Iyi ndi nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa ARPANET, yemwe adayambitsa kusintha kwa intaneti, monga adafotokozera omwe adachita nawo zochitikazo.
Titafika ku Bolter Hall Institute ku yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles (UCLA), ndinakwera masitepe opita kuchipinda chachitatu kufunafuna chipinda #3420. Ndiyeno ine ndinalowa mmenemo. Kuchokera pakhonde samawoneka ngati chilichonse chapadera.
Koma zaka 50 zapitazo, pa October 29, 1969, panachitika chinthu china chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Wophunzira maphunziro Charlie Cline, atakhala pa ITT Teletype terminal, anapanga kusamutsa deta yoyamba ya digito kwa Bill Duvall, wasayansi atakhala pa kompyuta ina ku Stanford Research Institute (lero imadziwika kuti SRI International), kudera losiyana kwambiri la California. Umu ndi momwe nkhaniyi idayambira , makina ang'onoang'ono a makompyuta a maphunziro omwe adakhala patsogolo pa intaneti.
Sitinganene kuti panthawiyo kachitidwe kakang'ono ka kufalitsa deta kunagunda padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale Cline ndi Duvall sanayamikire mokwanira zimene anachita: “Sindikukumbukira chirichonse chapadera chokhudza usiku umenewo, ndipo ndithudi sindinazindikire panthaŵiyo kuti tinali titachita chirichonse chapadera,” akutero Cline. Komabe, kulumikizana kwawo kunakhala umboni wa kuthekera kwa lingalirolo, lomwe pamapeto pake linapereka mwayi wopeza pafupifupi zidziwitso zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi kwa aliyense yemwe ali ndi kompyuta.
Masiku ano, chilichonse kuyambira mafoni a m'manja mpaka zitseko za garage zodziwikiratu ndi ma netiweki otsika kuchokera ku Cline ndi Duvall omwe amayesa tsiku lomwelo. Ndipo nkhani ya momwe adakhazikitsira malamulo oyamba oyendetsa ma byte padziko lonse lapansi ndiyofunika kuyimvera - makamaka akamalankhula okha.
"Kuti izi zisachitikenso"
Ndipo mu 1969, anthu ambiri adathandizira Cline ndi Duvall kuti achite bwino pa Okutobala 29 - kuphatikiza pulofesa wa UCLA. , amene, kuwonjezera pa Kline ndi Duvall, ndinalankhula nawo pa chikondwerero cha zaka 50. Kleinrock, yemwe akugwirabe ntchito ku yunivesite, adanena izi tinganene kuti anali mwana wa Cold War. Pamene mu October 1957 Soviet kuthwanima mumlengalenga ku United States, mafunde odabwitsa ochokera kumeneko anadutsa ponse paŵiri gulu lasayansi ndi mabungwe andale.
Chipinda No. 3420, chobwezeretsedwa mu kukongola kwake konse kuyambira 1969
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Sputnik "kunapeza United States ndi mathalauza pansi, ndipo Eisenhower anati, 'Musalole kuti izi zichitikenso,'" Kleinrock anakumbukira m'macheza athu mu chipinda cha 3420, chomwe tsopano chimadziwika kuti Internet History Center. Kleinrock. "Choncho mu Januwale 1958, adapanga Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA, mkati mwa Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo kuti athandize STEM-sayansi yolimba yomwe anaphunzira ku mayunivesite a US ndi ma laboratories ofufuza."
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, ARPA inapereka ndalama zothandizira kumanga makompyuta akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza m'mayunivesite ndi oganiza bwino m'dziko lonselo. Mkulu wa zachuma ku ARPA anali Bob Taylor, wofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yamakompyuta yemwe pambuyo pake adayendetsa labotale ya PARC ku Xerox. Ku ARPA, mwatsoka, zinaonekeratu kwa iye kuti makompyuta onsewa amalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana ndipo sankadziwa kulankhulana wina ndi mzake.
Taylor amadana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma terminals osiyanasiyana kuti alumikizane ndi makompyuta osiyanasiyana ofufuza akutali, iliyonse ikuyenda pamzere wake wodzipatulira. Ofesi yake inali yodzaza ndi makina a teletype.
Mu 1969, ma terminals a Teletype anali gawo lofunikira pazida zamakompyuta
"Ndinati, bambo, ndizodziwikiratu zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika. M'malo mokhala ndi ma terminals atatu, payenera kukhala malo amodzi omwe amapita komwe mukufuna," Taylor adauza New York Times mu 1999. "Lingaliro ili ndi ARPANET."
Taylor analinso ndi zifukwa zomveka zofunira kupanga maukonde. Nthawi zonse ankalandira zopempha kuchokera kwa ofufuza m'dziko lonselo kuti apereke ndalama zogulira zazikulu komanso mofulumira . Amadziwa kuti mphamvu zambiri zamakompyuta zothandizidwa ndi boma zidakhala zopanda ntchito, akufotokoza Kleinrock. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza akhoza kukulitsa luso la makompyuta ku SRIin ku California, pamene nthawi yomweyo mainframe ku MIT angakhale atakhala opanda ntchito, kunena, pambuyo pa maola ku East Coast.
Kapena zikhoza kukhala kuti mainframe ili ndi mapulogalamu pamalo amodzi omwe angakhale othandiza m'malo ena-monga mapulogalamu oyambirira a ARPA omwe amathandizidwa ndi ARPA ku yunivesite ya Utah. Popanda maukonde oterowo, "ngati ndili ku UCLA ndipo ndikufuna kupanga zojambula, ndifunsa ARPA kuti indigulire makina omwewo," akutero Kleinrock. "Aliyense amafunikira chilichonse." Pofika m'chaka cha 1966, ARPA inali itatopa ndi zofuna zotere.
Leonard Kleinrock
Vuto linali lakuti makompyuta onsewa ankalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Ku Pentagon, asayansi apakompyuta a Taylor adafotokoza kuti makompyuta ofufuzawa anali ndi ma code osiyanasiyana. Panalibe chilankhulo chodziwika bwino chapaintaneti, kapena ma protocol, omwe makompyuta omwe amakhala motalikirana amatha kulumikizana ndikugawana zomwe zili kapena zothandizira.
Posakhalitsa zinthu zinasintha. Taylor ananyengerera mkulu wa ARPA Charles Hertzfield kuti awononge ndalama zokwana madola milioni pakupanga makina atsopano olumikiza makompyuta kuchokera ku MIT, UCLA, SRI ndi kwina. Hertzfield adapeza ndalamazo pozitenga kuchokera ku pulogalamu yofufuza za missile. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo inalungamitsa mtengo umenewu chifukwa chakuti ARPA inali ndi ntchito yokonza makina "opulumuka" omwe angapitirizebe kugwira ntchito ngakhale mbali yake itawonongedwa - mwachitsanzo, pa nkhondo ya nyukiliya.
ARPA inabweretsa Larry Roberts, mnzake wakale wa Kleinrock wochokera ku MIT, kuti aziyang'anira ntchito za ARPANET. Roberts adatembenukira ku ntchito za wasayansi wamakompyuta waku Britain a Donald Davis ndi waku America Paul Baran komanso matekinoloje otumizira ma data omwe adapanga.
Ndipo posakhalitsa Roberts anaitana Kleinrock kuti agwire ntchito pa gawo longoyerekeza la polojekitiyi. Amaganizira zofalitsa ma data pamaneti kuyambira 1962, akadali ku MIT.
"Monga wophunzira wophunzira ku MIT, ndinaganiza zothana ndi vuto ili: Ndazunguliridwa ndi makompyuta, koma sadziwa momwe angalankhulire wina ndi mzake, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti posachedwa adzayenera kutero," Kleinrock akuti. - Ndipo palibe amene adachita nawo ntchitoyi. Aliyense adaphunzira zambiri komanso nthano zamakhombo. ”
Chothandizira chachikulu cha Kleinrock ku ARPANET chinali . Kalelo, mizere inali ya analogi ndipo imatha kubwerekedwa ku AT&T. Ankagwiritsa ntchito masiwichi, kutanthauza kuti chosinthira chapakati chinakhazikitsa kulumikizana kodzipatulira pakati pa wotumiza ndi wolandila, kaya anthu awiri akucheza pafoni kapena cholumikizira cholumikizira ku mainframe akutali. Pamizere iyi, nthawi yambiri idakhala nthawi yopanda pake - pomwe palibe amene amalankhula mawu kapena kutumizira ma bits.
Zolemba za Kleinrock ku MIT zidayika malingaliro omwe angadziwitse polojekiti ya ARPANET.
Kleinrock adawona kuti iyi ndi njira yosakwanira yolankhulirana pakati pa makompyuta. Chiphunzitso cha queuing chinapereka njira yogawa mizere yolumikizirana pakati pa mapaketi a data kuchokera kumagawo osiyanasiyana olankhulirana. Mtsinje umodzi wa paketi ukasokonezedwa, mtsinje wina ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo. Mapaketi omwe amapanga gawo limodzi la data (titi, imelo imodzi) amatha kupeza njira yopita kwa wolandila pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinayi zosiyanasiyana. Ngati njira imodzi yatsekedwa, netiweki imawongolera mapaketi kudzera ina.
Pakukambitsirana kwathu m’chipinda 3420, Kleinrock anandionetsa nkhani yake yolembedwa mofiira pa tebulo limodzi. Adasindikiza kafukufuku wake m'mabuku mu 1964.
Mumtundu watsopano wamtunduwu, kusuntha kwa data sikunatsogoleredwe ndi chosinthira chapakati, koma ndi zida zomwe zili pa node za netiweki. Mu 1969 zida izi zidatchedwa , "interface message handlers". Makina aliwonse oterowo anali osinthika, olemetsa kwambiri a makompyuta a Honeywell DDP-516, omwe anali ndi zida zapadera zowongolera maukonde.
Kleinrock adapereka IMP yoyamba ku UCLA Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala mu 1969. Masiku ano imayima mokhazikika pakona ya chipinda cha 3420 ku Bolter Hall, komwe idabwezeretsedwanso ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, monga momwe zinalili pokonza maulendo oyambirira a intaneti zaka 50 zapitazo.
"Maola 15 ogwira ntchito, tsiku lililonse"
Chakumapeto kwa 1969, Charlie Cline anali wophunzira womaliza kuyesera kupeza digiri ya uinjiniya. Gulu lake lidasamutsidwa ku projekiti ya ARPANET Kleinrock atalandira ndalama za boma kuti apange maukonde. Mu Ogasiti, Kline ndi ena anali akugwira ntchito mwakhama pokonzekera mapulogalamu a Sigma 7 mainframe kuti agwirizane ndi IMP. Popeza kuti panalibe njira yolumikizirana yokhazikika pakati pa makompyuta ndi ma IMP—Bob Metcalfe ndi David Boggs sakanapanga Ethernet mpaka 1973—gululo linapanga chingwe cha mamita 5 kuchokera pachiyambi kuti chilankhule pakati pa makompyutawo. Tsopano ankangofunika kompyuta ina kuti asinthane zambiri.
Charlie Cline
Malo achiwiri ofufuzira kuti alandire IMP anali SRI (izi zidachitika kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala). Kwa Bill Duvall, chochitikacho chinali chiyambi cha kukonzekera kwa kusamutsidwa koyamba kwa deta kuchokera ku UCLA kupita ku SRI, pa SDS 940 yawo. Magulu a mabungwe onsewa, adati, akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti akwaniritse kusamutsidwa koyamba kopambana kwa deta pofika 21 October.
"Ndinalowa pulojekiti, ndinapanga ndikukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ofunikira, ndipo inali njira yomwe nthawi zina imachitika pakupanga mapulogalamu - masiku a maola 15, tsiku lililonse, mpaka mutamaliza," akukumbukira.
Pamene Halowini ikuyandikira, mayendedwe a chitukuko m'mabungwe onsewa akuthamanga. Ndipo magulu anali okonzeka ngakhale tsiku lomaliza lisanafike.
"Tsopano tinali ndi ma node awiri, tidabwereka mzere kuchokera ku AT&T, ndipo tinkayembekezera kuthamanga kodabwitsa kwa 50 bits pamphindikati," akutero Kleinrock. "Ndipo tinali okonzeka kuchita, kulowa."
"Tidakonza mayeso oyamba pa Okutobala 29," akuwonjezera Duval. - Pa nthawi imeneyo anali chisanadze alpha. Ndipo tidaganiza kuti, chabwino, tili ndi masiku atatu oyesa kuti tichite zonse. ”
Madzulo a 29, Kline adagwira ntchito mochedwa - monganso anachitira Duvall ku SRI. Anakonzekera kuyesa kufalitsa uthenga woyamba pa ARPANET madzulo, kuti asawononge ntchito ya aliyense ngati kompyuta mwadzidzidzi "iphwanyidwa". Mu chipinda 3420, Cline anakhala yekha kutsogolo kwa ITT Teletype terminal yolumikizidwa ndi kompyuta.
Ndipo izi ndi zomwe zidachitika usiku womwewo - kuphatikiza chimodzi mwazolephera zamakompyuta m'mbiri yamakompyuta - m'mawu a Kline ndi Duvall okha:
Kline: Ndinalowa mu Sigma 7 OS ndiyeno ndinayendetsa pulogalamu yomwe ndinalemba yomwe inandilola kulamula paketi yoyesera kuti itumizidwe ku SRI. Pakadali pano, Bill Duvall ku SRI adayambitsa pulogalamu yomwe idavomereza kulumikizana komwe kukubwera. Ndipo tinacheza pa foni nthawi yomweyo.
Poyamba tinali ndi mavuto angapo. Tinali ndi vuto ndi zomasulira chifukwa makina athu ankagwiritsa ntchito (BCD yowonjezera), muyezo wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IBM ndi Sigma 7. Koma kompyuta mu SRI inagwiritsidwa ntchito (Standard American Code for Information Interchange), yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala muyezo wa ARPANET, kenako dziko lonse lapansi.
Titathana ndi angapo mwa mavutowa, tinayesa kulowa. Ndipo kuti muchite izi muyenera kulemba mawu oti "login". Dongosolo la SRI linakonzedwa kuti lizindikire mwanzeru malamulo omwe alipo. Mumayendedwe apamwamba, mutangolemba L, kenako O, kenako G, adamvetsetsa kuti mwina mukutanthauza LOGIN, ndipo iye mwini adawonjezera IN. Kenako ndinalowa L.
Ndinali pamzere ndi Duvall wochokera ku SRI, ndipo ndinati, "Kodi munapeza L?" Iye anati, “Inde.” Ndidati ndawona L ikubwera ndikusindikiza pa terminal yanga. Ndipo ine ndinasindikiza O nati, "'O' anabwera." Ndipo ine ndinamukakamiza G, ndipo iye anati, “Dikirani miniti, dongosolo langa lagwera apa.”
Bill Duvall
Pambuyo pa makalata angapo, buffer kusefukira kunachitika. Zinali zosavuta kupeza ndi kukonza, ndipo kwenikweni zonse zidakhazikika pambuyo pake. Ndikunena izi chifukwa sizomwe nkhani yonseyi ikunena. Nkhani ya momwe ARPANET imagwirira ntchito.
Kline: Anali ndi cholakwika chaching'ono, ndipo adathana nacho pafupifupi mphindi 20, ndikuyesa kuyambitsanso chilichonse. Anayenera kusintha pulogalamuyo. Ndinafunika kuyang'ananso mapulogalamu anga. Anandiyimbiranso ndipo tinayesanso. Tinayambanso, ndinalemba L, O, G ndipo ulendo uno ndinapeza yankho "IN".
"Injiniya basi pa ntchito"
Kulumikizana koyamba kunachitika hafu pasiti khumi madzulo nthawi ya Pacific. Kenako Kline adatha kulowa muakaunti ya kompyuta ya SRI yomwe Duvall adamupangira ndikuyendetsa mapulogalamu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakompyuta zomwe zili pamtunda wa 560 km kuchokera ku UCLA. Gawo laling'ono la ntchito ya ARPANET linakwaniritsidwa.
Kline anandiuza kuti: “Pamenepo kunali kuchedwa, ndinapita kunyumba.
Chikwangwani mu chipinda 3420 chikufotokoza zomwe zinachitika apa
Gululi lidadziwa kuti lachita bwino, koma silinaganizire zambiri za kukula kwa zomwe akwaniritsa. "Anali mainjiniya okha pantchito," adatero Kleinrock. Duvall adawona Okutobala 29 ngati gawo limodzi chabe pantchito yayikulu, yovuta kwambiri yolumikiza makompyuta ndi netiweki. Ntchito ya Kleinrock ikuyang'ana momwe angayendetsere mapaketi a data pamanetiweki, pomwe ofufuza a SRI adagwira ntchito pazomwe amapanga paketi komanso momwe deta yomwe ili mkati mwake imapangidwira.
"Kwenikweni, ndipamene paradigm yomwe timawona pa intaneti idapangidwa koyamba, yokhala ndi maulalo a zikalata ndi zinthu zonse," akutero Duvall. "Nthawi zonse tinkaganiza zogwirira ntchito zingapo komanso anthu olumikizana. Kalelo tinkawatcha malo odziwa zambiri chifukwa zomwe tinkachita zinali zamaphunziro. ”
Patangotha milungu ingapo kuchokera pamene Cline ndi Duvall anayamba kusinthana bwino deta, ma netiweki a ARPA anakula kuti aphatikizepo makompyuta ochokera ku yunivesite ya California, Santa Barbara, ndi yunivesite ya Utah. ARPANET kenako idakula mpaka zaka za m'ma 70 ndi zaka zambiri za 1980, kulumikiza makompyuta ambiri aboma ndi ophunzira palimodzi. Kenako malingaliro opangidwa mu ARPANET adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti yomwe tikudziwa lero.
Mu 1969, a UCLA atolankhani adatulutsa ARPANET yatsopano. "Makompyuta akadali akhanda," adalemba Kleinrock panthawiyo. Koma pamene zikukula ndi kucholoŵana, tingaone kuchulukira kwa ‘makompyuta’ omwe, mofanana ndi makonzedwe amakono a magetsi ndi matelefoni, azidzatumikira m’nyumba za munthu aliyense ndi maofesi m’dziko lonselo.”
Masiku ano lingaliro ili likuwoneka ngati lachikale - maukonde a data alowa osati m'nyumba ndi maofesi okha, komanso m'zida zing'onozing'ono zomwe zili pa intaneti ya Zinthu. Komabe, mawu a Kleinrock onena za "makompyuta" anali odabwitsa, popeza kuti intaneti yamakono yamalonda sinawonekere mpaka zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Lingaliro ili likadali lofunikira mu 2019, pomwe zida zamakompyuta zikuyandikira malo omwewo, omwe amatengedwa ngati magetsi.
Mwina zikondwerero ngati izi ndi mwayi wabwino osati kukumbukira momwe tinafikira nthawi yolumikizana kwambiri, komanso kuyang'ana zam'tsogolo - monga momwe Kleinrock adachitira - kulingalira za komwe maukonde angapite.
Source: www.habr.com