{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Programmeringsteori i Scratch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Mange kjenner til Scratch \u2013 et barnevennlig programmeringsmilj\u00f8, der l\u00e6ringen ofte g\u00e5r ut p\u00e5 \u00e5 lage kreative prosjekter fra \u00abenkelt til komplisert\u00bb. Den \u00abklassiske tiln\u00e6rmingen\u00bb til \u00e5 l\u00e6re programmering (variabler \u2192 forgreninger \u2192 sl\u00f8yfer \u2192 funksjoner \u2192 strukturer \u2192 objekter \u2192 \u2026) er imidlertid utfordrende i Scratch.<\/p>\n

\u00c5 endre rekkef\u00f8lgen p\u00e5 begrepene (la oss kalle dem konsepter) innen strukturell, objektorientert og hendelsesorientert programmering, og \u00e5 skjule dem bak fargerike sprites og interaktiv animasjon, betyr ikke at man ikke b\u00f8r legge vekt p\u00e5 konseptene. Spesielt hvis m\u00e5let er ikke bare \u00e5 utvikle kreative evner, men ogs\u00e5 \u00e5 l\u00e6re programmering. <\/a><\/noindex>Denne ideen har jeg fors\u00f8kt \u00e5 gjenspeile i min kurs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Det f\u00f8rste som en nybegynner i Scratch m\u00f8ter, er sprites. Selv om det ikke finnes objektorientert programmering i Scratch, kan sprites betraktes som objekter. P\u00e5 dette stadiet ser eleven at programmet kan ha mange objekter som blir styrt av skripter som er eksterne for dem. Sprites f\u00e5r kommandoer eller sender informasjon om sin tilstand etter behov, noe som betyr at programmering g\u00e5r ut p\u00e5 \u00e5 kontrollere objektene.<\/p>\n

Det andre som faller over hodet p\u00e5 en ung programmerer i Scratch, er konseptet med multitr\u00e5ding. Hver sprite kan ha flere skripter som kj\u00f8res samtidig. Flere sprites kan ogs\u00e5 kj\u00f8re programmene sine samtidig med hverandre. Det viser seg imidlertid \u00e5 v\u00e6re mer komplisert \u00e5 organisere sekvensiell utf\u00f8relse.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Allerede i den f\u00f8rste leksjonen kan vi ikke unng\u00e5 \u00e5 bli kjent med sl\u00f8yfer. Ellers vil katten ikke f\u00e5 fart. P\u00e5 dette stadiet m\u00e5 introduksjonen forbli intuitiv og overfladisk. Vi begrenser den til sl\u00f8yfer som \u00abgjenta alltid\u00bb og \u00abgjenta \u2026 ganger\u00bb, som er lettere \u00e5 forst\u00e5. Sl\u00f8yfen med betingelse studeres i en leksjon som er spesielt viet til sl\u00f8yfer. Denne leksjonen forutsetter kjennskap til logiske uttrykk og variabler.<\/p>\n

Siden Scratch er et hendelsesorientert milj\u00f8, er det lettere \u00e5 studere blokkene for betingede setninger f\u00f8r variablene. Betingelsen kan v\u00e6re ulike hendelser.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Etter min mening er denne rekkef\u00f8lgen bedre, fordi vi introduserer et minimum av begreper for hver leksjon. Dessuten ser vi umiddelbart den praktiske nytten av dem.<\/p>\n

Hvis man f\u00f8rst l\u00e6rer om variabler, er det vanskelig \u00e5 demonstrere deres hensikt og nytte, fordi man ikke har l\u00e6rt om betingede utsagn, inndata og generering av tilfeldige tall. <\/p>\n

I Scratch, med unntak av lister, st\u00f8ter programmereren p\u00e5 tre datatyper: tall, strenger og boolske typer. Typen er knyttet til verdien, ikke variabelen. Det er ikke n\u00f8dvendig \u00e5 konvertere strenger til tall og omvendt. Strenger settes ikke i anf\u00f8rselstegn.<\/p>\n

Blokken som returnerer en boolsk verdi og har en karakteristisk vinklet form, kan settes inn i runde felt. Det motsatte er ikke sant: der hvor det forventes et logisk uttrykk, kan man ikke sette inn en vanlig variabel.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Scratch er designet slik at det ikke oppst\u00e5r kritiske feil under kj\u00f8ring. Det er trolig derfor, hvis man pr\u00f8ver \u00e5 bruke en streng i en aritmetisk operasjon, blir den erstattet med null (se f\u00f8rste skjermbilde).<\/p>\n

Programmereren m\u00e5 vite at mulighetene til programmeringsspr\u00e5k utvides av biblioteker. N\u00e5r man arbeider i Scratch, kan eleven koble til tillegg som f\u00f8rer til nye kommandoer i milj\u00f8et.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Funksjoner i Scratch er implementert i delen \u00abAndre blokker\u00bb, hvor man p\u00e5 den ene siden lager sin egen blokk som kan settes inn i andre skript. P\u00e5 den annen side m\u00e5 man samle funksjonaliteten til denne blokken, det vil si hva den skal gj\u00f8re.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringsteori<\/p>\n

Det er ingen returverdier fra Scratch-funksjoner.<\/p>\n

Dermed setter l\u00e6ringen av programmeringskonsepter i en hendelsesdrevet omgivelse sitt preg. I bunn og grunn l\u00e6rer vi f\u00f8rst mer komplekse og abstrakte begreper, og n\u00e5r vi dykker dypere inn i prosessen, g\u00e5r vi videre til elementene av strukturell programmering. Om dette er en fordel eller ulempe for f\u00f8rstegangsbrukere er et omdiskutert sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l.<\/p>\n

Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Programmeringskonsepter i Scratch | ProHoster","description":"Mange kjenner Scratch \u2013 et barnevennlig 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