{"id":74655,"date":"2020-03-19T08:42:34","date_gmt":"2020-03-19T05:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kogda-linux-conntrack-vam-bolshe-ne-tovarishh"},"modified":"2020-03-19T08:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-03-19T05:42:34","slug":"kogda-linux-conntrack-vam-bolshe-ne-tovarishh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/no\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kogda-linux-conntrack-vam-bolshe-ne-tovarishh","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e5r Linux conntrack ikke lenger er din venn","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"N\u00e5r Linux conntrack ikke lenger er din venn\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/588a169e5cfe0714694b8d7ff03985d1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Forbindelsessporing (\u201cconntrack\u201d) er en n\u00f8kkelfunksjon i nettverksstakken til Linux-kjernen. Den lar kjernen spore alle logiske nettverksforbindelser eller str\u00f8mmer, og p\u00e5 den m\u00e5ten identifisere alle pakker som utgj\u00f8r hver str\u00f8m, slik at de kan behandles sekvensielt sammen.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Conntrack er en viktig funksjon i kjernen som brukes i flere grunnleggende tilfeller:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>NAT er avhengig av informasjon fra conntrack, slik at den kan behandle alle pakker fra \u00e9n str\u00f8m likt. For eksempel, n\u00e5r en pod henvender seg til en Kubernetes-tjeneste, bruker kube-proxy lastbalanserer NAT for \u00e5 lede trafikken til en spesifikk pod inne i klyngen. Conntrack registrerer at for en bestemt forbindelse skal alle pakker til IP-tjenesten sendes til den samme poden, og at pakkene som returneres av backend-pod\u2019en, skal NAT lede tilbake til pod\u2019en som sendte foresp\u00f8rselen.<\/li>\n<li>Brannmurer med tilstandssporing, som Calico, er avhengige av informasjon fra conntrack for \u00e5 legge til \"tilbakestr\u00f8m\"-trafikk p\u00e5 hvitelisten. Dette lar deg skrive en nettverkspolitikk som sier: \"tillate min pod \u00e5 koble til hvilken som helst ekstern IP-adresse\" uten \u00e5 m\u00e5tte skrive en politikk for eksplisitt \u00e5 tillate tilbakestr\u00f8mmet trafikk. (Uten dette m\u00e5tte du legge til en langt mindre sikker regel for \u00e5 \"tillate pakker inn i min pod fra hvilken som helst IP\").<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>I tillegg \u00f8ker conntrack vanligvis systemytelsen (reduserer prosessorbruken og forsinkelsen i pakker), siden kun den f\u00f8rste pakken i str\u00f8mmen<br \/>\nm\u00e5 gjennomg\u00e5 full behandling av nettverksstakken for \u00e5 bestemme hva som skal gj\u00f8res med den. Se innlegget \"<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tigera.io\/blog\/comparing-kube-proxy-modes-iptables-or-ipvs\/\">Sammenligning av kube-proxy-moduser<\/a><\/noindex>\", for \u00e5 se et eksempel p\u00e5 hvordan dette fungerer.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Likevel har conntrack sine begrensninger\u2026<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"itak-gde-vse-poshlo-ne-tak\">S\u00e5, hvor gikk alt galt?<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Conntrack-tabellen har en konfigurerbar maksimal st\u00f8rrelse, og hvis den fylles opp, begynner forbindelsene vanligvis \u00e5 bli avvist eller avbrutt. For \u00e5 h\u00e5ndtere trafikken til de fleste applikasjoner er det som regel tilstrekkelig ledig plass i tabellen, og dette vil sjelden bli et problem. Likevel er det flere scenarier der det kan v\u00e6re lurt \u00e5 vurdere bruken av conntrack-tabellen:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Det mest \u00e5penbare tilfellet er hvis serveren din h\u00e5ndterer et ekstremt stort antall samtidig aktive tilkoblinger. For eksempel, hvis conntrack-tabellen din er konfigurert til 128 000 poster, men du har &gt; 128 000 samtidige tilkoblinger, vil du garantert st\u00f8te p\u00e5 problemer!<\/li>\n<li>Et litt mindre \u00e5penbart tilfelle er hvis serveren din behandler et sv\u00e6rt stort antall tilkoblinger per sekund. Selv om tilkoblingene er kortvarige, fortsetter Linux \u00e5 spore dem i en viss periode (som standard 120 sekunder). For eksempel, hvis conntrack-tabellen din er konfigurert til 128 000 poster og du pr\u00f8ver \u00e5 h\u00e5ndtere 1100 tilkoblinger per sekund, vil de overskride st\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 conntrack-tabellen, selv om tilkoblingene er veldig kortvarige (128k \/ 120s = 1092 tilkoblinger \/ s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Det finnes noen nisjetyper applikasjoner som faller inn under disse kategoriene. I tillegg, hvis du har mange fiender, kan fylling av conntrack-tabellen p\u00e5 serveren din med mange halv\u00e5pne tilkoblinger brukes som en del av en \u00abdenial of service\u00bb (DOS) angrep. I begge tilfeller kan conntrack bli en begrensende flaskehals i systemet ditt. I noen tilfeller kan justering av conntrack-tabellens innstillinger v\u00e6re tilstrekkelig for \u00e5 m\u00f8te behovene dine \u2014 ved \u00e5 \u00f8ke st\u00f8rrelsen eller redusere conntrack-tidsavbruddene (men hvis du gj\u00f8r dette feil, vil du st\u00e5 overfor store problemer). For andre tilfeller vil det v\u00e6re n\u00f8dvendig \u00e5 omg\u00e5 conntrack for aggressiv trafikk.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"realnyy-primer\">Et ekte eksempel<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>La oss gi et konkret eksempel: en stor SaaS-leverand\u00f8r vi jobbet med hadde en rekke memcached-servere p\u00e5 verter (ikke virtuelle maskiner), hver av dem h\u00e5ndterte 50K+ kortvarige tilkoblinger per sekund.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>De eksperimenterte med conntrack-konfigurasjonen, \u00f8kte st\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 tabellene og reduserte sporingsvarigheten, men konfigurasjonen var ustabil, og minnebruken \u00f8kte betydelig, noe som var et problem (flere GB!), og tilkoblingene var s\u00e5 korte at conntrack ikke oppn\u00e5dde sin vanlige gevinsten i ytelse (reduksjon i CPU-forbruk eller pakketid).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Som alternativ vendte de seg til Calico. Nettverksreglene til Calico lar dem unng\u00e5 \u00e5 bruke conntrack for bestemte typer trafikk (ved \u00e5 bruke opsjonen doNotTrack for reglene). Dette ga dem det n\u00f8dvendige ytelsesniv\u00e5et pluss et ekstra niv\u00e5 av sikkerhet levert av Calico.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"na-chto-pridetsya-poyti-chtoby-oboyti-conntrack\">Hva m\u00e5 man gj\u00f8re for \u00e5 unng\u00e5 conntrack?<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nettverksreglene for do-not-track b\u00f8r som regel v\u00e6re symmetriske. I tilfelle av en SaaS-leverand\u00f8r: deres applikasjoner var operert innen et beskyttet omr\u00e5de og dermed kunne de via nettverksreglene liste opp trafikk fra spesifikke applikasjoner som fikk tilgang til memcached.<\/li>\n<li>Regelen om do-not-track tar ikke hensyn til retningen av forbindelsen. Dermed, i tilfelle et angrep p\u00e5 memcached-serveren, kan det teoretisk fors\u00f8kes \u00e5 koble seg til hvilken som helst av memcached-klientene hvis den bruker riktig kildeport. Men, hvis du har definert nettverksreglene for dine memcached-klienter korrekt, vil disse tilkoblingsfors\u00f8kene fortsatt bli avvist p\u00e5 klientsiden.<\/li>\n<li>Regelen om do-not-track anvendes p\u00e5 hver pakke, i motsetning til vanlige regler som kun anvendes p\u00e5 den f\u00f8rste pakken i en str\u00f8m. Dette kan \u00f8ke CPU-ressursbruken per pakke, siden regelen m\u00e5 anvendes for hver pakke. Men for kortvarige forbindelser balanseres denne kostnaden av en reduksjon i ressursbruken til behandling av conntrack. For eksempel, i tilfelle av en SaaS-leverand\u00f8r, var antallet pakker for hver forbindelse sv\u00e6rt lite, s\u00e5 det ekstra ressursforbruket til CPU ved \u00e5 anvende regler p\u00e5 hver pakke var berettiget.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"pristupim-k-testam\">La oss begynne testene<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vi gjennomf\u00f8rte en test p\u00e5 en pod med en memcached-server og mange pod-er med memcached-klienter som kj\u00f8rte p\u00e5 eksterne noder, slik at vi kunne utf\u00f8re et sv\u00e6rt stort antall tilkoblinger per sekund. Serveren med pod-en til memcached-serveren hadde 8 kjerner og 512k poster i conntrack-tabellen (standard innstilt tabellst\u00f8rrelse for verten).<br \/>\nVi m\u00e5lte ytelsesforskjellen mellom: uten nettverksregler; med vanlig Calico-regel; og Calico do-not-track-regel.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>For the first test, we set the number of connections to 4,000 per second, allowing us to focus on the difference in CPU consumption. There were no significant differences between having no policy and a regular policy, but the do-not-track policy increased CPU consumption by about 20%:<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"N\u00e5r Linux conntrack ikke lenger er din venn\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/6762772cb8e5f089a3ed444aff8cb8f4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the second test, we launched as many connections as our clients could generate and measured the maximum number of connections per second that our memcached server could handle. As expected, under both 'no policies' and 'regular policy', both reached the conntrack limit of over 4,000 connections per second (512k \/ 120s = 4,369 connections\/s). With the do-not-track policy, our clients sent 60,000 connections per second without any issues. We are confident that we could increase this number by connecting more clients, but we feel that these figures are already sufficient to illustrate the point of this article!<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"N\u00e5r Linux conntrack ikke lenger er din venn\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/f3beeb1793a3158018274079da953a2c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"zaklyuchenie\">Konklusjon<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Conntrack is an important kernel feature. It works exceptionally well. Often, it is utilized by key system components. However, in certain scenarios, the overhead from conntrack outweighs the usual benefits it provides. In this scenario, Calico network policies can be used to selectively disable conntrack usage while enhancing network security. For all other traffic, conntrack continues to be your ally!<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"takzhe-chitayte-drugie-stati-v-nashem-bloge\">Les ogs\u00e5 andre artikler i bloggen v\u00e5r:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/473578\/\">Bygging av dynamiske moduler for Nginx<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/473014\/\">Introduksjon til Hashicorp Consul\u2019s Kubernetes Autorisasjon<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/426543\/\">Sikkerhetskopier av Stateful i Kubernetes<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/424717\/\">Sikkerhetskopiering av et stort antall varierte webprosjekter<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/347526\/\">Telegram-bot for Redmine. Hvordan forenkle livet for seg selv og folk<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nixys\/blog\/492686\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u201cconntrack\u201d) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435. Conntrack \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445: NAT \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u0441onntrack, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":74656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u201cconntrack\u201d) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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