{"id":33717,"date":"2019-10-31T21:54:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:54:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/delegirovanie-obratnoj-zony-podseti-menee-24-v-bind-kak-eto-rabotaet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:54:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:54:20","slug":"delegirovanie-obratnoj-zony-podseti-menee-24-v-bind-kak-eto-rabotaet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/nl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/delegirovanie-obratnoj-zony-podseti-menee-24-v-bind-kak-eto-rabotaet","title":{"rendered":"Delegatie van een reverse zone voor een subnet kleiner dan \/24 in BIND. Hoe het werkt","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Op een dag stond ik voor de taak om \u00e9\u00e9n van mijn klanten het recht te geven om PTR-records te bewerken voor het hem toegewezen subnet \/28. Ik heb geen automatisering voor het extern bewerken van BIND-instellingen. Daarom besloot ik een andere weg te volgen: de klant een stuk PTR-zone van het subnet \/24 te delegeren.<\/p>\n<p>Het lijkt misschien simpel genoeg? Gewoon het subnet op de juiste manier invoeren en deze naar de juiste NS verwijzen, net zoals met subdomeinen. Maar dat is het niet. Het is niet zo eenvoudig (hoewel het eigenlijk vrij primitief is, maar intu\u00eftie helpt niet), daarom schrijf ik dit artikel.<\/p>\n<p>Wie zelf wil begrijpen, kan het lezen. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.ripe.net\/rfc\/rfc2317.txt\">RFC<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nWie een kant-en-klaar oplossing wil, is welkom onder de kat.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nOm degenen die van knippen en plakken houden niet in de weg te zitten, plaats ik eerst het praktische deel en daarna het theoretische.<\/p>\n<p><b>1. Praktijk. We delegeren het zone \/28.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Stel dat we een subnet hebben. <b>7.8.9.0\/24<\/b>. We moeten het subnet delegeren. <b>7.8.9.240\/28<\/b> aan de dns-cli\u00ebnt. <b>7.8.7.8<\/b> (<b>ns1.client.domain<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Op de provider DNS moet je het bestand vinden dat de omgekeerde zone van dit subnet beschrijft. Laten we zeggen dat het <b>9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b>. <br \/>\nRecords van 240 tot 255 kunnen worden gecommenteerd als die er zijn. En aan het einde van het bestand schrijven we het volgende:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">255-240  IN  NS      7.8.7.8\n$GENERATE 240-255 $ CNAME $.255-240<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nvergeet niet het serienummer van de zone te verhogen en voer <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">rndc reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDaarmee is het providerdeel klaar. Laten we overgaan naar de client DNS.<\/p>\n<p>Laten we eerst een bestand aanmaken. <b>\/etc\/bind\/master\/255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b> met de volgende inhoud:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ORIGIN 255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa.\n$TTL 1W\n@                       1D IN SOA       ns1.client.domain. root.client.domain. (\n                        2008152607      ; serienummer\n                        3H              ; verversing\n                        15M             ; herhaling\n                        1W              ; vervaldatum\n                        1D )            ; minimum\n@                       IN NS        ns1.client.domain.\n@                       IN NS        ns2.client.domain.\n241                     IN PTR          test.client.domain.\n242                     IN PTR          test2.client.domain.\n245                     IN PTR          test5.client.domain.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nEn in <b>named.conf<\/b> voeg een beschrijving van ons nieuwe bestand toe:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">zone \"255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa.\" IN {\n        type master;\n        file \"master\/255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa\";\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nWe herstarten het bindproces.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">\/etc\/init.d\/named restart<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDat is het. Nu kunnen we het controleren.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">#&gt;  host 7.8.9.245 \n245.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa is an alias for 245.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa.\n245.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer test5.client.domain.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nLet op dat niet alleen het PTR-record wordt teruggegeven, maar ook het CNAME. Dat is zoals het hoort. Als je benieuwd bent waarom, dan ben je welkom in het volgende hoofdstuk.<\/p>\n<p><b>2. Theorie. Hoe het werkt.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Het is moeilijk om een zwart kastje in te stellen en te debuggen. Het is veel eenvoudiger als je weet wat er binnenin gebeurt.<\/p>\n<p>Wanneer we een subdomein in een domein <b>domein<\/b>, schrijven we iets als dit:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">client.domain.\tNS\tns1.client.domain.\nns1.client.domain.\tA\t7.8.7.8<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nWe tell everyone who asks that we are not responsible for this zone and indicate who is responsible. And all requests to <b>client.domain<\/b> are redirected to 7.8.7.8. When we check, we see the following picture (let's skip what the client has, that\u2019s not important):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\"># host test.client.domain\ntest.client.domain has address 7.8.9.241<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThat is, we were informed that there is such an A record and its IP is 7.8.9.241. No extra information.<\/p>\n<p><b>And how can the same thing be done with a subnet?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Since our DNS server is registered in RIPE, when a PTR query for an IP address from our network is made, the first request will still be to us. The logic is the same as with domains. The only question is how to write the subnet in the zone file?<\/p>\n<p>We try to write it like this:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">255-240  IN  NS      7.8.7.8<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nEn... het wonder is niet gebeurd. We ontvangen geen enkele doorverwijzing van het verzoek. Het probleem is dat bind helemaal niet op de hoogte is dat deze records in het reverse zone-bestand IP-adressen zijn en al helemaal niet begrijpt wat een bereikrecord is. Voor hem is dit gewoon een bepaalde symbolische subdomein. Voor bind maakt het geen verschil tussen &#171;<b>255-240<\/b>&#187; en &#171;<b>oursuperclient<\/b>&#171;. En om ervoor te zorgen dat het verzoek naar de juiste plek gaat, moet het adres in het verzoek er als volgt uitzien: <b>241.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b>. Or like this, if we use a symbolic subdomain: <b>241.oursuperclient.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b>. This differs from the usual: <b>241.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>It will be problematic to make such a request by hand. And even if it succeeds, it's still unclear how to apply it in real life. Indeed, for the request <b>7.8.9.241<\/b> we are still answered by the provider's DNS, not the client's.<\/p>\n<p>And here comes in <b>CNAME<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>On the provider's side, an alias in the format needed to redirect queries to the client's DNS must be created for all IP addresses in the subnet.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">255-240  IN  NS      ns1.client.domain.\n241     IN  CNAME   241.255-240\n242     IN  CNAME   242.255-240\nand so on.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThis is for the diligent =). <\/p>\n<p>And for the lazy, the following construction is more suitable:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">255-240  IN  NS      ns1.client.domain.\n$GENERATE 240-255 $ CNAME $.255-240<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNow, the request for information at the address <b>7.8.9.241<\/b> uit <b>241.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b> on the provider\u2019s DNS server will be transformed into <b>241.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b> and sent to the DNS client. <\/p>\n<p>On the client's side, such queries need to be processed. Accordingly, we create a zone <b>255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa<\/b>. In it, we can generally place reverse records for any IP of the entire \/24 subnet, but they will only ask us about those that the provider redirects to us, so we cannot play around =).<br \/>\nTo illustrate, I will once again provide an example of the reverse zone file content from the client's side:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ORIGIN 255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa.\n$TTL 1W\n@                       1D IN SOA       ns1.client.domain. root.client.domain. (\n                        2008152607      ; serienummer\n                        3H              ; verversing\n                        15M             ; herhaling\n                        1W              ; vervaldatum\n                        1D )            ; minimum\n@                       IN NS        ns1.client.domain.\n@                       IN NS        ns2.client.domain.\n241                     IN PTR          test.client.domain.\n242                     IN PTR          test2.client.domain.\n245                     IN PTR          test5.client.domain.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nOmdat we aan de providerzijde CNAME gebruiken, krijgen we als reactie op het dataverzoek <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/nl\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"IP-adres\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"586\">IP-adres<\/a> twee records en geen \u00e9\u00e9n.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">#&gt;  host 7.8.9.245 \n245.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa is an alias for 245.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa.\n245.255-240.9.8.7.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer test5.client.domain.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<i><b>Vergeet niet om ACL correct in te stellen. Het is immers nutteloos om jezelf de PTR-zone toe te eigenen en niet te reageren op iemand van buitenaf =).<\/b><\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Bron: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451890\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 PTR-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \/28. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a BIND \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043a PTR-\u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \/24. \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435? \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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