Kwatsala maola ochepera 24 kuti mapurosesa atsopano a AMD EPYC ™ Rome ayambe. M'nkhaniyi, taganiza zokumbukira momwe mbiri ya mkangano pakati pa opanga awiri akuluakulu a CPU idayambira.
Purosesa yoyamba ya 8-bit padziko lonse lapansi yopezeka pamalonda inali Intel® i8008, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1972. Purosesayo inali ndi mawotchi pafupipafupi a 200 kHz, idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yaukadaulo ya 10 micron (10000 nm) ndipo idapangidwira zowerengera "zapamwamba", zotulutsa zotulutsa ndi makina obotolo.
Mu 1974, purosesa iyi inakhala maziko a microcomputer Mark-8, yowonetsedwa ngati polojekiti ya DIY pachikuto cha magazini ya Radio-Electronics. Wolemba ntchitoyo, Jonathan Titus, anagaŵira aliyense kabuku kamtengo wa $5 kokhala ndi zithunzi za okonda komiti yadera osindikizidwa ndi mafotokozedwe a kachitidwe ka msonkhanowo. Posakhalitsa, pulojekiti yofanana ya Altair 8800 ya microcomputer, yopangidwa ndi MITS (Micro Instrumentation ndi Telemetry Systems), idabadwa.
Chiyambi cha mpikisano
Patatha zaka 2 kulengedwa kwa i8008, Intel anatulutsa chip chake chatsopano - i8080, kutengera kamangidwe kabwino ka i8008 ndikupanga kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 6 micron (6000 nm). Purosesa iyi inali pafupifupi nthawi 10 mofulumira kuposa kuloŵedwa m'malo (wotchi pafupipafupi 2 MHz) ndipo analandira dongosolo malangizo otukuka.
Reverse engineering ya Intel® i8080 purosesa yopangidwa ndi mainjiniya aluso atatu, Sean ndi Kim Haley, ndi Jay Kumar, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chojambula chosinthidwa chotchedwa AMD AM9080.
Poyamba, AMD Am9080 inatulutsidwa popanda chilolezo, koma pambuyo pake mgwirizano wa chilolezo unatsirizidwa ndi Intel. Izi zidapatsa mwayi makampani onsewa m'misika yama chips pomwe ogula amafuna kupewa kudalira wogulitsa m'modzi. Zogulitsa zoyamba zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri, popeza mtengo wake unali masenti 50, ndipo tchipisi tomwe tinkagulidwa mwachangu ndi asitikali ndi $700 iliyonse.
Zitatha izi, Kim Haley adaganiza zoyesanso ukadaulo wa Intel® EPROM 1702 memory chip. Lingalirolo linali lopambana pang'ono - zomwe zidapangidwa zidasungidwa kwa milungu itatu yokha kutentha kutentha.
Atathyola tchipisi tambiri komanso kutengera chidziwitso chake cha chemistry, Kim adatsimikiza kuti popanda kudziwa kukula kwenikweni kwa kutentha kwa oxide, sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zomwe Intel adanena (zaka 10 pa madigiri 85). Akuwonetsa luso laukadaulo, adayimbira malo a Intel ndikufunsa kuti ng'anjo zawo zimatentha bwanji. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti anauzidwa mosakayikira chiwerengero chenichenicho - madigiri 830. Bingo! Zowona, zinyengo zotere sizikanatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa.
Kuyesedwa koyamba
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1981, Intel anali kukonzekera kulowa m’pangano lopanga mapurosesa ndi IBM, kampani yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopanga makompyuta panthaŵiyo. Intel mwiniyo analibe mphamvu zokwanira zopangira kuti akwaniritse zosowa za IBM, kotero kuti asataye mgwirizanowu, kusagwirizana kunayenera kupangidwa. Kunyengerera uku kunali mgwirizano wa ziphaso pakati pa Intel ndi AMD, zomwe zidalola omalizawo kuti ayambe kupanga ma Intel® 8086, 80186 ndi 80286.
Zaka 4 pambuyo pake, Intel® 86 yaposachedwa yokhala ndi liwiro la wotchi ya 80386 MHz ndipo idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 33 micron (1 nm) idayambitsidwa pamsika wa purosesa wa x1000. AMD inalinso kukonzekera chip chofananacho chotchedwa Am386 ™ panthawiyi, koma kutulutsidwa kudachedwetsedwa kosatha chifukwa cha kukana kwa Intel kupereka zidziwitso zaukadaulo pansi pa mgwirizano wamalayisensi. Ichi chidakhala chifukwa chopitira kukhoti.
Monga gawo la mlanduwo, Intel adayesa kunena kuti mawu a mgwirizanowo adangogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mibadwo yapitayi ya mapurosesa omwe adatulutsidwa pamaso pa 80386. AMD, nayonso, inaumirira kuti mawu a mgwirizanowo amalola kuti asamangopanga 80386, koma. komanso zitsanzo zamtsogolo kutengera kamangidwe ka x86.
Mlanduwo udapitilira kwa zaka zingapo ndipo udatha pakupambana kwa AMD (Intel idalipira AMD $ 1 biliyoni). Ubale wokhulupirirana pakati pamakampaniwo udatha, ndipo Am386™ idatulutsidwa mu 1991. Komabe, purosesa inali yofunika kwambiri chifukwa inkathamanga pafupipafupi kuposa choyambirira (40 MHz motsutsana ndi 33 MHz).
Kukula kwa mpikisano
Purosesa yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yozikidwa pa hybrid CISC-RISC pachimake komanso kukhala ndi masamu coprocessor (FPU) mwachindunji pa chip yemweyo anali Intel® 80486. FPU idapangitsa kuti zitheke kufulumizitsa kwambiri ntchito zoyandama, kuchotsa katundu ku CPU. Chinanso chatsopano chinali kukhazikitsa njira yoperekera malangizo, zomwe zinawonjezera zokolola. Kukula kwa chinthu chimodzi kunali kuchokera ku 600 mpaka 1000 nm, ndipo galasilo linali ndi ma transistors 0,9 mpaka 1,6 miliyoni.
AMD, nayenso, idayambitsa analogue yathunthu yotchedwa Am486 pogwiritsa ntchito Intel® 80386 microcode ndi Intel® 80287 coprocessor Izi zidakhala chifukwa chamilandu yambiri. Chigamulo cha khothi cha 1992 chinatsimikizira kuti AMD idaphwanya ufulu wa FPU 80287 microcode, pambuyo pake kampaniyo idayamba kupanga ma microcode awo.
Mlandu wotsatira udasinthana pakati pa kutsimikizira ndi kutsutsa ufulu wa AMD wogwiritsa ntchito ma microcode a Intel®. Mfundo yomaliza pankhaniyi idayikidwa ndi Khothi Lalikulu la California, lomwe linalengeza kuti AMD ili ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito microcode 80386 yosaloledwa. ndi 80287.
Osewera ena pamsika wa x86, monga Cyrix, Texas Instruments ndi UMC, adafunanso kubwereza kupambana kwa Intel potulutsa ma analogi ogwira ntchito a 80486 chip mwanjira ina, adalephera. UMC idasiya mpikisanowu pambuyo poti khothi liletsa kugulitsa Green CPU yake ku United States. Cyrix sanathe kupeza mapangano opindulitsa ndi osonkhanitsa akuluakulu, komanso adalowa nawo milandu ndi Intel okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a eni ake. Chifukwa chake, Intel ndi AMD okha adatsalira atsogoleri amsika a x86.
Kumanga mphamvu
Pofuna kupambana mpikisano, onse Intel ndi AMD anayesa kukwaniritsa ntchito pazipita ndi liwiro. Chifukwa chake, AMD inali yoyamba padziko lapansi kuthana ndi bar ya 1 GHz potulutsa Athlon™ (37 miliyoni transistors, 130 nm) pachimake cha Thunderbird. Panthawi imeneyi ya mpikisano, Intel anali ndi vuto ndi kusakhazikika kwa cache yachiwiri ya Pentium® III pachimake cha Coppermine, zomwe zinayambitsa kuchedwa kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala.
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti dzina lakuti Athlon limachokera ku chinenero cha Chigiriki chakale ndipo limatha kumasuliridwa kuti “mpikisano” kapena “malo ankhondo, bwalo.”
Zomwe zidachitika bwino za AMD zinali kutulutsidwa kwa purosesa yapawiri-core Athlon™ X2 (90 nm), ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri Quad-Core Opteron™ (2 nm), pomwe ma cores onse anayi amakulira pa chip chimodzi, ndipo amakulitsidwa. osati gulu la 65 tchipisi chilichonse. Nthawi yomweyo, Intel idatulutsa Core™ 4 Duo yake yotchuka ndi Core™ 2 Quad, yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 2 nm.
Pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa ma frequency a wotchi komanso kuchuluka kwa ma cores, funso lodziwa njira zatsopano zaukadaulo, komanso kulowa m'misika ina, lidakhala lovuta. Mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri wa AMD unali kugula kwa ATI Technologies kwa $ 5,4 biliyoni. Chifukwa chake, AMD idalowa mumsika wothamangitsa zithunzi ndikukhala mpikisano waukulu wa Nvidia. Intel, nayenso, adapeza gawo limodzi la Texas Instruments, komanso kampani ya Altera kwa $ 16,7 biliyoni. Chotsatira chake chinali kulowa mumsika wa ma programmable logic Integrated circuits ndi ma SoCs amagetsi ogula.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti kuyambira 2009, AMD yasiya kupanga zake, ndikungoyang'ana chitukuko. Mapurosesa amakono a AMD amapangidwa kumalo opangira GlobalFoundries ndi TSMC. Intel, m'malo mwake, ikupitiliza kupanga luso lake lopanga kupanga zinthu za semiconductor.
Kuyambira 2018, kuwonjezera pa mpikisano wachindunji, makampani onsewa apanganso ntchito zolumikizana. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi chinali kutulutsidwa kwa mapurosesa a 8th a Intel® Core™ okhala ndi zithunzi za AMD Radeon™ RX Vega M, motero kuphatikiza mphamvu zamakampani onsewa. Yankho ili lichepetsa kukula kwa laputopu ndi makompyuta ang'onoang'ono pomwe ikukulitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wa batri.
Pomaliza
M'mbiri yonse ya makampani onsewa, pakhala pali zochitika zambiri za kusagwirizana ndi zotsutsana. Kumenyera utsogoleri kunapitilirabe mpaka pano. Chaka chino tidawona zosintha zazikulu pamzere wa Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors, womwe tidakambirana kale. , ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi yoti AMD itenge siteji.
Posachedwapa, mapurosesa atsopano a AMD EPYC ™ Rome awonekera mu labotale yathu. za kufika kwawo koyamba.
Source: www.habr.com