He torutoru nga ra e toe ana tae noa ki te timatanga o te rerenga hou i te tere mai i OTUS. I runga i tenei kaupapa, e hiahia ana matou ki te whakapuaki ki a koe he whakamaoritanga o nga rauemi whai hua mo te kaupapa.
He raupapa o nga panui rangitaki mo nga tohutohu me nga tinihanga mo te rapu raruraru i nga take ping IPv6 (ICMPv6 Echo Request/Echo Reply)
Kia mahara kei te whakamahi ahau i te Linux (ina koa ko Fedora 31), engari ko te wetereo whakahau ping mo etahi atu punaha whakahaere me tino rite.
Pingia nga pona IPv6 katoa ki runga hongere
Ko te pito tuatahi me te ngawari ko te ping nga pona IPv6 katoa ki te hono.
Ka whakamahi a IPv6 i nga wahitau tuku maha mo nga momo korero kotahi ki te maha. Karekau he haapurorotanga (paoho ranei) nga wahitau IPv6. Ka wehewehe tenei i te IPv6 mai i te IPv4, he maha nga momo wahitau haapurororaa, hei tauira, ko te wahitau "whakawhitinga iti" 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Heoi ano, he wahitau IPv6 "all-nodes multicast", no reira ka whakamahia e matou ki te ping i nga waahanga IPv6 katoa ki te hono. (Ko te wahitau "pāhotanga" he tino whakaingoatia he wahitau multicast, he roopu tuku maha kei roto katoa nga pona. Kia mahara, hei tauira, ka whakakāhia te "rōpū", moka wāhitau maha ranei i roto i nga wahitau haapurororaa Ethernet i te paparanga hono ).
Wāhitau IPv6 tuku-maha-katoa mo te hongere: ff02::1. ff he tohu wāhitau IPv6 tuku maha. Ko te 0 e whai ake nei ko te wahanga o te haki me nga paraka kore i whakaritea.
atu 2 ka tautuhi i te waahi o te roopu multicast. Kaore i rite ki nga wahitau IPv4 maha, he whanui nga wahitau IPv6 maha. Ko te uara whaanui e tohu ana i te wahanga o te whatunga e whakaaetia ana kia tukuna atu te paatete maha. Kia tae atu te kete ki te rohe o te awheawhe kua tohua, me tuku te paakete, ahakoa he korekore tana mara Tatau Hop. Ae ra, mena ka eke te tatau hop ki te kore i mua i te taenga ki te rohenga roopu multicast kua tohua, ka tautuhia ano. Anei te rarangi katoa o te whānuitanga o te IPv6 multicast.
Hei whakamutunga ::1 ka whakapūtā i te rōpū multicast kōpuku-katoa.
Mō te wāhi noho ff02::1 Me tohu he rangirua. I runga i te kaihautu IPv6 me nga atanga maha, penei i te pouara, te kaihautu maha ranei, te wahitau ff02::1 Karekau he mea ka taea e koe te tohu ko tehea atanga hei tuku tono paoro ICMPv6 ki te tumanako ranei kia whiwhi whakautu paoro ICMPv6 ina tae mai. ff02::1 he whaimana, ka taea te whakamahi i runga i tetahi o nga atanga me nga hongere e piri ana ki te node atanga-maha.
Na, ka pehia e matou nga waahanga IPv6 katoa ki runga i tetahi hononga, me korero ano e matou te whaipainga ping mo IPv6, ko tehea atanga hei whakamahi.
Te Tautuhinga Atanga - Kōwhiringa Raina Whakahau
Ka rite ki ta matou i kite ai, ko te wahitau tuku-maha-katoa e hiahia ana matou ki te whakamahi ko − ff02::1 - karekau he korero e pa ana ki te atanga hei tuku me te tango i te tono paoro ICMPv6 me nga kete whakautu whakahoki.
Na, me pehea e tohu ai i te atanga hei whakamahi mo te mokowā wāhitau multicast, mokowā wāhitau Hononga-Local ranei?
Ko te huarahi tuatahi me te tino kitea ko te whakarato hei tawhā ki te tono e whakamahia ana e matou.
Mo te whaipainga ping ka whakaratohia e matou ma te whiringa -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ma te whakamahi i tenei ping multicast-katoa, i tae mai nga urupare mai i nga waahanga IPv6 e 6. I puta mai nga whakautu mai i nga wahitau node Link-Local IPv6, timata mai i te prefix fe80::/10.
e ping karekau e tuku tonu i nga tono paoro ICMPv6 mo nga wa katoa kia haukotia e matou, ko te nuinga o nga wa ka tohua e matou te maha o nga paatete hei tuku ma te whiringa -c. Heoi ano, ka aukati te ping i te whakaae me te whakaatu neke atu i te kotahi ICMPv6 whakautu paoro i te wa e tuku ana i te tono paoro ICMPv6 maha. Engari, i whakamahia e matou te -w kōwhiringa ki te whakapūtā me whakaoti te ping i muri i te 1 hēkona, ahakoa te maha o nga tono paoro ICMPv6, nga whakautu paoro ranei i tukuna, i riro mai ranei.
Ko tetahi atu mea hei aro ki te (DUP!) putanga i runga i nga whakautu tuarua me muri mai. Kua tautuhia enei paakete he whakautu takirua na te mea he rite tonu te uara raupapa ICMP ki nga tono paoro ICMPv6 takitahi i tukuna i te tuatahi. Ka puta mai na te mea ka puta he tono echo multicast ICMPv6 he maha nga whakautu unicast takitahi. Ko te maha o nga taarua ka tohua ano ki te whakarāpopototanga tatauranga.
Te Tautuhinga Atanga - Rohe ID
Ko tetahi atu huarahi ki te whakaatu i tetahi atanga hei whakamahi he waahanga o te tawhā wāhitau IPv6.
Ka taea e tatou te kite i tetahi tauira o tenei i roto i te putanga ping, kei reira nga wahitau o nga kaihautu IPv6 e whakautu ana he kumara. %enp3s2, hei tauira:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msKo tenei tikanga mo te whakawhāiti i nga atanga ka whakaahuahia i roto i te [RFC4007], "Te Hanganga Wāhitau Tautuhi IPv6." Ahakoa e kiia ana ko te atanga punaha whakahaere, ka tautuhia e ratou tetahi mea ake ake—he "rohe" he "whanui" ranei.
Ko te take mo te maha ake o nga rohe whanui me nga rohe whanui ko te mea, pera i te korero i roto i te [RFC4007], he maha nga hononga IPv6 e hono ana ki te hongere kotahi. Ko enei atanga he mema o te rohe kotahi.
Ka taea te whakarōpū i nga atanga maha ki roto i tetahi rohe i raro i te punaha whakahaere; I tenei wa kaore au e mohio mena ka taea tenei i raro i te Linux me pehea ranei te mahi.
Te whakamahi i te kumara %<zone_id>, ka taea e tatou te tango i te whiringa raina whakahau -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Hononga-Rohe Wāhitau Whakautu
Mai i tenei ping multicast-katoa i whiwhi matou e 6 nga whakautu ahurei.
I ahu mai enei whakautu mai i nga wahitau kaihautu Unicast Link-Local IPv6. Hei tauira, koinei te whakautu tuatahi:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msUnicast Hono-Local IPv6 wāhitau e hiahiatia ana i runga i nga atanga IPv6-whakahohea [RFC4291], "Putanga IP 6 Whakataunga Hoahoanga". Ko te take o tenei ko te node IPv6 i nga wa katoa he wahitau IPv6 unicast, ka taea e ia te whakamahi ki te korero ki etahi atu pona i runga i ona hononga hono. Kei roto i tenei ko te korero ki nga tono i runga i etahi atu kaihautu ma nga wahitau kaihautu Hono-Local.
Ma tenei ka ngawari te hoahoa me te whakatinanatanga o nga tikanga penei i te IPv6 Neighbor Discovery me te OSPFv3. Ka taea hoki e nga tono-kaiwhakamahi mutunga ki nga kaihautu te whakawhitiwhiti korero i runga i te hongere me te kore e hiahiatia etahi atu hanganga IPv6 tautoko i runga i te hongere. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti korero tika i waenga i nga ope IPv6 e hono ana kaore e hiahiatia he pouara IPv6, he tūmau DHCPv6 ranei i runga i te hononga.
Ko nga wahitau Hononga-a-rohe ka tiimata me te 10-bit prefix fe80, whai muri i te 54 nga moka kore, katahi ka 64-bit atanga atanga (IID). I te whakautu tuatahi i runga ake nei 2392:6213:a15b:66ff he IID 64-bit.
Koropiko Multicast
Ma te taunoa, ka whakahokia mai nga paatete multicast ki roto ki te node nana i tuku. Ka tupu tenei mo nga korero IPv6 me IPv4.
Ko te take o tenei whanonga taunoa ko te wa e tukuna ana nga paatete multicast, tera pea he tono whakarongo-a-rohe e rere ana i runga i te kaihautu tuku, me tetahi waahi kei runga i te whatunga. Me whiwhi hoki tenei tono a-rohe i nga paatete maha.
Ka taea e tatou te kite i tenei kopae rohe maha i roto i ta maatau whakaputanga ping:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...Ko te whakautu tuatahi me te tere (0,106 ms whakaritea ki te 0,453 ms) ka ahu mai i te hono-Local address i whirihorahia i runga i te atanga ake enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Mahinga ping he huarahi ki te pehi i nga urupare maha-a-rohe ma te whakamahi i te tawhā -L. Mena ka tukuna e matou he ping multicast-katoa me tenei haki, ka iti nga whakautu ki nga waahanga mamao. Karekau he whakautu mai i te hono-Local address o te atanga tuku.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Hononga Ping-Wāhitau Paetata
Kei te whakaaro pea koe, ko nga wahitau Hononga-a-rohe unicast ko ratou anake kaore i te nui nga korero hei tohu ko tehea atanga hei whakamahi hei toro atu ki a raatau. Pērā ki te ping multicast-katoa, me whakapūtā te atanga hei tawhā raina whakahau ping ID rohe ranei me te wahitau i te wa e pinging ana i nga wahitau Hononga-Local.
I tenei wa ka taea e taatau te whakamahi -chei whakawhāiti i te maha o ngā pākete me ngā whakautu ka tukuna, ka riro mai ping, i te mea kei te mahi matou i te ping unicast.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (katoa) etahi atu wahitau IPv6?
I roto i tenei tuhinga, i kite matou me pehea te ping i nga node IPv6 katoa i runga i te hongere ma te whakamahi i tetahi wahitau IPv6 maha-katoa nodes. ff02::1. I kite ano matou me pehea te tautuhi ko tehea atanga hei whakamahi me tetahi wahitau IPv6 maha-a-whare-katoa, na te mea kaore e taea e te wahitau te whakarato i enei korero. I whakamahia e matou te kowhiringa rarangi whakahau ping, i tohua ranei te atanga ma te whakamahi i te kumara %<zone_id>.
Na ka ako matou mo nga wahitau Hononga-a-rohe unicast, he wahitau e whakamahia ana hei whakautu ki nga tono echo ICMPv6-katoa.
I kite ano matou me pehea te whakahokinga mai o nga paatete multicast ki te node tuku ma te taunoa me pehea te whakakore i tenei mo te whaipainga ping.
Ka mutu, ka ping matou i tetahi wahitau Hononga-Local ma te whakamahi i te kumara %<zone_id>, i te mea ko nga wahitau Hononga-a-rohe kaore ano i te tuku korero mo te atanga putaatu.
Na me pehea te ping i era atu pona katoa me te tiki i o ratou wahitau unicast-ao (GUA) (ara, o ratou wahitau whanui i runga i te Ipurangi) me o ratou wahitau unicast ahurei (ULA) ranei? Ka titiro tatou ki tenei i roto i te pou rangitaki e whai ake nei.
Ko te katoa.
Ka kitea e koe etahi atu korero mo to maatau akoranga i.
Source: will.com