{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Hvordan VRRP-protokollen fungerer","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)<\/b> \u2014 en protokollfamilie som er laget for \u00e5 skape redundans for standardgatewayen. Den felles ideen for disse protokollene er \u00e5 samle flere rutere i en virtuell ruter med en delt IP-adresse. Denne IP-adressen vil bli tildelt til verter som standardgateway. En \u00e5pen implementering av denne ideen er protokollen VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). I denne artikkelen vil vi se p\u00e5 det grunnleggende om VRRP-protokollen.<\/p>\n

\"Hvordan<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVRRP-rutere kombineres i en virtuell ruter. Alle rutere i gruppen har en delt virtuell IP (VIP) adresse og et felles gruppenummer eller VRID (Virtual Router Identifier). En ruter kan v\u00e6re med i flere grupper, der hver gruppe m\u00e5 ha sitt unike par VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

N\u00e5r det gjelder Cisco, settes den virtuelle ruteren p\u00e5 det aktuelle grensesnittet med kommandoen:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAlle rutere deles inn i to typer: VRRP Master og VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 er ruteren som er ansvarlig for \u00e5 videresende pakker for denne virtuelle gruppen. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 er ruteren som venter p\u00e5 pakker fra Master. Hvis pakker fra Master slutter \u00e5 komme, pr\u00f8ver Backup \u00e5 g\u00e5 over til Master-status. <\/p>\n
En ruter blir Master hvis den har h\u00f8yest prioritet. Master sender kontinuerlig meldinger til den brede adressen 224.0.0.18 for \u00e5 informere Backup-rutere om at den er aktiv. Master sender meldinger i henhold til Adver Timer, som som standard er 1 sekund. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nI dette tilfellet brukes gruppens MAC-adresse 00:00:5E:00:01:xx som avsenderadresse, hvor xx er VRID i heksadesimal format. I dette eksemplet brukes den f\u00f8rste gruppen. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nHvis Backup-rutere ikke mottar meldinger i l\u00f8pet av tre Adver Timere (Master Down Timer), blir den nye Master ruteren med h\u00f8yest prioritet, eller ruteren med h\u00f8yest IP. Backup-ruteren med h\u00f8yere prioritet vil overta Master-rollen fra ruteren med lavere prioritet. Men n\u00e5r Backup har preempt-modus deaktivert, vil ikke Backup overta rollen fra Master. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nHvis VRRP-ruteren er eieren av VIP-adressen, vil den alltid overta Master-rollen. <\/p>\n
VRRP-prioritet settes til verdier fra 1 til 254. Verdien 0 er reservert for tilfeller der Master m\u00e5 fjernes<\/i> tar ansvar for ruting. Verdien 255 settes av ruteren til VIP-eieren. Standardprioritet er 100, men kan settes administrativt:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nHer kan vi se prioriteten til ruteren n\u00e5r den er satt administrativt:<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nOg her er et tilfelle der ruteren er eier av VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nVRRP-routeren kan ha tre tilstander: Initialize, Backup, Master. Disse tilstandene skifter ruteren sekvensielt. <\/p>\n
I Initialize-tilstanden venter ruteren p\u00e5 \u00e5 starte. Hvis denne ruteren er eier av VIP-adressen (prioritet 255), sender den meldinger om at den blir Master. Den sender ogs\u00e5 gratuitous ARP-foresp\u00f8rsel<\/a><\/noindex>, der MAC-adressen til kilden er lik adressen til den virtuelle ruteren. Deretter g\u00e5r den inn i Master-tilstanden. Hvis ruteren ikke er eier av VIP, g\u00e5r den inn i Backup-tilstanden. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nI Backup-tilstanden venter ruteren p\u00e5 pakker fra Master. Ruteren i denne tilstanden svarer ikke p\u00e5 ARP-foresp\u00f8rslene til VIP-adressen. Den tar heller ikke imot pakker der m\u00e5l-adressen er MAC-adressen til den virtuelle ruteren. <\/p>\n
Hvis Backup ikke mottar meldinger fra Master i l\u00f8pet av Master Down Timer, sender den en VRRP-melding om at den har tenkt \u00e5 bli Master. Deretter sender den en kringkastet VRRP-melding, der MAC-adressen til kilden er adressen til denne virtuelle ruteren. I denne meldingen angir ruteren sin prioritet.<\/p>\n
I Master-tilstanden behandler ruteren pakker som er sendt til den virtuelle ruteren. Den svarer ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5 ARP-foresp\u00f8rslene til VIP. Master sender VRRP-meldinger hvert Adver Timer for \u00e5 bekrefte at den er i drift. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP tillater ogs\u00e5 lastbalansering mellom flere rutere. For dette opprettes to VRRP-grupper p\u00e5 \u00e9n interface. Den ene gruppen tildeles h\u00f8yere prioritet enn den andre. P\u00e5 den andre ruteren settes prioriteten omvendt. Det vil si at hvis den ene ruteren har prioritet 100 for den f\u00f8rste gruppen, og 200 for den andre, s\u00e5 vil p\u00e5 den andre ruteren prioriteten for den f\u00f8rste gruppen v\u00e6re 200, mens den for den andre vil v\u00e6re 100. <\/p>\n
Som det er nevnt tidligere, m\u00e5 hver gruppe ha sin egen unike VIP. Til slutt f\u00e5r vi to IP-adresser, betjent av to rutere, hvor hver av dem kan fungere som standardgateway. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nHalvparten av datamaskinene f\u00e5r tildelt \u00e9n standardgatewayadresse, mens den andre halvparten f\u00e5r en annen. Dermed vil halvparten av trafikken g\u00e5 gjennom \u00e9n ruter, og halvparten gjennom den andre. Hvis en av ruterne svikter, tar den andre over arbeidet med begge VIP-er.<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nDermed gj\u00f8r VRRP det mulig \u00e5 etablere failover for standardgatewayen, som \u00f8ker nettverksp\u00e5liteligheten. I tilfelle av flere virtuelle rutere kan man ogs\u00e5 balansere lasten mellom de fysiske ruterne. Reaksjonstiden ved svikt kan reduseres ved \u00e5 forkorte tidtakere.
\n
Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Funksjonsprinsippet til VRRP-protokollen | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) - en familie av protokoller laget for \u00e5 skape redundans for 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