{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/blog\/news\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 ny metode for MITM-angrep p\u00e5 HTTPS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En gruppe forskere fra flere universiteter i Tyskland har utviklet en ny metode for MITM-angrep p\u00e5 HTTPS, som gir mulighet for \u00e5 hente ut informasjonskapsler med sesjons-IDer og annen konfidensiell informasjon, samt oppn\u00e5 utf\u00f8relse av vilk\u00e5rlig JavaScript-kode i konteksten av en annen nettside. Angrepet har f\u00e5tt navnet ALPACA og kan brukes mot TLS-servere som implementerer ulike applikasjonsprotokoller (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), men som benytter felles TLS-sertifikater.      <\/p>\n<p>Essensen av angrepet er at n\u00e5r man har kontroll over en nettverksgateway eller et tr\u00e5dl\u00f8st tilgangspunkt, kan angriperen omdirigere webtrafikk til en annen nettverksport og etablere en tilkobling til en FTP- eller e-postserver som st\u00f8tter TLS-kryptering og bruker et felles TLS-sertifikat med HTTP-serveren, og brukerens nettleser vil tro at en tilkobling er opprettet med den forespurte HTTP-serveren. Siden TLS-protokollen er universell og ikke knyttet til applikasjonsprotokoller, er opprettelsen av en kryptert tilkobling for alle tjenester identisk, og en feil sending av foresp\u00f8rsel til feil tjeneste kan kun oppdages etter opprettelsen av den krypterte \u00f8kten under behandlingen av kommandoene i den sendte foresp\u00f8rselen.     <\/p>\n<p>Dermed, hvis man for eksempel omdirigerer en tilkobling som opprinnelig var ment for HTTPS, til en e-postserver som bruker et felles TLS-sertifikat med HTTPS-serveren, vil TLS-tilkoblingen bli vellykket opprettet, men e-postserveren vil ikke kunne h\u00e5ndtere de sendte HTTP-kommandoene og vil returnere et svar med feilkode. Dette svaret vil bli behandlet av nettleseren som et svar fra den forespurte nettsiden, sendt innenfor et korrekt opprettet kryptert kommunikasjonskanal.        <\/p>\n<p>Tre angrepsmetoder er foresl\u00e5tt:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00abLast opp\u00bb for \u00e5 hente Cookies med autentiseringsparametre. Metoden er anvendbar hvis FTP-serveren dekket av TLS-sertifikatet tillater opplasting og uttrekk av sine data. I denne angrepsvarianten kan angriperen oppn\u00e5 lagring av deler av det opprinnelige HTTP-foresp\u00f8rselen fra brukeren, som innholdet i Cookie-headeren, for eksempel hvis FTP-serveren tolker foresp\u00f8rselen som en fil for lagring eller fullstendig logger innkommende foresp\u00f8rsel. For et vellykket angrep m\u00e5 angriperen deretter p\u00e5 en eller annen m\u00e5te hente det lagrede innholdet. Angrepet er anvendbart mot Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, filezilla og serv-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00abLast ned\u00bb for \u00e5 organisere tverrsides skripting (XSS). Metoden inneb\u00e6rer at angriperen kan utf\u00f8re bestemte manipuleringer for \u00e5 plassere data i en tjeneste som bruker delte <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"TLS certificate\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">TLS certificate<\/a>, which can then be issued in response to a user request. The attack applies to the aforementioned FTP servers, IMAP servers, and POP3 servers (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect, and zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00abRefleksjon\u00bb for \u00e5 kj\u00f8re JavaScript i konteksten av et annet nettsted. Metoden er basert p\u00e5 \u00e5 returnere en del av foresp\u00f8rselen til klienten, som inneholder JavaScript-koden sendt av angriperen. Angrepet er anvendbart mot ovennevnte FTP-servere, IMAP-servere som cyrus, kerio-connect og zimbra, samt SMTP-serveren sendmail.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - en ny MITM-angrepsmetode for HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>For eksempel, n\u00e5r en bruker \u00e5pner en side kontrollert av angriperen, kan det initieres en foresp\u00f8rsel om ressurser fra et nettsted der brukeren har en aktiv konto (for eksempel, bank.com). I l\u00f8pet av en MITM-angrep kan denne foresp\u00f8rselen, adressert til web-siden bank.com, omdirigeres til en e-postserver som bruker et delt TLS-sertifikat med bank.com. Siden e-postserveren ikke avslutter sesjonen etter den f\u00f8rste feilen, vil tjenesteheaderne og kommandoene, som \u00abPOST \/ HTTP\/1.1\u00bb og \u00abHost:\u00bb, bli behandlet som ukjente kommandoer (e-postserveren vil returnere \u00ab500 unrecognized command\u00bb for hver header).     <\/p>\n<p>The mail server does not parse the specifics of the HTTP protocol, so it processes service headers and the POST request data block uniformly, which means that a command string can be specified in the body of the POST request. For example, one could transmit: MAIL FROM:  to which the mail server will return an error message 501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>Dette svaret vil bli mottatt av brukerens nettleser, som kj\u00f8rer JavaScript-kode i konteksten til en annen nettside enn den som opprinnelig ble \u00e5pnet av angriperen, men p\u00e5 nettsiden bank.com, som foresp\u00f8rselen ble sendt til, ettersom svaret kom i en gyldig TLS-\u00f8kt, hvis sertifikat bekreftet autentisiteten til svaret fra bank.com.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - en ny MITM-angrepsmetode for HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Skanning av det globale nettet har vist at problemet generelt p\u00e5virker omtrent 1,4 millioner webservere, som kan v\u00e6re utsatt for angrep som blander foresp\u00f8rselene over forskjellige protokoller. Muligheten for reelle angrep er bekreftet for 119 000 webservere, som hadde tilknyttede TLS-servere basert p\u00e5 andre applikasjonsprotokoller.        <\/p>\n<p>Eksempler p\u00e5 utnyttelser er forberedt for ftp-serverne pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla og serv-u, IMAP- og POP3-serverne dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect og zimbra, SMTP-serverne postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon og opensmtpd. Forskere har unders\u00f8kt muligheten for \u00e5 utf\u00f8re angrepet kun i forbindelse med FTP-, SMTP-, IMAP- og POP3-servere, men det er ikke utelukket at problemet ogs\u00e5 kan vise seg for andre applikasjonsprotokoller som bruker TLS.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - en ny MITM-angrepsmetode for HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>For \u00e5 blokkere angrepet foresl\u00e5s det \u00e5 bruke ALPN-utvidelsen (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) for \u00e5 forhandle TLS-\u00f8kten med tanke p\u00e5 applikasjonsprotokollen, og SNI-utvidelsen (Server Name Indication) for \u00e5 knytte seg til vertsnavnet i tilfelle TLS-sertifikater dekker flere. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/domain\/\"   title=\"domener\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">domener<\/a>P\u00e5 applikasjonsniv\u00e5 anbefales det \u00e5 begrense antallet feil under behandling av kommandoer, hvoretter forbindelsen b\u00f8r brytes. Arbeidet med tiltak for \u00e5 blokkere angrepet startet allerede i oktober i fjor. Lignende tiltak for beskyttelse er allerede implementert i Nginx 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZilla, crypto\/tls (Go) og Internet Explorer.<br \/>\n<br \/>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c Cookie \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 ALPACA \u0438 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