaituhi o te rangahau, ko te uaua o nga tono tukutuku hou ka tino whakanui ake i te mata whakaeke.
Nga hua rangahau
I whakahaerehia te rangahau e nga tohunga mai i te Whare Wananga o Ca' Foscari o Venice (Itari) me te Whare Wananga Hangarau o Vienna. Ka whakaatuhia e ratou he purongo taipitopito i te 40th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, ka tu i Mei 20−22, 2019 i San Francisco.
Ko nga waahi HTTPS 10 runga i te raarangi a Alexa me nga kaihautu hono 000 i tirohia. I tautuhia nga whirihoranga kiripiri whakaraerae i runga i nga kaihautu 90, ara, tata ki te 816% o te katoa:
- 4818 whakaraerae ki te MITM
- 733 whakaraerae ki te wetemunatanga TLS katoa
- 912 whakaraerae ki te wetemunatanga TLS wahanga
Ko nga waahi 898 e tino tuwhera ana ki te hacking, ara, ka tukuna e ratou te werohanga o nga tuhinga tuatoru, me nga waahi 977 e tango ana i nga ihirangi mai i nga wharangi ngoikore ka taea e te kaiwhaiwhai te taunekeneke.
Ko nga kairangahau e kii ana i roto i nga rauemi 898 "kua tino whakararu" ko nga toa ipurangi, ratonga putea me etahi atu waahi nui. 660 mai i te 898 nga waahi ka tango i nga tuhinga o waho mai i nga kaihautu whakaraerae: koinei te tino take o te aitua. E ai ki nga kaituhi, ko te uaua o nga tono tukutuku hou ka tino piki ake te mata whakaeke.
I kitea ano etahi atu raruraru: 10% o nga puka whakamanatanga he raruraru ki te tuku korero haumaru, e whakawehi ana i te rerenga o te kupuhipa, 412 nga waahi ka whakaaetia te haukoti i nga pihikete me te "waahanga waahi," a ko nga waahi 543 ka kaha ki te whakaeke i te pono o te pihikete (ma te subdomains. ).
Ko te raruraru ko nga tau tata nei, ko nga tikanga SSL/TLS me te rorohiko : POODLE (CVE-2014-3566), BEAST (CVE-2011-3389), CRIME (CVE-2012-4929), BREACH (CVE-2013-3587) me Heartbleed (CVE-2014-0160). Hei tiaki i a raatau, he maha nga tautuhinga e hiahiatia ana i runga i te taha o te tūmau me te taha o te kiritaki hei karo i te whakamahinga o nga putanga whakaraerae tawhito. Engari he tikanga iti noa tenei, na te mea ko enei momo whakatakotoranga ko te kowhiri mai i nga huinga maha o nga ciphers me nga tikanga, he uaua ki te maarama. Kaore i te tino marama ko nga huinga cipher me nga kawa e kiia ana "he tino haumaru."
Tautuhinga taunakitia
Karekau he tangata kua whakamanahia me te whakaae ki te rarangi o nga tautuhinga HTTPS e taunaki ana. Na, he maha nga whiringa whirihoranga, i runga i te taumata whakamarumaru e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, koinei nga tautuhinga e taunakihia ana mo te tūmau nginx 1.14.0:
Aratau hou
Ko nga kiritaki tawhito e tautokohia ana: Firefox 27, Chrome 30, IE 11 i runga Windows 7, Edge, Opera 17, Safari 9, Android 5.0, me Java 8
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# modern configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}Tautoko toharite
Ko nga kiritaki tawhito e tautokohia ana: Firefox 1, Chrome 1, IE 7, Opera 5, Safari 1, Windows XP IE8, Android 2.3, Java 7
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites, recommended 2048 bits
ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam.pem;
# intermediate configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}Tautoko tawhito
Ko nga kiritaki tawhito e tautokohia ana: Windows XP IE6, Java 6
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites, recommended 2048 bits
ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam.pem;
# old configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:DES-CBC3-SHA:HIGH:SEED:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!RSAPSK:!aDH:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA:!SRP';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}E taunaki ana kia whakamahia i nga wa katoa te huinga cipher katoa me te putanga hou o OpenSSL. Ko te huinga ciphers i roto i nga tautuhinga tūmau e tohu ana i te kaupapa matua ka whakamahia, i runga i nga tautuhinga kiritaki.
Ko nga rangahau e whakaatu ana ko te whakauru noa i te tiwhikete HTTPS kaore e ranea. "Ahakoa kaore matou e whakahaere i nga pihikete penei i a matou i te tau 2005, a kua noho noa te 'TLS tika', ka puta ko enei mea karekau i te rawaka ki te mau i te maha o nga waahi tino rongonui," nga kaituhi o te mahi. Hei tiaki pono i te hongere i waenga i te kaimau me te kaihoko, me ata tirotiro koe i nga hanganga o o ake rohe-roto me nga kaihautu-tuatoru i tukuna mai ai nga ihirangi mo te pae. He mea tika pea te tono arotake mai i etahi kamupene tuatoru e tohunga ana ki te haumaru korero.
Source: will.com