Ko te manatoko okawa ko te manatoko o tetahi papatono, algorithm ranei ma te whakamahi i tetahi atu.
Koinei tetahi o nga tikanga tino kaha e taea ai e koe te kimi whakaraeraetanga katoa i roto i tetahi kaupapa, ka whakamatau ranei kaore i te noho.
Ka kitea te whakamaaramatanga mo te manatoko okawa i te tauira o te whakaoti rapanga o i roto i taku tuhinga o mua.
I roto i tenei tuhinga ka neke ahau mai i te manatoko okawa o nga raru ki nga kaupapa me te whakaahua me pehea
me pehea te huri aunoa ki nga punaha ture okawa.
Ki te mahi i tenei, i tuhia e ahau taku ake tairitenga o te miihini mariko, ma te whakamahi i nga tikanga tohu.
Ka wetewete i te waehere hotaka, ka whakamaoritia ki te punaha wharite (SMT), ka taea te whakaoti ma te hotaka.
I te mea ko nga korero mo nga tatauranga tohu e whakaatuhia ana i runga i te Ipurangi, engari he iti noa.
Ka whakaahua poto ahau he aha tena.
Ko te tatauranga tohu he huarahi ki te mahi i te wa kotahi i te hotaka i runga i te whānuitanga o nga raraunga me te taputapu matua mo te manatoko o te hotaka.
Hei tauira, ka taea e tatou te whakarite tikanga whakauru ka taea e te tohenga tuatahi te tango i nga uara pai, te tuarua kino, te tuatoru kore, me te tohenga putanga, hei tauira, 42.
Ko nga tatauranga tohu i roto i te oma kotahi ka whakahoki mai ki a tatou mehemea ka taea e tatou te whiwhi i te hua e hiahiatia ana me te tauira o te huinga o aua tawhā whakauru. He tohu ranei kaore he tawhā penei.
I tua atu, ka taea e taatau te whakarite i nga tautohetohe whakauru ki nga mea katoa ka taea, ka kowhiria nga mea whakaputa anake, hei tauira, te kupuhipa kaiwhakahaere.
I tenei keehi, ka kitea e matou nga whakaraeraetanga katoa o te papatono, ka whiwhi tohu ranei kei te haumaru te kupuhipa a te kaiwhakahaere.
Ka taea te tohu ko te mahinga puāwaitanga o te kaupapa me nga raraunga whakauru motuhake he keehi motuhake mo te mahi tohu.
Na reira, ka taea hoki e taku ahua VM te mahi i roto i te aratau tauira o te miihini mariko paerewa.
I roto i nga korero ki te tuhinga o mua ka kitea e tetahi te whakahee tika mo te manatoko okawa me te korerorero mo ona ngoikoretanga.
Ko nga raruraru matua ko:
- Pahū pahūtanga, i te mea ko te whakaū ōkawa ka heke ki te P=NP
- Ko te tukatuka waea ki te punaha konae, whatunga me etahi atu rokiroki o waho he uaua ake te manatoko
- Nga pepeha i roto i nga korero, i te wa i kii ai te kaihoko me te kaihōtaka i tetahi mea, engari kaore i tino whakaahuahia i roto i te waahanga hangarau.
Ko te mutunga, ka manatokohia te hotaka me te u ki nga whakaritenga, engari ka mahia he mea rereke rawa atu i nga mea i tumanakohia e nga kaihanga.
I te mea i roto i tenei tuhinga kei te tino whakaaro ahau ki te whakamahi i te manatokotanga okawa i roto i nga mahi, kaore au e paopao i taku mahunga ki te pakitara mo tenei wa, ka whiriwhiria e au he punaha he iti noa te uaua o te algorithmic me te maha o nga waea o waho.
I te mea ko nga kirimana atamai e tino pai ana ki enei whakaritenga, ka taka te whiringa ki runga i nga kirimana RIDE mai i te papaaa Waves: kaore ano a Turing i oti, a, he iti noa to raatau uaua.
Engari ka whakaarohia e maatau anake mai i te taha hangarau.
I tua atu i nga mea katoa, ko te manatokotanga okawa ka tino hiahiatia mo nga kirimana katoa: ko te nuinga o te waa kaore e taea te whakatika i te hapa kirimana i muri i tana whakarewatanga.
A ko te utu mo enei hapa he nui rawa atu, na te mea he nui nga moni kei te rongoa i runga i nga kirimana atamai.
Ko taku miihini mariko tohu kua tuhia ki te PHP me te Python, me te whakamahi i te Z3Prover mai i Microsoft Research hei whakaoti i nga tauira SMT ka puta.
I tona uho ko te rapu maha-tauwhitinga kaha, e
ka taea e koe te kimi otinga, whakaraeraetanga ranei, ahakoa he maha nga whakawhitinga.
Ahakoa te , Ko tetahi o nga anga tohu tino kaha mo te rapu whakaraeraetanga Ethereum, i taapiri noa tenei kaha i etahi marama kua hipa.
Engari he mea tika kia mohio ko nga kirimana ether he uaua ake ka oti a Turing.
Ka whakamaoritia e PHP te waehere puna o te kirimana atamai RIDE ki roto i te tuhinga python, ka whakaatuhia te kaupapa hei punaha Z3 SMT-hototahi o nga kawanatanga kirimana me nga tikanga mo o raatau whakawhitinga:
Inaianei ka whakamarama au i nga mea e tupu ana i roto.
Engari tuatahi, he kupu torutoru mo te reo kirimana atamai RIDE.
He reo hootaka mahi me te whakaputa korero he mangere ma te hoahoa.
Ka rere mokemoke a RIDE i roto i te poraka ka taea te tiki me te tuhi korero mai i te rokiroki e hono ana ki te putea a te kaiwhakamahi.
Ka taea e koe te taapiri i tetahi kirimana RIDE ki ia putea, a ko te hua o te mahi ka TIKA, he HAPA anake.
Ko te tikanga o te TRUE ka whakaaetia e te kirimana atamai te tauwhitinga, ko te FALSE te tikanga ka aukati.
He tauira ngawari: ka taea e te tuhinga te aukati i te whakawhiti mena he iti ake te toenga putea i te 100.
Hei tauira, ka tangohia e ahau te Wolf, Goat, me te Cabbage, engari kua whakaatuhia i roto i te ahua o te kirimana atamai.
Kaore e taea e te kaiwhakamahi te tango moni mai i te putea i tukuna ai te kirimana kia tukuna ra ano e ia nga tangata katoa ki tera taha.
#Извлекаем положение всех объектов из блокчейна
let contract = tx.sender
let human= extract(getInteger(contract,"human"))
let wolf= extract(getInteger(contract,"wolf"))
let goat= extract(getInteger(contract,"goat"))
let cabbage= extract(getInteger(contract,"cabbage"))
#Это так называемая дата-транзакция, в которой пользователь присылает новые 4 переменные.
#Контракт разрешит её только в случае если все объекты останутся в сохранности.
match tx {
case t:DataTransaction =>
#Извлекаем будущее положение всех объектов из транзакции
let newHuman= extract(getInteger(t.data,"human"))
let newWolf= extract(getInteger(t.data,"wolf"))
let newGoat= extract(getInteger(t.data,"goat"))
let newCabbage= extract(getInteger(t.data,"cabbage"))
#0 обозначает, что объект на левом берегу, а 1 что на правом
let humanSide= human == 0 || human == 1
let wolfSide= wolf == 0 || wolf == 1
let goatSide= goat == 0 || goat == 1
let cabbageSide= cabbage == 0 || cabbage == 1
let side= humanSide && wolfSide && goatSide && cabbageSide
#Будут разрешены только те транзакции, где с козой никого нет в отсутствии фермера.
let safeAlone= newGoat != newWolf && newGoat != newCabbage
let safe= safeAlone || newGoat == newHuman
let humanTravel= human != newHuman
#Способы путешествия фермера туда и обратно, с кем-то либо в одиночку.
let t1= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf + 1 && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let t2= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat + 1 && newCabbage == cabbage
let t3= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage + 1
let t4= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf - 1 && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let t5= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat - 1 && newCabbage == cabbage
let t6= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage - 1
let t7= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let objectTravel = t1 || t2 || t3 || t4 || t5 || t6 || t7
#Последняя строка в разделе транзакции описывает разрешающее транзакцию условие.
#Переменные транзакции должны иметь значения 1 или 0, все объекты должны
#быть в безопасности, а фермер должен переплывать реку в одиночку
#или с кем-то на каждом шагу
side && safe && humanTravel && objectTravel
case s:TransferTransaction =>
#Транзакция вывода средств разрешена только в случае если все переплыли на другой берег
human == 1 && wolf == 1 && goat == 1 && cabbage == 1
#Все прочие типы транзакций запрещены
case _ => false
}
Ka tangohia e PHP i te tuatahi nga taurangi katoa mai i te kirimana atamai i roto i te ahua o o ratou ki me te taurangi kupu Boolean e rite ana.
cabbage: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "cabbage" ) )
goat: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "goat" ) )
human: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "human" ) )
wolf: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "wolf" ) )
fState: human== 1 && wolf== 1 && goat== 1 && cabbage== 1
fState:
wolf:
goat:
cabbage:
cabbageSide: cabbage== 0 || cabbage== 1
human: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "human" ) )
newGoat: extract ( getInteger ( t.data , "goat" ) )
newHuman: extract ( getInteger ( t.data , "human" ) )
goatSide: goat== 0 || goat== 1
humanSide: human== 0 || human== 1
t7: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
t3: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage + 1
t6: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage - 1
t2: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat + 1 && newCabbage== cabbage
t5: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat - 1 && newCabbage== cabbage
t1: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf + 1 && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
t4: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf - 1 && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
safeAlone: newGoat != newWolf && newGoat != newCabbage
wolfSide: wolf== 0 || wolf== 1
humanTravel: human != newHuman
side: humanSide && wolfSide && goatSide && cabbageSide
safe: safeAlone || newGoat== newHuman
objectTravel: t1 || t2 || t3 || t4 || t5 || t6 || t7
Ka hurihia e PHP ki te Z3Prover SMT-hototahi whakaahuatanga punaha i roto i te Python.
Ka takaihia nga raraunga ki roto i te kohanga, ka whiwhi nga taurangi rokiroki i te taurangi i, taurangi taurangi tauwhitinga i + 1, me nga taurangi me nga korero ka whakatakoto i nga ture mo te whakawhiti mai i te ahua o mua ki tera atu.
Koinei te tino ngakau o to maatau miihini mariko, e whakarato ana i te tikanga rapu maha-tauwhitinga.
fState: And( And( And( human[Steps] == 1 , wolf[Steps] == 1 ) , goat[Steps] == 1 ) , cabbage[Steps] == 1 )
final: fState[Steps]
fState:
wolf:
goat:
cabbage:
cabbageSide: Or( cabbage[i] == 0 , cabbage[i] == 1 )
goatSide: Or( goat[i] == 0 , goat[i] == 1 )
humanSide: Or( human[i] == 0 , human[i] == 1 )
t7: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t3: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] + 1 )
t6: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] - 1 )
t2: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] + 1 ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t5: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] - 1 ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t1: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] + 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t4: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] - 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
safeAlone: And( goat[i+1] != wolf , goat[i+1] != cabbage )
wolfSide: Or( wolf[i] == 0 , wolf[i] == 1 )
humanTravel: human[i] != human[i+1]
side: And( And( And( humanSide[i] , wolfSide[i] ) , goatSide[i] ) , cabbageSide[i] )
safe: Or( safeAlone[i] , goat[i+1] == human[i+1] )
objectTravel: Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( t1[i] , t2[i] ) , t3[i] ) , t4[i] ) , t5[i] ) , t6[i] ) , t7[i] )
data: And( And( And( side[i] , safe[i] ) , humanTravel[i] ) , objectTravel[i] )
Ko nga tikanga ka tohua, ka whakauruhia ki roto i te tauira tuhi i hangaia hei whakaahua i te punaha SMT i roto i te Python.
tātauira pātea
import json
from z3 import *
s = Solver()
Steps=7
Num= Steps+1
$code$
#template, only start rest
s.add(data + start)
#template
s.add(final)
ind = 0
f = open("/var/www/html/all/bin/python/log.txt", "a")
while s.check() == sat:
ind = ind +1
print ind
m = s.model()
print m
print "traversing model..."
#for d in m.decls():
#print "%s = %s" % (d.name(), m[d])
f.write(str(m))
f.write("nn")
exit()
#s.add(Or(goat[0] != s.model()[data[0]] )) # prevent next model from using the same assignment as a previous model
print "Total solution number: "
print ind
f.close()
Mo te ahua whakamutunga i roto i te mekameka katoa, ka whakamahia nga ture kua tohua i roto i te waahanga whakawhitinga whakawhitinga.
Ko te tikanga ka rapua e Z3Prover nga momo tikanga ka taea te tango moni mai i te kirimana.
Ko te mutunga, ka whiwhi aunoa matou i tetahi tauira SMT tino mahi o ta matou kirimana.
Ka kite koe he tino rite ki te tauira mai i taku tuhinga o mua, i whakahiatohia e au ma te ringa.
Kua oti te tauira
import json
from z3 import *
s = Solver()
Steps=7
Num= Steps+1
human = [ Int('human_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
wolf = [ Int('wolf_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
goat = [ Int('goat_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
cabbage = [ Int('cabbage_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
nothing= [ And( human[i] == human[i+1], wolf[i] == wolf[i+1], goat[i] == goat[i+1], cabbage[i] == cabbage[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
start= [ human[0] == 1, wolf[0] == 0, goat[0] == 1, cabbage[0] == 0 ]
safeAlone= [ And( goat[i+1] != wolf[i+1] , goat[i+1] != cabbage[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
safe= [ Or( safeAlone[i] , goat[i+1] == human[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
humanTravel= [ human[i] != human[i+1] for i in range(Num-1) ]
cabbageSide= [ Or( cabbage[i] == 0 , cabbage[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
goatSide= [ Or( goat[i] == 0 , goat[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
humanSide= [ Or( human[i] == 0 , human[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t7= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t3= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] + 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t6= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] - 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t2= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] + 1 ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t5= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] - 1 ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t1= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] + 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t4= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] - 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
wolfSide= [ Or( wolf[i] == 0 , wolf[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
side= [ And( And( And( humanSide[i] , wolfSide[i] ) , goatSide[i] ) , cabbageSide[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
objectTravel= [ Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( t1[i] , t2[i] ) , t3[i] ) , t4[i] ) , t5[i] ) , t6[i] ) , t7[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
data= [ Or( And( And( And( side[i] , safe[i] ) , humanTravel[i] ) , objectTravel[i] ) , nothing[i]) for i in range(Num-1) ]
fState= And( And( And( human[Steps] == 1 , wolf[Steps] == 1 ) , goat[Steps] == 1 ) , cabbage[Steps] == 1 )
final= fState
#template, only start rest
s.add(data + start)
#template
s.add(final)
ind = 0
f = open("/var/www/html/all/bin/python/log.txt", "a")
while s.check() == sat:
ind = ind +1
print ind
m = s.model()
print m
print "traversing model..."
#for d in m.decls():
#print "%s = %s" % (d.name(), m[d])
f.write(str(m))
f.write("nn")
exit()
#s.add(Or(goat[0] != s.model()[data[0]] )) # prevent next model from using the same assignment as a previous model
print "Total solution number: "
print ind
f.close()
I muri i te whakarewatanga, ka whakatauhia e Z3Prover te kirimana atamai me te whakarato ki a maatau he mekameka o nga whakawhitinga ka taea e matou te tango moni:
Winning transaction chain found:
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 0, goat= 1, cabbage= 0
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 0, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 0, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 1, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Transfer transaction
I tua atu i te kirimana waka, ka taea e koe te whakamatautau me o ake kirimana, te whakamatau ranei i tenei tauira ngawari, ka whakatauhia i roto i nga whakawhitinga 2.
let contract = tx.sender
let a= extract(getInteger(contract,"a"))
let b= extract(getInteger(contract,"b"))
let c= extract(getInteger(contract,"c"))
let d= extract(getInteger(contract,"d"))
match tx {
case t:DataTransaction =>
let na= extract(getInteger(t.data,"a"))
let nb= extract(getInteger(t.data,"b"))
let nc= extract(getInteger(t.data,"c"))
let nd= extract(getInteger(t.data,"d"))
nd == 0 || a == 100 - 5
case s:TransferTransaction =>
( a + b - c ) * d == 12
case _ => true
}
I te mea koinei te putanga tuatahi, he iti noa te wetereo, a tera pea he pepeke.
I roto i nga tuhinga e whai ake nei, kei te whakamahere ahau ki te hipoki i te whakawhanaketanga ake o te VM, me te whakaatu me pehea e taea ai e koe te hanga kirimana atamai kua whakamanahia me tana awhina, kaua e whakaoti noa.
Kei te waatea te miihini mariko ahua i
I muri i te whakatakoto i te waehere puna o te VM tohu i roto i te raupapa me te taapiri i nga korero ki reira, ka whakamahere ahau ki te whakauru ki runga ki a GitHub mo te kore utu.
Source: will.com