I etahi ra kua pahure ake nei, ka whakatau ahau ki te whakahuri i te miihini o taku pouara ma te whakamahi i te binwalk.
Naku ahau i hoko . Ehara i te pouara pai, engari he nui mo aku hiahia.
I nga wa katoa ka hoko au i tetahi pouara hou, ka whakauruhia e au . Hei aha? Hei tikanga, kaore nga kaihanga e aro nui ki te tautoko i o raatau pouara me te roa o te waa ka ngaro te rorohiko, ka puta nga whakaraeraetanga, me era atu, i te nuinga o te waa, ka whiwhi koe i te whakaaro. Na reira, he pai ki ahau te OpenWRT firmware, e tautoko paitia ana e te hapori tuwhera-puna.
I te tango i te OpenWRT, ka hoki ahau i raro i taku Archer C7 hou mai i te paetukutuku mana me te whakatau ki te tātari. Ma te ngahau me te korero mo te binwalk.
He aha te binwalk?
he taputapu puna tuwhera mo te tātari, te hangahanga whakamuri me te tangohanga whakaahua.
I hangaia i te tau 2010 e Craig Heffner, ka taea e te binwalk te matawai i nga whakaahua firmware me te rapu i nga konae, te tautuhi me te tango i nga whakaahua punaha konae, te waehere ka taea te whakahaere, nga purongo kua oti te kopaki, nga bootloader me nga kakano, nga whakatakotoranga konae penei i te JPEG me te PDF, me te maha atu.
Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te binwalk hei whakahuri i te miihini i te miihini kia mohio ai koe me pehea te mahi. Rapua nga konae rua mo nga whakaraeraetanga, tango i nga konae, ka rapu mo nga kuaha o muri, tiwhikete mamati ranei. Ka kitea hoki e koe opcodes mo te paihere o nga PTM rereke.
Ka taea e koe te tango i nga whakaahua punaha konae ki te rapu i nga konae kupuhipa motuhake (passwd, atarangi, me etahi atu) ka ngana ki te wawahi i nga tohu kupuhipa. Ka taea e koe te mahi poropororua i waenga i nga konae e rua, neke atu ranei. Ka taea e koe te mahi tātari entropy i runga i nga raraunga hei rapu i nga raraunga kōpeke, ki nga taviri whakamunatanga ranei. Ko enei mea katoa me te kore e uru ki te waehere puna.
I te nuinga, kei reira nga mea katoa e hiahia ana koe :)
Me pehea te mahi binwalk?
Ko te ahuatanga matua o te binwalk ko tana karapa waitohu. Ka taea e Binwalk te matawai i te ahua firmware ki te rapu i nga momo momo konae me nga punaha konae.
Kei te mohio koe ki te whaipainga raina whakahau file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedrōpū filetitiro ki te pane pane me te rapu mo tetahi waitohu (tau makutu) hei whakatau i te momo konae. Hei tauira, ki te timata te konae ki te raupapa paita 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, e mohio ana he konae PNG. Kei runga He rarangi o nga waitohu kōnae noa.
He rite tonu te mahi a Binwalk. Engari kaua e rapu waitohu i te timatanga o te konae, ka matawai e binwalk te konae katoa. Hei taapiri, ka taea e te binwalk te tango i nga konae i kitea i te ahua.
Utauta file и binwalk whakamahia te whare pukapuka libmagic ki te tautuhi i nga waitohu kōnae. Engari binwalk ka tautoko ano hoki i te rarangi o nga waitohu makutu ritenga ki te rapu i nga konae kua kopaki/koi, nga pane firmware, nga kakano Linux, nga utauta, nga punaha konae me era atu.
Kia ngahau tatou?
Te whakaurunga Binwalk
Ka tautokohia te Binwalk i runga i nga papaaho maha tae atu ki te Linux, OSX, FreeBSD me Windows.
Hei whakauru i te putanga hou o te binwalk ka taea e koe ka whai ranei , e wātea ana i runga i te paetukutuku kaupapa.
He maha nga tawhā rereke o Binwalk:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portMatawai whakaahua
Me timata ma te rapu mo nga hainatanga konae kei roto i te ahua (ahua mai i te pae ).
E whakahaere ana i te hikoi me te tawhā --waitohu:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Inaianei he maha nga korero mo tenei ahua.
Whakamahinga whakaahua hei bootloader (header image i 0x5AC0 me te whakapakoko bootloader kōpeke i 0x5B00). I runga i te pane uImage i te 0x13270, e mohio ana matou ko te hanganga tukatuka ko te MIPS me te kernel Linux ko te putanga 3.3.8. A i runga i te ahua i kitea i te wahitau 0x11CEA5, ka kite tatou i tera rootfs he pūnaha kōnae squashfs.
Me tango tatou i te bootloader (U-Boot) ma te whakamahi i te whakahau dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sI te mea kua kopekehia te ahua ma te whakamahi i te LZMA, me whakakorehia e tatou:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaInaianei kei a maatau he ahua U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binMe pehea te rapu i te uara taunoa mo bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MTaurangi Taiao U-Boot bootargs whakamahia ki te tuku tawhā ki te pata Linux. A, mai i nga korero o runga ake nei, he pai ake to maatau mohio ki te mahara kohiko o te taputapu.
Me pehea te tango i te whakaahua kernel Linux?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sKa taea e taatau te tirotiro kua tangohia pai te ahua ma te whakamahi i te whakahau file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Ko te whakatakotoranga konae uImage he whakaahua kernel Linux me tetahi pane taapiri. Me tango tenei pane ki te tiki i te whakaahua kernel Linux whakamutunga:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sKua kōpeke te atahanga, no reira me wetewete tatou:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaInaianei kei a maatau he whakaahua kernel Linux:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageHe aha ta tatou e mahi ki te ahua kernel? Ka taea e tatou, hei tauira, te rapu aho i roto i te ahua ka kitea te putanga o te kernel Linux me te ako mo te taiao i whakamahia hei hanga i te kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Ahakoa i tukuna te firmware i tera tau (2019), i a au e tuhi ana i tenei tuhinga kei te whakamahi i tetahi putanga tawhito o te kernel Linux (3.3.8) i tukuna i te tau 2012, i whakaemihia me te putanga tawhito o GCC (4.6) mai i te tau 2012. !
(approx. transl. Kei te whakawhirinaki tonu koe ki o pouara i te tari me te kainga?)
Me te kōwhiringa --opcodes Ka taea hoki e tatou te whakamahi i te binwalk hei tiro i nga tohutohu miihini me te whakatau i te hoahoanga tukatuka o te ahua:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueMe pehea te punaha konae pakiaka? Engari i te tango a ringa i te ahua, me whakamahi te whiringa binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binKa tangohia te punaha konae pakiaka katoa ki te raarangi-roto:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Inaianei ka taea e taatau te mahi i nga mahi rereke.
Ka taea e tatou te rapu i nga konae whirihoranga, nga tohu kupuhipa, nga taviri cryptographic me nga tiwhikete matihiko. Ka taea e tatou te tātari i nga konae rua mo me nga whakaraeraetanga.
Ma te awhina o и Ka taea e taatau te whakahaere (whakarite) i tetahi ka taea te whakahaere mai i te ahua:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatRawe! Engari kia mahara ko te putanga BusyBox he 1.19.4. He putanga tawhito rawa tenei o BusyBox, i tukuna i Aperira 2012.
Na ka tukuna e te TP-Link tetahi whakaahua firmware i te tau 2019 ma te whakamahi i nga punaha (GCC taputapu, kernel, BusyBox, me etahi atu) mai i te 2012!
Inaianei kei te mohio koe he aha taku whakauru tonu i te OpenWRT ki aku pouara?
Ehara i te mea ko tera anake
Ka taea hoki e Binwalk te mahi tātari entropy, te tuhi raraunga entropy mata, me te whakaputa kauwhata entropy. Ko te tikanga, ka kitea te entropy nui ake ina he matapōkere nga paita o te atahanga. Ko te tikanga kei roto i te atahanga he konae whakamuna, he konae, he konae whakamomori. Kī whakamunatanga mārō? He aha te kore.
Ka taea hoki e tatou te whakamahi i te tawhā --raw ki te kimi i te raupapa paita raw ritenga i roto i tetahi ahua, tawhā ranei --hexdump ki te mahi hex putunga whakatairite e rua, neke atu ranei nga konae whakauru.
Ka taea te taapiri atu ki te binwalk ma te konae waitohu ritenga kua tohua ki te raina whakahau ma te whakamahi i te tawhā --magic, ma te taapiri ranei ki te whaiaronga $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Ka kitea e koe etahi atu korero mo te binwalk i .
toronga binwalk
He binwalk, kua whakatinanahia hei kaupapa Python ka taea te whakamahi e tetahi tuhinga Python ki te mahi i te karapa binwalk, a ko te taputapu raina whakahau binwalk ka tata ki te taarua me nga rarangi e rua noa o te waehere Python!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Ma te whakamahi i te Python API ka taea hoki e koe te hanga ki te whirihora me te whakawhānui binwalk.
Kei reira ano me te putanga kapua .
Na he aha koe e kore ai e tango i te ahua firmware mai i te Ipurangi ka whakamatau i te binwalk? Ka oati ahau ka tino harikoa koe :)
Source: will.com