Ndi maginito. Ndi magetsi. Ndi photonic. Ayi, uyu si ngwazi zitatu zatsopano zochokera ku chilengedwe cha Marvel. Ndi za kusunga deta yathu yamtengo wapatali ya digito. Tiyenera kuzisunga kwinakwake, motetezeka komanso mokhazikika, kuti tithe kuzipeza ndi kuzisintha m'kuphethira kwa diso. Iwalani Iron Man ndi Thor - tikulankhula za hard drive!
Chifukwa chake tiyeni tilowe mumpangidwe wa zida zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano kusunga mabiliyoni a data.
Mukundizungulira bwino, mwana
Mankhwala hard drive yosungirako (hard disk drive, HDD) yakhala yosungira makompyuta padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zoposa 30, koma teknoloji yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake ndi yakale kwambiri.
IBM idatulutsa HDD yoyamba yamalonda , mphamvu yake inali 3,75 MB. Ndipo kawirikawiri, pazaka zonsezi mawonekedwe a galimotoyo sanasinthe kwambiri. Idakali ndi ma disks omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magnetization kusunga deta, ndipo pali zipangizo zowerengera / kulemba deta. Zasinthidwa Zomwezo, komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe ingasungidwe pa iwo.
Mu 1987 zinali zotheka pafupifupi $350; Lero mutha kugula 14 TB: mkati 700 000 nthawi kuchuluka.
Tidzayang'ana chipangizo chomwe sichikufanana ndendende, komanso choyenera ndi miyezo yamakono: 3,5-inch HDD Seagate Barracuda 3 TB, makamaka chitsanzo. , yodziwika bwino chifukwa chake ΠΈ . Kuyendetsa komwe tikuphunzirako kwafa kale, kotero izi zikhala ngati kafukufuku wa autopsy kuposa phunziro la anatomy.
Chochuluka cha hard drive ndi zitsulo zotayidwa. Mphamvu zomwe zili mkati mwa chipangizocho zikagwiritsidwa ntchito zitha kukhala zowopsa, kotero kuti chitsulo chokhuthala chimalepheretsa kupindika ndi kugwedezeka kwa mlanduwo. Ngakhale ma HDD ang'onoang'ono a 1,8-inch amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ngati nyumba, koma nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu osati chitsulo chifukwa amafunika kukhala opepuka momwe angathere.
Kutembenuza galimotoyo, tikuwona bolodi losindikizidwa ndi zolumikizira zingapo. Cholumikizira pamwamba pa bolodi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa injini yomwe imatembenuza ma disks, ndipo pansi atatu (kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja) ndi zikhomo zodumphira zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wokonza zosintha zina, cholumikizira cha data cha SATA (Serial ATA). , ndi cholumikizira mphamvu cha SATA.
Seri ATA idawonekera koyamba mu 2000. M'makompyuta apakompyuta, iyi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza ma drive ndi makompyuta ena onse. Mafotokozedwe amtunduwo adasinthidwa kambiri, ndipo tikugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa 3.4. Mtembo wathu wa hard drive ndi mtundu wakale, koma kusiyana ndi pini imodzi yokha mu cholumikizira mphamvu.
Polumikizana ndi deta, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulandira ndi kulandira deta. : Zikhomo A+ ndi A- zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengerapo malangizo ndi deta ku hard drive, ndi ma pini B ndi a kulandira zizindikiro izi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma conductor awiriwa kumachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya phokoso lamagetsi pa chizindikiro, kutanthauza kuti chipangizochi chikhoza kugwira ntchito mofulumira.
Ngati tilankhula za mphamvu, tikuwona kuti cholumikizira chili ndi ma voteji amtundu uliwonse (+3.3, +5 ndi +12V); komabe, ambiri aiwo sagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa ma HDD safuna mphamvu zambiri. Mtundu wa Seagate uwu umagwiritsa ntchito ma watts ochepera 10 pansi pa katundu wogwira. Ma Contacts olembedwa pa PC amagwiritsidwa ntchito precharge: Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wochotsa ndikulumikiza hard drive pomwe kompyuta ikugwira ntchito (izi zimatchedwa kutentha kusinthanitsa).
Kulumikizana ndi tag ya PWDIS kumalola hard drive, koma ntchitoyi imangothandizidwa kuchokera ku SATA 3.3, kotero pagalimoto yanga ndi mzere wina wamagetsi +3.3V. Ndipo pini yomaliza, yotchedwa SSU, imangouza kompyuta ngati hard drive imathandizira ukadaulo wotsatizana. kuzungulira kuzungulira.
Kompyuta isanawagwiritse ntchito, zoyendetsa mkati mwa chipangizocho (zomwe tiwona posachedwa) ziyenera kuyendayenda mwachangu. Koma ngati pali ma hard drive ambiri omwe amaikidwa pamakina, ndiye kuti pempho lamphamvu ladzidzidzi lomwe lingawononge dongosolo. Pang'onopang'ono kupota ma spindle kumachotseratu kuthekera kwa zovuta zotere, koma muyenera kudikirira masekondi angapo musanapeze mwayi wokwanira wa HDD.
Pochotsa bolodi la dera, mukhoza kuona momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi zigawo zomwe zili mkati mwa chipangizocho. HDD osasindikizidwa, kupatula zipangizo zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri - zimagwiritsa ntchito helium m'malo mwa mpweya chifukwa zimakhala zochepa kwambiri ndipo zimapanga zovuta zochepa pamagalimoto okhala ndi ma disks ambiri. Kumbali inayi, simuyenera kuwonetsa ma drive wamba kumalo otseguka.
Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zotere, kuchuluka kwa malo olowera komwe dothi ndi fumbi zimatha kulowa mkati mwagalimoto zimachepetsedwa; pali bowo mubokosi lachitsulo (kadontho kakang'ono koyera m'munsi kumanzere kwa chithunzi) yomwe imalola kupanikizika kozungulira kukhalabe mkati.
Tsopano popeza PCB yachotsedwa, tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili mkati. Pali tchipisi zinayi zazikulu:
- LSI B64002: Chip chowongolera chachikulu chomwe chimakonza malangizo, kusamutsa mitsinje ya data mkati ndi kunja, kukonza zolakwika, ndi zina.
- Samsung K4T51163QJ: 64 MB DDR2 SDRAM yotsekedwa pa 800 MHz, yogwiritsidwa ntchito posungira deta
- Smooth MCKXL: imayang'anira mota yomwe imazungulira ma disc
- Winbond 25Q40BWS05: 500 KB ya serial flash memory yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga firmware ya drive (monga ngati BIOS ya pakompyuta)
Zigawo za PCB za HDD zosiyanasiyana zimatha kusiyana. Kukula kwakukulu kumafunikira cache yochulukirapo (zilombo zamakono kwambiri zimatha kukhala ndi 256 MB ya DDR3), ndipo chowongolera chachikulu chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba kwambiri pakuwongolera zolakwika, koma kusiyana kwake sikuli kwakukulu.
Kutsegula pagalimoto ndikosavuta, ingotulutsani ma bolt ochepa a Torx ndi voila! Tili mkati...
Popeza zimatengera kuchuluka kwa chipangizocho, chidwi chathu chimakopeka nthawi yomweyo ku bwalo lalikulu lachitsulo; n'zosavuta kumvetsa chifukwa abulusa amatchedwa disk. Ndi zolondola kuwatcha iwo mbale; amapangidwa ndi galasi kapena aluminiyamu ndipo amakutidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Kuyendetsa kwa 3TB kumeneku kuli ndi mbale zitatu, kutanthauza kuti 500GB iyenera kusungidwa mbali zonse za mbale imodzi.
Chithunzicho ndi chafumbi, mbale zonyansa zotere sizikugwirizana ndi kulondola kwapangidwe ndi kupanga komwe kumafunikira kuti apange. M'chitsanzo chathu cha HDD, aluminiyamu litayamba ndi 0,04 inchi (1 mm) wandiweyani, koma opukutidwa moti pafupifupi kutalika kwa zopotoka pamwamba ndi zosakwana 0,000001 inchi (pafupifupi 30 nm).
Chosanjikiza choyambira ndi mainchesi 0,0004 (ma microns 10) chakuya ndipo chimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zomwe zimayikidwa pazitsulo. Pulogalamuyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito otsatidwa ndi , kukonza diski yopangira zida zoyambira zamaginito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira deta ya digito.
Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri za cobalt alloy ndipo zimakhala ndi mabwalo ozungulira, pafupifupi mainchesi 0,00001 (pafupifupi 250 nm) m'lifupi ndi 0,000001 mainchesi (25 nm) kuya. Pamlingo wapang'ono, ma aloyi achitsulo amapanga njere zofanana ndi thovu la sopo pamwamba pa madzi.
Njere iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu yakeyake ya maginito, koma imatha kusinthidwa mbali ina. Kuyika magawo oterowo m'magulu kumabweretsa magawo a data (0s ndi 1s). Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za mutuwu, werengani Yale University. Zopaka zomaliza ndi gawo la kaboni loteteza, kenako polima kuti muchepetse kugundana. Onse pamodzi sali oposa 0,0000005 mainchesi (12 nm) wandiweyani.
Posachedwa tiwona chifukwa chake mawafawa ayenera kupangidwa kuti azitha kulekerera zolimba, komabe ndizodabwitsa kuzindikira kuti Mutha kukhala mwiniwake wonyada wa chipangizo chopangidwa ndi nanometer mwatsatanetsatane!
Komabe, tiyeni tibwerere ku HDD yokha ndikuwona zina zomwe zili mmenemo.
Mtundu wachikasu umasonyeza chivundikiro chachitsulo chomwe chimamangiriza bwino mbale ku spindle drive magetsi mota - galimoto yamagetsi yomwe imazungulira ma disks. Mu HDD iyi amazungulira pafupipafupi 7200 rpm (revolutions / min), koma mumitundu ina amatha kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Kuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono kumakhala ndi phokoso lochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuthamanga kwapansi, pomwe kuyendetsa mwachangu kumatha kufika liwiro la 15 rpm.
Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha fumbi ndi chinyezi cha mpweya, gwiritsani ntchito recirculation fyuluta (green square), kusonkhanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikusunga mkati. Mpweya wosunthidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa mbale umatsimikizira kuyenda kosalekeza kupyolera mu fyuluta. Pamwamba pa ma disks ndi pafupi ndi fyuluta pali imodzi mwa zitatu olekanitsa mbale: kuthandiza kuchepetsa kugwedezeka ndi kusunga mpweya wabwino momwe zingathere.
Kumtunda kumanzere kwa chithunzicho, bwalo labuluu likuwonetsa imodzi mwa maginito awiri okhazikika. Amapereka mphamvu ya maginito yofunikira kuti asunthire gawo lomwe likuwonetsedwa mofiira. Tiyeni tisiyanitse izi kuti tiziwona bwino.
Chomwe chimawoneka ngati chigamba choyera ndi fyuluta ina, yokhayo yomwe imasefa tinthu tating'ono ndi mpweya womwe umalowa kuchokera kunja kudzera pabowo lomwe tawona pamwambapa. Metal spikes ndi mayendedwe amutu, kumene iwo ali werengani-lembani mitu hard drive. Amayenda mothamanga kwambiri pamwamba pa mbale (pamwamba ndi pansi).
Onerani kanemayu wopangidwa ndi kuti muwone momwe akuthamanga:
Mapangidwewo sagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse chonga ; Kuti musunthe ma levers, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa pa solenoid yomwe ili m'munsi mwa levers.
Mwambiri iwo amatchedwa , chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yofanana ndi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhula ndi ma microphone kuti asunthire nembanemba. Zamakono zimapanga mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira iwo, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi munda wopangidwa ndi maginito okhazikika a bar.
Musaiwale kuti mayendedwe a data chaching'ono, kotero kuyika kwa mikono kuyenera kukhala kolondola kwambiri, monga china chilichonse pagalimoto. Ma hard drive ena ali ndi ma levers amitundu yambiri omwe amasintha pang'ono mbali imodzi yokha ya lever yonse.
Ma hard drive ena ali ndi ma data omwe amalumikizana. Tekinoloje iyi imatchedwa (shingled magnetic recording), ndi zofunikira zake kuti zikhale zolondola komanso zoyika (ndiko kuti, kugunda mfundo imodzi nthawi zonse) ndizowonjezereka.
Pamapeto pake pa mikono pali mitu yolemba-yomvera kwambiri. HDD yathu ili ndi mbale zitatu ndi mitu 3, ndipo iliyonse ya izo akuyandama pamwamba pa disk pamene ikuzungulira. Kuti izi zitheke, mitu imayimitsidwa pazitsulo zowonda kwambiri.
Ndipo apa titha kuwona chifukwa chake fanizo lathu la anatomical lidamwalira - mutu umodzi udamasuka, ndipo chilichonse chomwe chidayambitsa kuwonongeka koyamba chidapindikanso mkono umodzi. Chigawo chonse chamutu ndi chochepa kwambiri kotero kuti, monga momwe mukuonera pansipa, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi chithunzi chabwino ndi kamera yokhazikika.
Komabe, tikhoza kulekanitsa mbali iliyonse. The grey block ndi gawo lopangidwa mwapadera lotchedwa "slider": Pamene disc ikuzungulira pansi pake, kutuluka kwa mpweya kumapanga kukweza, kukweza mutu pamwamba. Ndipo tikamanena βzokweza,β tikutanthauza kusiyana komwe kuli mainchesi 0,0000002 okha, kapena kuchepera 5 nm.
Kupitirira apo, ndipo mituyo sidzatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa maginito a njanji; ngati mituyo inali itagona pamwamba, akanangokanda zokutirazo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake muyenera kusefa mpweya mkati mwa galimoto yoyendetsa: fumbi ndi chinyezi pamwamba pa galimotoyo zimangothyola mitu.
Kachitsulo kakang'ono "mzati" kumapeto kwa mutu kumathandiza ndi aerodynamics yonse. Komabe, kuti tiwone magawo omwe amawerenga ndi kulemba, timafunikira chithunzi chabwinoko.
Mu chithunzi cha hard drive ina, zida zowerengera / zolembera zili pansi pa maulumikizidwe onse amagetsi. Kujambula kumachitidwa ndi dongosolo (kulowetsa filimu yopyapyala, TFI), ndikuwerenga - chipangizo (tunneling magnetoresistive chipangizo, TMR).
Zizindikiro zopangidwa ndi TMR ndizofooka kwambiri ndipo ziyenera kudutsa mu amplifier kuti ziwonjezeke milingo isanatumizidwe. Chip chomwe chimayambitsa izi chili pafupi ndi tsinde la ma lever pachithunzichi.
Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, zida zamakina ndi mfundo zoyendetsera hard drive zasintha pang'ono pazaka zambiri. Koposa zonse, teknoloji ya maginito a maginito ndi mitu yolemba-kuwerenga inakonzedwa bwino, kupanga njira zochepetsetsa komanso zochepetsetsa, zomwe pamapeto pake zinapangitsa kuti zidziwitso zosungidwa zichuluke.
Komabe, ma hard drive amakina ali ndi malire owonekera. Zimatenga nthawi kuti musunthire ma levers pamalo omwe mukufuna, ndipo ngati deta imwazikana m'njira zosiyanasiyana pama mbale osiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti drive imatha ma microseconds angapo kufunafuna ma bits.
Tisanapite kumtundu wina wagalimoto, tiyeni tiwonetse kuthamanga kwamtundu wa HDD. Tinagwiritsa ntchito benchmark kuyesa hard drive :
Mizere iwiri yoyambirira ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa MB pamphindikati pochita motsatizana (mndandanda wautali, wopitilira) komanso mwachisawawa (kusintha pagalimoto yonse) kuwerenga ndikulemba. Mzere wotsatira ukuwonetsa mtengo wa IOPS, womwe ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito za I / O zomwe zimachitika sekondi iliyonse. Mzere wotsiriza umasonyeza kuchedwa kwapakati (nthawi mu microseconds) pakati pa kutumiza ntchito yowerenga kapena kulemba ndi kulandira ziwerengero za deta.
Nthawi zambiri, timayesetsa kuwonetsetsa kuti mizere itatu yoyambirira ndi yayikulu momwe tingathere, ndipo pamzere womaliza ndi wocheperako momwe tingathere. Osadandaula za manambala okha, tingowagwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza tikayang'ana mtundu wina wagalimoto: solid-state drive.
Source: www.habr.com