Patatha zaka ziwiri, ndidabwereranso kubuloguyo kukalemba zomwe zimasiyana ndi nkhani zosasangalatsa za Haskell ndi masamu. Ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito pa fintech ku EU kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi ndipo zikuwoneka ngati nthawi yakwana yoti ndilembe za mutu womwe sunalandire chidwi chochepa kuchokera kuzinthu zamakono.
Facebook posachedwa idatulutsa zomwe imatcha "pulatifomu yatsopano yazachuma" yotchedwa Libra. Imayikidwa ngati njira yoyendetsera digito yokhazikitsidwa ndi dengu la ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimayendetsedwa pa "blockchain" ndikusungidwa mu dziwe la ndalama lomwe limayendetsedwa kuchokera ku Switzerland. Zolinga za pulojekitiyi ndi zokhumba ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu pazandale.
Π ΠΈ Zolemba zambiri zomveka zokhuza zongoganiza zandalama komanso zachuma zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha dongosolo lazachuma lomwe akufuna. Koma palibe akatswiri okwanira omwe angathe kusanthula kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo. Si anthu ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito pazachuma komanso amalankhula poyera za ntchito yawo, chifukwa chake ntchitoyi siyimawululidwa kwambiri pazama TV, ngakhale ma innards ake ndi otseguka padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikutanthauza gwero lotseguka m'malo osungirako zinthu ΠΈ .
Chomwe chili chotseguka kudziko lapansi ndi luso laukadaulo la schizophrenic lomwe limadzinenera kuti ndi nsanja yotetezeka yoyendetsera ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ngati mulowa mu code base, kukhazikitsa kwenikweni kwa dongosolo kumasiyana kwathunthu ndi cholinga chomwe chanenedwa, komanso m'njira zodabwitsa kwambiri. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ntchitoyi ili ndi mbiri yosangalatsa yamakampani. Kotero ndizomveka kuganiza kuti zidapangidwa mwachidwi, koma zenizeni ndikuwona zosankha zachilendo zachilendo zomwe zimaphwanya dongosolo lonse ndikuyika ogwiritsa ntchito pangozi.
Sindidzayesa kukhala ndi malingaliro oyenera pa Facebook ngati kampani. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe ali mumakampani a IT amamuyang'ana mwachifundo. Koma kuyerekeza mawu ake ndi kachidindo kofalitsidwa kumasonyeza bwino lomwe kuti cholinga chonenedwacho nβchonyenga kwenikweni. Mwachidule, polojekitiyi sipatsa mphamvu aliyense. Adzakhalabe pansi paulamuliro wa kampani yomwe malonda ake otsatsa malonda ali odzaza ndi katangale ndi ziphuphu kotero kuti alibe chochita koma kuyesa kusiyanitsa malipiro ake ndi ngongole kuti apulumuke. Cholinga chodziwika bwino cha nthawi yayitali ndikuchita ngati data broker ndi mkhalapakati pa mwayi wogula ngongole pogwiritsa ntchito deta yawo yapa media. Iyi ndi nkhani yowopsa kwambiri komanso yakuda yomwe siipatsa chidwi.
Chisomo chokhacho chopulumutsa cha nkhaniyi ndikuti chopangidwa chomwe adachipanga ndi chosakwanira pantchito yomwe ikugwira ntchito kotero kuti chimangowoneka ngati kuchita kwa hubris. Pali zolakwika zingapo zazikulu zamamangidwe muntchitoyi:
Kuthetsa Vuto la Akuluakulu a Byzantine mu Network Control Network ndi Mapangidwe Osagwirizana
Vuto la akazembe a Byzantine ndi gawo locheperako la kafukufuku wamachitidwe ogawidwa. Imalongosola kuthekera kwa kachitidwe ka netiweki kupirira kulephera kwachinthu mwachisawawa pamene mukuchita zowongolera zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwadongosolo. Netiweki yokhazikika iyenera kupirira mitundu ingapo ya ziwonetsero, kuphatikiza kuyambiranso, kuzimitsidwa, kulemedwa, ndi kuvota koyipa pazisankho za atsogoleri. Ili ndiye lingaliro lalikulu la zomangamanga za Libra, ndipo zilibe tanthauzo pano.
Kuvuta kwa nthawi pamwamba pa dongosolo lowonjezerali kumadalira algorithm. Pali zolemba zambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Paxos ndi Raft protocol kuthetsa vuto la akazembe a Byzantine, koma magulu onsewa amabweretsa zina zowonjezera pakulumikizana. 
kusunga quorum. Kwa Libra, adasankha algorithm yokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wolumikizirana ngati walephera utsogoleri. Ndipo palinso zina zowonjezera kuchokera pakusankhidwanso kwa atsogoleri pamitundu ingapo yakulephera kwa maukonde.
Kwa dongosolo lomwe likugwira ntchito mkati mwa mgwirizano wamakampani omwe amayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito onse ali ndi code yosainidwa ndi Facebook ndipo mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti umayendetsedwa ndi Facebook, sizingakhale zomveka kulingalira otenga nawo mbali oyipa pamlingo wogwirizana. Sizikudziwika bwino chifukwa chake dongosololi lingathetsere vuto la akuluakulu a boma la Byzantine, m'malo momangoyang'ana njira yowunikira kuti awone ngati akutsatiridwa. Kuthekera kwa node ya Libra yoyendetsedwa ndi Mastercard kapena Andressen Horrowitz mwadzidzidzi kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito code yoyipa ndizochitika zosamvetseka zokonzekera ndipo zimayankhidwa bwino ndikungowonetsetsa kuti kukhulupirika kwa protocol ndi njira zopanda luso (i.e. zamalamulo).
Umboni ku Congress udapereka malondawo ngati mpikisano kumayendedwe atsopano olipira padziko lonse lapansi monga WeChat, Alipay ndi M-Pesa. Komabe, palibe machitidwewa omwe adapangidwa kuti aziyendetsa pamadzi ovomerezeka kuti athetse vuto la akuluakulu a Byzantine. Amangopangidwa pa basi yachikhalidwe yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imapanga ma waya molingana ndi malamulo okhazikika. Iyi ndi njira yachilengedwe yopangira njira yolipira. Zopangidwa bwino dongosolo malipiro chabe sangakumane ndi vuto la ndalama kawiri ndi mafoloko.
Kupitilira muyeso wa algorithm yogwirizana sikuthetsa vuto lililonse ndipo kumangochepetsa kutulutsa kwadongosolo popanda chifukwa china kupatula gulu lonyamula katundu la blockchain yapagulu, lomwe silinapangidwe pankhaniyi.
Libra alibe zinsinsi zamalonda
Malinga ndi zolembazo, dongosololi limapangidwa poganizira pseudonymous, ndiko kuti, maadiresi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu protocol amachokera ku makiyi a anthu pa elliptic curves ndipo alibe metadata yokhudzana ndi akaunti. Komabe, palibe paliponse pofotokoza za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake Dongosololi lapangidwa kuti lizitha kubwereza zomwe zikuchitika pamlingo waukulu kumagulu angapo akunja omwe, pansi pa malamulo achinsinsi akubanki aku Europe ndi US, sayenera kudziwa zambiri zachuma.
Mfundo za data m'mayiko onse ndizovuta kugwirizanitsa, makamaka chifukwa cha malamulo ndi malamulo osiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana okhala ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana pa chitetezo ndi zinsinsi. Protocol yokhayo imakhala yotseguka kwathunthu kwa mamembala a consortium, chomwe ndi cholakwika chodziwika bwino chomwe sichimakwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe idapangidwira.
Libra HotStuff BFT ikulephera kukwaniritsa zomwe zimafunikira pamakina olipira
Ku UK, makina oyeretsa ngati BAC amatha kugwira ntchito pafupifupi 580 pamwezi. Nthawi yomweyo, machitidwe okometsedwa kwambiri ngati Visa amatha kukonza zochitika 000 patsiku. Magwiridwe amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwa malonda, mayendedwe a netiweki, kuchuluka kwa dongosolo, ndi (zotsutsana ndi kuba ndalama, ndondomeko zowononga ndalama).
Libra ikuyesera kuthana ndi mavuto omwe sianthu omwe akukumana ndi kusamutsidwa kunyumba, popeza mayiko asintha njira zawo zoyeretsera zaka khumi zapitazi. Kwa ogula ogulitsa ku European Union, kusuntha ndalama sikuli vuto konse. Pazinthu zachikhalidwe, izi zitha kuchitika ndi foni yamakono mumasekondi. Kwa kusamutsa kwakukulu kwamakampani, pali njira ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kusuntha ndalama zambiri.
Palibe chifukwa chaukadaulo chomwe ndalama zodutsa malire sizingathetsedwenso nthawi yomweyo, kupatula kusiyana kwa malamulo ndi zofunikira pakati pa madera oyenera. Ngati njira zodzitetezera (kulimbikira kwamakasitomala, kuyang'anira zilango, ndi zina zotero) zimachitidwa kangapo pazigawo zosiyanasiyana zaunyolo, izi zingayambitse kuchedwa. Komabe, kuchedwa kumeneku ndi ntchito ya malamulo oyendetsera ntchito ndi kutsata, osati ukadaulo.
Kwa ogula, palibe chifukwa chomwe kugulitsa ku UK sikungamveke mumasekondi. Zogulitsa ku EU zikucheperachepera (Dziwani Makasitomala Anu) ndi zoletsa za AML zoperekedwa ndi maboma ndi owongolera, zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi malipiro a Libra. Ngakhale Facebook ikadakhala kuti igonjetse zopinga zomwe zimalepheretsa kusamutsidwa kumalire ndi kusamutsa deta mwachinsinsi, mtundu womwe waperekedwawo uli ndi zaka mazana ambiri za anthu kuti zitheke ndipo zingafunike kukonzedwanso.
Chilankhulo cha Libra Move ndicholakwika
Pepala loyera likunena molimba mtima za chilankhulo chatsopano, chosayesedwa chotchedwa Move. Mawu awa ndi okayikitsa kwambiri pamalingaliro a chiphunzitso cha chilankhulo cha pulogalamu (PLT).
Move ndi chiyankhulo chatsopano chokhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera zochitika ndi mapangano anzeru pa blockchain ya Libra. Chifukwa Libra ikufuna kuti tsiku lina atumikire mabiliyoni a anthu, Move idapangidwa ndi chitetezo ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.
Chofunikira kwambiri pa Move ndikutha kufotokozera mitundu yazinthu zosagwirizana ndi semantics zowuziridwa ndi malingaliro amzere.
Mu blockchains pagulu, makontrakitala anzeru amakumana ndi malingaliro a ma network omwe ali ndi maakaunti a escrow, kubera ndalama, kutulutsa ma tokeni a OTC, komanso kutchova njuga. Zonsezi zimachitika m'chilankhulo chosapangidwa modabwitsa chotchedwa Solidity, chomwe kuchokera kumaphunziro apamwamba chimapangitsa wolemba PHP kuoneka ngati katswiri. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chilankhulo chatsopano chochokera ku Facebook chikuwoneka kuti sichikugwirizana ndi matekinoloje awa, chifukwa ndi chilankhulo cholembera chomwe chimapangidwira zolinga zabizinesi.
M'maleja omwe amagawidwa mwachinsinsi, makontrakitala anzeru ndi amodzi mwamawu omwe amaperekedwa ndi alangizi osaganizira tanthauzo kapena cholinga. Alangizi a mapulogalamu amakampani nthawi zambiri amapeza ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zosamvetsetseka, ndipo makontrakitala anzeru ndi apotheosis ya obscurantism yamakampani chifukwa amatha kufotokozedwa ngati chilichonse.
Pambuyo pofotokoza za chitetezo chake, tiyenera kuyang'ana semantics ya chinenerocho. Kulondola mu chiphunzitso cha chinenero cha pulogalamu nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi maumboni awiri osiyana: "kupita patsogolo" ndi "kusungidwa", zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwirizana kwa danga lonse la malamulo owunika a chinenerocho. Mwachindunji, mu chiphunzitso chamtundu, ntchito ndi "linear" ngati igwiritsa ntchito mkangano wake ndendende, ndi "affine" ngati imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Dongosolo lamtundu wa liniya limapereka chitsimikizo chokhazikika kuti mzere womwe walengezedwa ndi mzere wokhazikika popereka mitundu kuzinthu zonse zofotokozera ndikuwunika komwe kuyimbirako kuyimbira. Ichi ndi chinthu chobisika kuti chitsimikizire ndipo sichosavuta kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yonse. Kulemba pamzere kudakali gawo la maphunziro apamwamba, motsogozedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wapadera mu Clean ndi mtundu wa umwini ku Rust. Pali malingaliro oyambira owonjezera mitundu yamzere ku Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
Mawu a Move okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira akuwoneka ngati kulowera kosavomerezeka mu compiler, kuyambira pamenepo . Monga momwe munthu angadziwire, whitepaper imatchula mabuku ovomerezeka ochokera ku Girard ndi Peirce, ndipo palibe chofanana ndi kukhazikitsa kwenikweni.
Kuonjezera apo, semantics yovomerezeka ya chinenero chomwe chimatchedwa kuti ndi chotetezeka sichiwoneka paliponse mu kukhazikitsidwa kapena zolemba. Chilankhulochi ndi chaching'ono mokwanira kupeza umboni wathunthu wa semantics yolondola mu Coq kapena Isabelle. M'malo mwake, makina osinthira omaliza mpaka-mapeto okhala ndi umboni wosamutsira ku bytecode ndizotheka kukhazikitsidwa ndi zida zamakono zomwe zidapangidwa zaka khumi zapitazi. Tikudziwa momwe tingachitire, kuyambira pomwe kumbuyo mu 1996.
Kuchokera ku lingaliro lachiyankhulo cha pulogalamu, ndizosatheka kuyesa zonena kuti Move ndi chilankhulo chodalirika komanso chotetezeka, popeza zonenazi zimakhala ngati kugwedeza manja ndi kutsatsa m'malo mokhala umboni weniweni. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri pa ntchito ya chinenero yomwe ikufunsidwa kuti iwononge mabiliyoni a madola a malonda.
Libra cryptography ndi yolakwika
Kupanga ma cryptosystem otetezedwa ndivuto laukadaulo lovuta kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse ndikwabwino kuyandikira kugwira ntchito ndi code yowopsa ndi mulingo wabwino wa paranoia wathanzi. Pali zopambana zazikulu mderali, monga projekiti ya Microsoft Everest, yomwe ikumanga chitetezo chotsimikizirika. . Zida zilipo kale zopangira zoyambira zotsimikizika. Ngakhale izi ndizokwera mtengo, sizikupitilira pazachuma za Facebook. Komabe, gululo linaganiza kuti lisakhale nawo pa ntchitoyi, yomwe inalengezedwa ngati maziko odalirika a dongosolo la zachuma padziko lonse.
Libra project kuchokera ku malaibulale angapo atsopano opangira ma cryptosystem oyesera omwe angowonekera zaka zingapo zapitazi. Sitingathe kunena ngati kudalira pazida zotsatirazi kuli kotetezeka kapena ayi, popeza palibe mabukuwa omwe adawunikiridwa ndipo alibe ndondomeko zowonetsera. Makamaka, kwa malaibulale ena ofunikira palibe chitsimikizo chokhudzana ndi chitetezo pakuwukiridwa kwa njira zam'mbali ndi kuwononga nthawi.
Laibulale ya libra imakhala yoyesera kwambiri ndikupitilira , kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano monga verrifiable random function (VRFs), ma pairing awiri, ndi siginecha zoyambira. Njirazi ndi malaibulale zingakhale zomveka, koma kuziphatikiza zonse kukhala dongosolo limodzi zimadzutsa nkhawa kwambiri za malo oukira. Kuphatikiza kwa zida zonse zatsopanozi ndi njira zowonjezera kumawonjezera zovuta zowonetsera chitetezo.
Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti mulu wonse wa cryptographic umakhala pachiwopsezo chambiri mpaka zitatsimikiziridwa mwanjira ina. Mtundu wotchuka wa Facebook wa 'Move Fast and Break Things' sungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazida za cryptographic zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito deta yamakasitomala.
Libra imalephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera ogula
Chinthu chosiyana ndi njira yolipirira ndikutha kubweza ndalamazo ngati ndalamazo zathetsedwa ndi mlandu kapena kupangitsa kuti mwangozi kapena dongosolo lilephereke. Dongosolo la Libra lidapangidwa kuti likhale "lokwanira" ndipo siliphatikiza mtundu wamalonda kuti muthe kulipira. Ku UK, malipiro onse pakati pa Β£100 ndi Β£30,000 ali pansi pa Consumer Credit Act. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yolipirira imagawana udindo ndi wogulitsa pakakhala vuto ndi chinthu chogulidwa kapena ngati wolandira ndalamayo sapereka chithandizo. Malamulo omwewo amagwira ntchito ku EU, Asia ndi North America.
Mapangidwe apano a Libra samaphatikizapo ndondomeko yotsatila malamulowa ndipo alibe ndondomeko yomveka yopangira imodzi. Choyipa kwambiri, kuchokera kumalingaliro omangamanga, kutha kwa dongosolo la data lotsimikizika la kernel, potengera momwe Merkle drive ikukhalira, salola kuti njira iliyonse yopangira protocol yotere popanda kukonzanso kernel.
Pambuyo pounikanso zaukadaulo wa polojekitiyi, titha kunena kuti sizingachitike m'mabuku aliwonse olemekezeka a kafukufuku wamakasitomala kapena zolemba zachuma. Kuyesera kusintha ndondomeko ya ndalama zapadziko lonse, ntchito yaikulu yaukadaulo iyenera kuchitidwa kuti pakhale maukonde odalirika komanso kukonza kotetezedwa kwa data ya ogwiritsa ntchito yomwe anthu ndi owongolera angakhulupirire.
Sindikuwona chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti Facebook yachita ntchito yofunikira pakukonza kwake kuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo izi kapena kuti ili ndi mwayi uliwonse waukadaulo kuposa zomwe zikuchitika pano. Kunena kuti kampani ikufunika kusinthasintha kuti ifufuze zatsopano si chifukwa choti isachite izi poyamba.
Source: www.habr.com