Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
В tinaphunzira momwe wasayansi ndi mphunzitsi waku America Ndinadutsa ku Ulaya kwa nthawi yoyamba. Ali ku London, anakacheza mwapadera ndi munthu wina amene ankamulemekeza kwambiri, katswiri wa masamu . Pamodzi ndi Henry anali bwenzi lake, Alexander Bach, ndi bwenzi lake latsopano, nayenso experimenter m'munda wa telegraph, . Babbage adauza alendowo kuti posachedwa awonetsa makina ake owerengera kwa phungu wa Nyumba Yamalamulo, koma mosangalala kwambiri adagawana nawo lingaliro la makina ake atsopano, "omwe adzaposa kuthekera kwa woyamba." Henry analemba zambiri za dongosololi mu buku lake:
Makinawa agawidwa m’zigawo ziŵiri, imodzi imene a B. B. amatcha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, ndipo yachiwiri ndi mphero. Zosungirako zimadzazidwa ndi mawilo okhala ndi manambala ojambulidwa pa iwo. Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma levers amawatulutsa ndikuwasuntha pamphero, pomwe pamakhala kusintha kofunikira. Akamaliza, makinawa azitha kulemba zilembo zamtundu uliwonse wa algebra.
Wolemba mbiriyo sangalephere kumva kuzizira m'mutu mwake kuchokera m'mphambano zachisawawa zoterezi m'miyoyo ya anthu. Apa ulusi awiri a mbiri ya makina apakompyuta adadutsana, imodzi yomwe ikuyandikira mapeto ake, ndipo ina inali itangoyamba kumene.
Ndipotu, ngakhale makina a Babbage nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati chiyambi cha mbiri yakale ya makompyuta amakono, kugwirizana pakati pawo kumakhala kofooka. Makina ake (omwe sanamangepo) anali chimaliziro cha maloto a makina apakompyuta. Malotowa, omwe adanenedwa koyamba ndi Leibniz, adalimbikitsidwa ndi njira zovuta zowonera mawotchi opangidwa ndi amisiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa Middle Ages. Koma palibe kompyuta yokhazikika yomwe idamangidwa pamakina abwino - ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri.
Koma ma electromagnetic relay, omwe adapangidwa ndi Henry ndi ena, amatha kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta pamakina apakompyuta, zovuta zomwe zimaoneka ngati zosayerekezeka popanda izo. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi inali idakali zaka zambiri, ndipo Henry ndi anthu a m’nthawi yake sakanaoneratu za zimenezi. Inakhala kholo la ma transistors osawerengeka omwe adatheketsa dziko lamakono la digito, lolumikizana kwambiri ndi moyo wathu wamakono. Ma relay adadzaza mkati mwa makompyuta akale omwe amatha kutha, ndikulamulira kwakanthawi asanalowe m'malo ndi azibale awo amagetsi.
Relays adapangidwa kangapo paokha m'ma 1830. Zolinga zake zinali zosiyanasiyana (asanu mwa omwe adayambitsa adapanga zosachepera zitatu) - monganso zitsanzo zakugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Koma ndizosavuta kuziganizira ngati chipangizo chogwiritsa ntchito pawiri. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira chomwe chimawongolera chipangizo china chamagetsi (kuphatikiza, chofunikira, cholumikizira china), kapena ngati amplifier yomwe imatembenuza chizindikiro chofooka kukhala cholimba.
Sinthani
Joseph Henry anaphatikiza mwa munthu mmodzi chidziwitso chozama cha filosofi yachilengedwe, makina ndi chidwi pa vuto la telegraph yamakina. M'zaka za m'ma 1830, mwina Wheatstone yekha anali ndi makhalidwe amenewa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1831, anali atamanga dera lalitali la 2,5 km lomwe limatha kugwiritsira ntchito belu pogwiritsa ntchito maginito amphamvu kwambiri. Mwinamwake, ngati akanapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mwakhama pa telegraph, ndikuwonetsa kupirira komweko monga momwe Morse adasonyezera, ndiye kuti dzina lake likanakhala m'mabuku.
Koma Henry, mphunzitsi pa Academy ku Albany ndipo kenako ku College of New Jersey (tsopano Princeton University), anamanga ndi kukonza zipangizo zamagetsi pofuna kufufuza, kuphunzitsa, ndi ziwonetsero za sayansi. Sanali ndi chidwi chosintha chida chophunzitsira kukhala njira yotumizira mauthenga.
Cha m'ma 1835 adadza ndi chiwonetsero chanzeru kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mabwalo awiri. Kumbukirani kuti Henry anapeza miyeso iwiri ya magetsi - mphamvu ndi kuchuluka (timatcha magetsi ndi magetsi). Anapanga mabwalo okhala ndi mabatire amphamvu ndi maginito kuti atumize maginito amagetsi mtunda wautali, ndi mabwalo okhala ndi mabatire ochulukira komanso maginito kuti apange mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Chigawo chake chatsopano chinaphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Maginito amphamvu ochulukirachulukira amatha kunyamula katundu wokwana ma kilogalamu mazanamazana. Maginito amphamvu kumapeto kwa lupu lalitali adagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza waya wachitsulo kakang'ono: chosinthira. Kutseka kozungulira kwambiri kunapangitsa maginito kukweza waya, yomwe idatsegula chosinthira ndi dera lochulukira. Maginito amagetsi ochulukirachulukira kenako mwadzidzidzi adatsitsa katundu wake ndikugunda kogontha.
Relay iyi - ndipo iyi ndi ntchito yomwe maginito amphamvu ndi waya - inali yofunikira kuti iwonetse kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, komanso momwe mphamvu yaing'ono ingagwiritsire ntchito yaikulu. Kulowetsa waya pang'onopang'ono mu asidi kuti amalize kuzungulira kungachititse kuti chosinthira chaching'ono chisunthike pang'ono, zomwe zingabweretse tsoka la kugwa kwachitsulo chokwanira kuphwanya aliyense wopusa kuti aime pansi pake. Kwa Henry, relay inali chida chowonetsera mfundo zasayansi. Chinali chotengera chamagetsi.
Henry ayenera kuti anali woyamba kulumikiza mabwalo awiri motere - kotero kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito maginito amagetsi a dera limodzi, amalamulira ena. Malo achiwiri, monga tikudziwira, ndi a William Cook ndi Charles Wheatstone, ngakhale anali ndi zolinga zosiyana kwambiri.
Mu March 1836, atangochita nawo chionetsero ku Heidelberg cha telegraph yomwe inkagwiritsa ntchito singano yotumizira mauthenga, Cook analimbikitsidwa ndi bokosi la nyimbo. Cook ankakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito singano zoimira zilembo pa telegalafu yeniyeni kungafunike singano zingapo, ndipo zimenezi zingafune madera angapo. Cook ankafuna kuti maginito a electromagnet ayambitse makinawo, omwe angakhale ovuta kale momwe amafunira posonyeza chilembo chomwe akufuna.
Iye ankaona makina ngati bokosi la nyimbo, ndi mbiya yozunguliridwa ndi mapini ambiri. Kumbali imodzi ya mbiya payenera kukhala sikelo yozungulira yokhala ndi zilembo. Payenera kukhala bokosi loterolo kumapeto kulikonse kwa mzere wa telegraph. Kasupe wothiridwa kuyenera kupangitsa kuti mbiya ikhale yozungulira, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsekedwa ndi choyimitsa. Pamene kiyi ya telegraph ikanikizidwa, dera limatseka, lomwe limatsegula ma electromagnets omwe amatsegula maloko onse awiri, ndipo makina onsewa amazungulira. Chilembo chofunidwa chikawonetsedwa pamlingo, fungulo limatulutsidwa, zotsekerazo zimalowa m'malo ndikuletsa kuyenda kwa migolo. Cook, mosadziwa, adapanganso mtundu wa telegraph wa Ronald, womwe adapanga zaka makumi awiri m'mbuyomo, komanso kuyesa koyambirira kwa abale a Shapp ndi telegraph (kokha adagwiritsa ntchito mawu, osati magetsi, kulumikiza kuyimba).
Cook adazindikira kuti njira yomweyi ingathandize kuthetsa vuto lomwe lakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali la telegraph - kudziwitsa gulu lomwe limalandira uthenga watsopano. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito dera lachiwiri ndi ma elekitiromu wina, omwe amatha kuyambitsa belu lamakina. Kutseka dera kukanachotsa choyimitsa ndipo belu limatha kulira.
Mu March 1837, Cook anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Wheatstone pa telegalafu, ndipo panthaŵiyi anayamba kuganizira za kufunika kwa dera linanso. M'malo moyika dera lodziyimira pawokha la chizindikiro cha alamu (ndi kuthamanga kwa mawaya owonjezera), kodi sizingakhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito dera lalikulu kuwongolera chizindikiro?
Panthaŵiyi Cook ndi Wheatstone anali atabwereranso ku kapangidwe ka singano, ndipo zinali zoonekeratu kuti kachidutswa kakang’ono ka waya kakhoza kulumikizidwa ku singano kotero kuti, pamene mapeto ake akokedwa ndi maginito amagetsi, mchira wake umatha kuzunguliranso kachiŵiri. Derali likhoza kuyendetsa chizindikirocho. Pambuyo pa nthawi inayake, pamene wolandira uthengawo angakhale ndi nthawi yodzuka, kuzimitsa chizindikirocho ndi kukonzekera pensulo ndi pepala, singanoyo ikanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa uthengawo monga mwa nthawi zonse.
Kwa zaka ziwiri, m'makontinenti awiri, kawiri, pazifukwa ziwiri zosiyana, anthu adazindikira kuti maginito amagetsi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chosinthira kuwongolera dera lina. Koma zinali zothekanso kulingalira njira yosiyana kwambiri yolumikizirana pakati pa mabwalo awiriwa.
Mkuzamawu
Pofika kumapeto kwa 1837, Samuel Morse anali ndi chidaliro kuti lingaliro lake la telegraph yamagetsi lingagwire ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito batire lamphamvu la Henry komanso maginito, iye anatumiza mauthenga mtunda wa mtunda wa theka la kilomita. Koma kuti atsimikizire ku Congress kuti telegraph yake imatha kufalitsa mauthenga kudera lonselo, adafunikira zambiri. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu ya mabatire, panthawi ina dera limakhala lalitali kwambiri kuti litumize chizindikiro chomveka ku mbali ina. Koma Morse anazindikira kuti, ngakhale kutsika kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu ndi mtunda, maginito amagetsi amatha kutsegula ndi kutseka dera lina, loyendetsedwa ndi batri yake, yomwe imatha kufalitsa chizindikirocho. Njirayi imatha kubwerezedwa nthawi zambiri momwe ingafunikire ndikuphimba mtunda wautali uliwonse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake maginito apakatikati awa amatchedwa "relay" - ngati ma positi osinthira akavalo. Analandira uthenga wamagetsi kuchokera kwa mnzawo wofookayo ndipo anaupititsa patsogolo ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
N'zosatheka kudziwa ngati lingaliro ili linauziridwa ndi ntchito ya Henry, koma Morse analidi woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma relay pofuna cholinga chotero. Kwa iye, relay sanali chosinthira, koma amplifier, wokhoza kutembenuza chizindikiro chofooka kukhala cholimba.
Kumbali ina ya Atlantic nthawi yomweyo , katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku London, anatulukira lingaliro lofananalo. Mwina adachita chidwi ndi telegraph cha m'ma 1835. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1837 iye ankayesera nthawi zonse ndi dera la kilomita imodzi ndi theka ku Regent's Park kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa London.
Cook ndi Wheatstone atangokumana mu March 1837, Davy anamva mpikisanowo ndipo anayamba kuganizira mozama za kumanga dongosolo lothandiza. Anawona kuti mphamvu yokhotakhota ya singano ya galvanic idachepa kwambiri pamene kutalika kwa waya kumawonjezeka. Monga adalemba zaka zambiri pambuyo pake:
Kenaka ndinaganiza kuti ngakhale kuyenda pang'ono kwa singano, makulidwe a tsitsi, kungakhale kokwanira kubweretsa zitsulo ziwiri, ndikumaliza dera latsopano lodalira batire lapafupi; ndipo izi zikhoza kubwerezedwa kwamuyaya.
Davey adatcha lingaliro ili lakusintha chizindikiro chofooka chamagetsi kukhala cholimba "chotsitsimutsa magetsi." Koma adalephera kuzindikira izi kapena lingaliro lina lililonse lokhudza telegraph. Analandira chilolezo cha telegraph mu 1838, popanda Cook ndi Wheatstone. Koma mu 1839 ananyamuka ulendo wa pamadzi kupita ku Australia, akuthaŵa ukwati wosasangalala, ndipo anasiyira opikisana nawo ntchitoyo. Kampani yawo ya telegraph idagula chilolezo ichi patatha zaka zingapo.
Relays mu dziko
M'mbiri ya teknoloji, timaganizira kwambiri machitidwe, koma nthawi zambiri timanyalanyaza zigawo zawo. Timatsata mbiri ya telegraph, telefoni, kuwala kwamagetsi, ndikusambitsa omwe adawapanga m'miyezi yotentha yomwe timavomereza. Koma machitidwewa amatha kuwonekera kupyolera mu kuphatikiza, kubwezeretsanso ndi kusinthidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo zomwe zinakula mwakachetechete mumithunzi.
Relay ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zotere. Zinasintha mwachangu komanso kusiyanasiyana pomwe ma telegraph network adayamba kuchuluka m'ma 1840 ndi 1850s. M'zaka za zana lotsatira, zidawonekera mumagetsi amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusintha koyambirira kunali kugwiritsa ntchito chida cholimba chachitsulo, monga pa siginecha ya telegraph, kuti amalize kuzungulira. Pambuyo pozimitsa maginito amagetsi, chidacho chinachotsedwa pa dera pogwiritsa ntchito kasupe. Makinawa anali odalirika komanso olimba kuposa zidutswa za waya kapena singano. Zitsanzo zotsekedwa zotsekedwa zinapangidwanso, kuphatikizapo mapangidwe oyambirira otseguka ndi osasinthika.
Relay wamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Kasupe wa T amalepheretsa zida za B kuti zisalumikizane ndi terminal C. Magetsi amagetsi a M akayatsidwa, amapambana masika ndikumaliza kuzungulira pakati pa waya W ndi terminal C.
M'zaka zoyambirira za telegraphy, ma relay sankagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati amplifiers kapena "owonjezera" chifukwa dera limodzi limatha kupitilira makilomita 150. Koma zinali zothandiza kwambiri pophatikiza mizere yayitali yocheperako komanso mizere yamagetsi yam'deralo yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupatsa mphamvu makina ena, mwachitsanzo, chojambulira cha Morse.
Ma Patent ambiri ku United States m'gawo lachiwiri lazaka za zana la 4 adafotokoza mitundu yatsopano yolumikizirana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwatsopano. Njira yolumikizirana yosiyana, yomwe idagawanitsa koyilo kuti mphamvu yamagetsi idathetsedwa mbali imodzi ndikukulitsidwa kwina, idalola kugwiritsa ntchito duplex telegraph: ma siginecha awiri akuyenda mbali zotsutsana pawaya umodzi. Thomas Edison adagwiritsa ntchito polarized (kapena polarized) relay kuti apange quadruplex yomwe imatha kutumiza ma sign XNUMX nthawi imodzi pawaya umodzi: awiri mbali iliyonse. Mu polarized relay, armature yokha inali maginito osatha omwe adayankha kumayendedwe apano osati mphamvu. Chifukwa cha maginito osatha, zinali zotheka kupanga ma relay ndi ma switching omwe adakhala otseguka kapena otsekedwa mutasintha.
Polarized relay
Kuphatikiza pa telegraph, ma relay adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zowonetsera njanji. Kubwera kwa ma netiweki otumizira mphamvu, ma relay adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakinawa, makamaka ngati zida zoteteza.
Koma ngakhale maukonde okulirapo ndi ovuta awa sanafune zambiri kuchokera pamawunidwewo kuposa momwe adatha kupereka. Telegraph ndi njanji zidafika mumzinda uliwonse, koma osati nyumba zonse. Iwo anali ndi mathero zikwi makumi ambiri, koma osati mamiliyoni. Makina otumizira magetsi samasamala komwe adathera - amangopereka zamakono kudera lapafupi, ndipo nyumba iliyonse ndi bizinesi zimatha kutenga zochuluka momwe zimafunikira.
Telefoni inali nkhani yosiyana kotheratu. Matelefoni amafunikira kulumikizana kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo, kuchokera kunyumba iliyonse kapena ofesi kupita kwina kulikonse, motero amafunikira mabwalo owongolera pamlingo womwe sunachitikepo. Liwu la munthu lobwera m’njira yonjenjemera m’mbali mwa mawaya linali chizindikiro cholemera, koma chofooka. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana ndi mafoni akutali kumafunikira zokulitsa bwinoko. Zinapezeka kuti masiwichi amathanso kugwira ntchito ndi amplifiers otere. Tsopano maukonde amafoni, kuposa machitidwe ena aliwonse, amawongolera kusintha kwa ma switch.
Zoti muwerenge
• James B. Calvert, “The Electromagnetic Telegraph”
• Franklin Leonard Papa, "Modern Practice of the Electric Telegraph" (1891)
Source: www.habr.com