Bash scripts: kuyamba

Bash scripts: kuyamba
Bash Scripts Gawo 2: Loops
Zolemba za Bash, gawo 3: zosankha za mzere wamalamulo ndi masinthidwe
Bash scripts, gawo 4: zolowetsa ndi zotuluka
Zolemba za Bash, gawo 5: ma signature, ntchito zakumbuyo, kasamalidwe ka script
Bash Scripts, Gawo 6: Ntchito ndi Kukula kwa Library
Zolemba za Bash, gawo 7: sed ndi kukonza mawu
Bash Scripts, Gawo 8: Chilankhulo cha awk Data Processing
Bash Scripts Gawo 9: Mawu Okhazikika
Bash Scripts Gawo 10: Zitsanzo Zothandiza
Zolemba za Bash, gawo 11: Yembekezerani ndikudzipangira zokha zothandizira

Lero tikambirana za bash scripts. Izi - malamulo mzere scripts, yolembedwa pa chipolopolo cha bash. Palinso zipolopolo zina, monga zsh, tcsh, ksh, koma tiyang'ana pa bash. Izi zidapangidwira aliyense, chikhalidwe chokha ndikutha kugwira ntchito mzere wa lamulo Linux

Zolemba za mzere wa malamulo ndi ma seti a malamulo omwewo omwe amatha kulowetsedwa kuchokera pa kiyibodi, amasonkhanitsidwa m'mafayilo ndikuphatikizidwa ndi cholinga china. Nthawi yomweyo, zotsatira za ntchito zamagulu zitha kukhala zodziyimira pawokha kapena kukhala zothandizira matimu ena. Ma script ndi njira yamphamvu yosinthira zochita zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi.

Chifukwa chake, ngati tilankhula za mzere wolamula, zimakulolani kuchita malamulo angapo nthawi imodzi, kuwalowetsa ndi semicolon:

pwd ; whoami

M'malo mwake, ngati mwayesa izi mu terminal yanu, bash script yanu yoyamba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito malamulo awiri idalembedwa kale. Zimagwira ntchito motere. Team choyamba pwd ikuwonetsa zambiri za bukhu lomwe likugwira ntchito pano, kenako lamulo whoamiikuwonetsa zambiri za wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe mwalowa ngati.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, mukhoza kuphatikiza malamulo ambiri momwe mukufunira pamzere umodzi, malire ndi chiwerengero chokha cha zifukwa zomwe zingathe kuperekedwa ku pulogalamuyi. Mutha kufotokozera malire awa ndi lamulo ili:

getconf ARG_MAX

Mzere wolamula ndi chida chachikulu, koma muyenera kuyikamo malamulo nthawi iliyonse mukawafuna. Bwanji ngati tilemba mndandanda wa malamulo ku fayilo ndikungoyitana fayiloyo kuti iwachite? M'malo mwake, fayilo yomwe tikukambayi imatchedwa command line script.

Momwe bash scripts amagwirira ntchito

Pangani fayilo yopanda kanthu pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo touch. Pamzere wake woyamba, muyenera kufotokoza chipolopolo chomwe tigwiritse ntchito. Tili ndi chidwi ndi bash, kotero mzere woyamba wa fayilo ungakhale:

#!/bin/bash

Kwina kulikonse mufayiloyi, mawonekedwe a hashi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa ndemanga zomwe chipolopolo sichimakonza. Komabe, mzere woyamba ndi wapadera, ndi chizindikiro cha mapaundi chotsatiridwa ndi mawu ofuula (kutsatizanaku kumatchedwa Shebang) ndi njira yopita bash, onetsani ku dongosolo lomwe script idapangidwira mwachindunji bash.

Malamulo a Shell amasiyanitsidwa ndi chakudya chamzere, ndemanga zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chizindikiro cha mapaundi. Izi ndi zomwe zikuwoneka:

#!/bin/bash
# This is a comment
pwd
whoami

Apa, monga pa mzere wolamula, mutha kulemba malamulo pamzere umodzi, kuwalekanitsa ndi semicolon. Komabe, ngati mulemba malamulo pamizere yosiyana, fayiloyi ndi yosavuta kuwerenga. Mulimonsemo, chipolopolocho chidzawakonza.

Kukhazikitsa Zilolezo pa Fayilo Yolemba

Sungani fayilo poyipatsa dzina myscript, ndipo bash script yatsala pang'ono kutha. Tsopano zimangotsala kuti fayiloyi ikwaniritsidwe, apo ayi, mukayesa kuyendetsa, mudzakumana ndi vuto Permission denied.

Kuyesa kuyendetsa fayilo yokhala ndi zilolezo zosinthidwa molakwika

Titha kupanga fayilo kuti ikwaniritsidwe:

chmod +x ./myscript

Tsopano tiyeni tiyese kuchita izo:

./myscript

Pambuyo kukhazikitsa zilolezo, zonse zimagwira ntchito momwe ziyenera kukhalira.

Kuyendetsa bwino bash script

Mauthenga otuluka

Kuti musindikize zolemba ku Linux console, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo echo. Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito chidziwitso cha izi ndikusintha zolemba zathu, ndikuwonjezera mafotokozedwe ku data yomwe imatulutsa malamulo omwe ali kale:

#!/bin/bash
# our comment is here
echo "The current directory is:"
pwd
echo "The user logged in is:"
whoami

Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito script yosinthidwa.

Kutulutsa mauthenga kuchokera pa script

Tsopano titha kuwonetsa zilembo zofotokozera pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo echo. Ngati simukudziwa momwe mungasinthire fayilo pogwiritsa ntchito zida za Linux, kapena ngati simunawonepo lamulolo echo, yang'anani izi zofunikira.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zosintha

Zosintha zimakulolani kusunga zambiri mu fayilo ya script, monga zotsatira za malamulo, kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndi malamulo ena.

Palibe cholakwika ndi kuchita malamulo payekha popanda kusunga zotsatira za ntchito yawo, koma mwayi wa njirayi ndi wochepa kwambiri.

Pali mitundu iwiri yosinthika yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu bash scripts:

• Zosintha Zachilengedwe
• Zosintha za ogwiritsa

Zosintha Zachilengedwe

Nthawi zina malamulo a zipolopolo amayenera kugwira ntchito ndi data ina. Mwachitsanzo, nayi momwe mungasonyezere chikwatu chakunyumba kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pano:

#!/bin/bash
# display user home
echo "Home for the current user is: $HOME"

Chonde dziwani kuti titha kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwadongosolo $HOME mu mawu awiri, izi sizingalepheretse dongosolo kuti lisazindikire. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati mutayendetsa script pamwambapa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zosintha Zachilengedwe mu Script

Koma bwanji ngati mukufuna kuwonetsa chizindikiro cha dollar? Tiyeni tiyese izi:

echo "I have $1 in my pocket"

Dongosololi lizindikira chikwangwani cha dollar mu chingwe chomwe chimayikidwa ndi mawu ndikulingalira kuti tatchulapo kusintha. Script idzayesa kusonyeza mtengo wa kusintha kosazindikirika. $1. Izi sizomwe timafunikira. Zoyenera kuchita?

Munthawi ngati iyi, kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a backslash chisanachitike chizindikiro cha dollar chimathandizira:

echo "I have $1 in my pocket"

Script tsopano itulutsa ndendende zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yothawa Kuti Mutulutse Chizindikiro cha Dollar

Zosintha za ogwiritsa

Kuphatikiza pazosintha zachilengedwe, zolemba za bash zimakulolani kukhazikitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zosintha zanu pazolemba. Zosintha zotere zimakhala ndi mtengo mpaka script itatha.

Mofanana ndi zosintha zamakina, zosintha za ogwiritsa ntchito zitha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha dollar:
TNW-CUS-FMP - kachidindo kakuchotsera 10% pa ntchito zathu, zopezeka kuti zitsegulidwe mkati mwa masiku 7

#!/bin/bash
# testing variables
grade=5
person="Adam"
echo "$person is a good boy, he is in grade $grade"

Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mutayendetsa script yotere.

Zosintha Mwamakonda mu Script

Lamula m'malo

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zothandiza kwambiri za bash scripts ndi kuthekera kochotsa zambiri kuchokera ku zotsatira za malamulo ndikuzipereka ku zosiyana, zomwe zimakulolani kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi paliponse mu fayilo ya script.

Izi zikhoza kuchitika m’njira ziwiri.

• Ndi zilembo zakumbuyo "`"
• Mothandizidwa ndi zomangamanga $()

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyamba, samalani kuti musagwiritse ntchito mawu amodzi m'malo mwa backtick. Lamuloli liyenera kuphatikizidwa muzithunzi ziwiri izi:

mydir=`pwd`

Mu njira yachiwiri, zomwezo zalembedwa motere:

mydir=$(pwd)

Ndipo script, pamapeto pake, ikhoza kuwoneka motere:

#!/bin/bash
mydir=$(pwd)
echo $mydir

Pa ntchito yake, linanena bungwe la lamulo pwdzidzasungidwa mu variable mydir, zomwe zili mkati mwake, pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo echo, adzapita ku console.

Script yomwe imasunga zotsatira za lamulo muzosintha

Ntchito zamasamu

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito masamu mu fayilo ya script, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kupanga mawonekedwe $((a+b)):

#!/bin/bash
var1=$(( 5 + 5 ))
echo $var1
var2=$(( $var1 * 2 ))
echo $var2

Math ntchito mu script

ngati-ndiye kulamulira dongosolo

Muzochitika zina, zimafunika kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wina ndi waukulu kuposa zisanu, chinthu chimodzi chiyenera kuchitidwa, mwinamwake china. Izi zimagwira ntchito muzochitika zambiri, ndipo apa dongosolo lolamulira lidzatithandiza if-then. Mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta, amawoneka motere:

if команда
then
команды
fi

Ndipo apa pali chitsanzo cha ntchito:

#!/bin/bash
if pwd
then
echo "It works"
fi

Pankhaniyi, ngati kuphedwa kwa lamulo pwdikamaliza bwino, mawu akuti "zimagwira ntchito" awonetsedwa mu console.

Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito chidziwitso chomwe tili nacho ndikulemba zochitika zovuta kwambiri. Tiyerekeze kuti tikufunika kupeza wogwiritsa ntchito /etc/passwd, ndipo ngati chapezeka, nenani kuti chilipo.

#!/bin/bash
user=likegeeks
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
fi

Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mutayendetsa script iyi.

Kusaka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito

Apa tagwiritsa ntchito lamulo grepkusaka wosuta mu fayilo /etc/passwd. Ngati timu greposadziwika kwa inu, kufotokozera kwake kungapezeke apa.

Mu chitsanzo ichi, ngati wogwiritsa ntchito apezeka, script idzawonetsa uthenga woyenera. Bwanji ngati wosuta sakanapezeka? Pankhaniyi, script idzangomaliza kuphedwa popanda kutiuza chilichonse. Ndikufuna kuti atiuzenso za izi, kotero tiyeni tiwongolere kachidindo.

The ngati-ndiye-mwina-kuwongolera kumanga

Kuti pulogalamuyo iwonetsere zotsatira zakusaka bwino komanso kulephera, timagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga if-then-else. Umu ndi momwe idakhazikitsira:

if команда
then
команды
else
команды
fi

Ngati lamulo loyamba libweza zero, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zidachitika bwino, ndiye kuti chiwongola dzanjacho chidzakhala chowona ndipo kuphedwa sikudzayendera nthambi. else. Kupanda kutero, ngati china chosiyana ndi ziro chibwezeredwa, kutanthauza kulephera, kapena zotsatira zabodza, malamulowo pambuyo pake else.

Tiyeni tilembe izi:

#!/bin/bash
user=anotherUser
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
else
echo "The user $user doesn’t exist"
fi

Kuphedwa kwake kunapita pansi pamzere else.

Kuyendetsa script ndi kumanga ngati-ndiye-mwina

Chabwino, tiyeni tipitirire ndi kudzifunsa tokha za mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Bwanji ngati simuyenera kuyang'ana chikhalidwe chimodzi, koma zingapo? Mwachitsanzo, ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akupezeka, uthenga umodzi uyenera kuwonetsedwa, ngati chikhalidwe china chikukwaniritsidwa, uthenga wina uyenera kuwonetsedwa, ndi zina zotero. Zikatero, mikhalidwe yokhazikitsidwa zisa idzatithandiza. Zikuwoneka motere:

if команда1
then
команды
elif команда2
then
команды
fi

Ngati lamulo loyamba libweza zero, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchitidwa bwino, malamulo omwe ali mu block yoyamba adzaperekedwa. then, apo ayi, ngati chikhalidwe choyamba ndi chabodza, ndipo ngati lamulo lachiwiri libwerera zero, chipika chachiwiri cha code chidzachitidwa.

#!/bin/bash
user=anotherUser
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
elif ls /home
then
echo "The user doesn’t exist but anyway there is a directory under /home"
fi

Muzolemba zotere, mungathe, mwachitsanzo, kupanga wosuta watsopano pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo useradd, ngati kusaka sikunabweretse zotsatira, kapena chitani zina zothandiza.

Kuyerekeza Nambala

Muzolemba, mutha kufananiza manambala. Pansipa pali mndandanda wa malamulo oyenera.

n1 -eq n2Kubwezera zoona ngati n1 zofanana n2.
n1 -ge n2 Kubwezera zoona ngati n1zambiri kapena zofanana n2.
n1 -gt n2Kubwezera zoona ngati n1 akuluakulu n2.
n1 -le n2Kubwezera zoona ngati n1zochepa kapena zofanana n2.
n1 -lt n2Kubweza zoona ngati n1 ndi yocheperapo n2.
n1 -ne n2Kubwezera zoona ngati n1wosofanana n2.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiyese m'modzi mwa ofananitsa. Dziwani kuti mawuwa atsekeredwa m'mabulaketi apakati.

#!/bin/bash
val1=6
if [ $val1 -gt 5 ]
then
echo "The test value $val1 is greater than 5"
else
echo "The test value $val1 is not greater than 5"
fi

Izi ndi zomwe lamuloli litulutsa.

Kufananiza manambala muzolemba

Mtengo wosinthika val1kuposa 5, pamapeto pake nthambiyo imaphedwa thenwofananira ndi uthenga wofananira akuwonetsedwa mu console.

Kufananiza kwa chingwe

Zolemba zimathanso kufananiza zingwe. Ofananitsa amawoneka ophweka, koma ofananitsa zingwe ali ndi zina, zomwe tikhudza pansipa. Nawu mndandanda wa ogwira ntchito.

str1 = str2 Zingwe zoyesa kufanana, zimabwereranso ngati zingwe zili zofanana.
str1 != str2Kubweza zoona ngati zingwe sizikufanana.
str1 < str2Kubwezera zoona ngati str1ochepera str2.
str1 > str2 Kubwezera zoona ngati str1kuposa str2.
-n str1 Kubweza zoona ngati kutalika str1Pamwamba pa ziro.
-z str1Kubweza zoona ngati kutalika str1zikufanana ndi ziro.

Nachi chitsanzo cha kufananiza kwa zingwe mu script:

#!/bin/bash
user ="likegeeks"
if [$user = $USER]
then
echo "The user $user  is the current logged in user"
fi

Chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa script, timapeza zotsatirazi.

Kufananiza kwa Zingwe mu Zolemba

Nayi gawo limodzi lofananiza zingwe lomwe liyenera kutchulidwa. Momwemo, ">" ndi "<" ogwira ntchito ayenera kuthawa ndi backslash, apo ayi script sigwira ntchito bwino, ngakhale palibe mauthenga olakwika omwe adzawonekere. Zolembazo zimatanthauzira ">"chizindikiro ngati lamulo lowongolera zotuluka.

Umu ndi momwe kugwira ntchito ndi othandizira awa kumawonekera mu code:

#!/bin/bash
val1=text
val2="another text"
if [ $val1 > $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

Nazi zotsatira za script.

Kuyerekeza kwa zingwe, chenjezo laponyedwa

Dziwani kuti script, ngakhale ikuchita, imapereka chenjezo:

./myscript: line 5: [: too many arguments

Kuti tichotse chenjezoli, tikumaliza $val2 m'mawu awiri:

#!/bin/bash
val1=text
val2="another text"
if [ $val1 > "$val2" ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

Tsopano zonse zimagwira ntchito momwe ziyenera kukhalira.

Kufananiza kwa chingwe

Mbali ina ya ">" ndi "<" ogwira ntchito ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi zilembo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Kuti timvetsetse mbaliyi, tiyeni tikonze fayilo yokhala ndi zotsatirazi:

Likegeeks
likegeeks

Sungani ndi dzina myfilendiyeno yendetsani lamulo ili mu terminal:

sort myfile

Idzasankha mizere kuchokera pafayilo motere:

likegeeks
Likegeeks

timu sort, mwachisawawa, amasankha zingwe mokwera, kutanthauza kuti zilembo zing'onozing'ono m'chitsanzo chathu ndizocheperapo poyerekeza ndi zilembo zazikulu. Tsopano tiyeni tikonze script yomwe ingafananize zingwe zomwezo:

#!/bin/bash
val1=Likegeeks
val2=likegeeks
if [ $val1 > $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

Ngati mutayendetsa, zimakhala kuti zosiyana ndizowona - zilembo zazing'ono tsopano ndi zazikulu kuposa zazikulu.

sort command ndi kufananitsa zingwe mu fayilo ya script

Poyerekeza malamulo, zilembo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono kuposa zilembo zazing'ono. Kufananitsa kwa zingwe apa kumachitika pofanizira zilembo za ASCII, dongosolo lamtunduwo limadalira ma code.

timu sort, nayenso, amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la mtundu lomwe lafotokozedwa muzokonda zachilankhulo chadongosolo.

Macheke

Mwina malamulo omwe ali pansipa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu bash scripts. Amakulolani kuti mufufuze zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mafayilo. Nawu mndandanda wa malamulo awa.

-d fileImayang'ana ngati fayilo ilipo komanso ngati ndi chikwatu.
-e fileImafufuza ngati fayilo ilipo.
-f file Imafufuza ngati fayilo ilipo komanso ngati ili fayilo.
-r fileImafufuza ngati fayiloyo ilipo ndipo iwerengeka.
-s file ПImafufuza ngati fayiloyo ilipo ndipo ilibe kanthu.
-w fileImafufuza ngati fayiloyo ilipo ndipo ndi yolembedwa.
-x fileImayang'ana ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
file1 -nt file2 Imafufuza ngati ili yatsopano file1kuposa file2.
file1 -ot file2Amafufuza ngati wamkulu file1kuposa file2.
-O file Imafufuza ngati fayiloyo ilipo ndipo ndi ya wogwiritsa ntchito pano.
-G fileImayang'ana ngati fayiloyo ilipo komanso ngati ID ya gulu lake ikugwirizana ndi gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito.

Malamulo amenewa, komanso ena ambiri amene takambirana masiku ano, ndi osavuta kuwakumbukira. Mayina awo, pokhala achidule a mawu osiyanasiyana, amasonyeza mwachindunji macheke omwe amachita.

Tiyeni tiyese limodzi mwa malamulo omwe tikuchita:

#!/bin/bash
mydir=/home/likegeeks
if [ -d $mydir ]
then
echo "The $mydir directory exists"
cd $ mydir
ls
else
echo "The $mydir directory does not exist"
fi

Script iyi, ya chikwatu chomwe ilipo, iwonetsa zomwe zili.

Kulemba zomwe zili m'ndandanda

Tikukhulupirira kuti mutha kuyesa malamulo ena onse nokha, onse amagwira ntchito molingana ndi mfundo yomweyo.

Zotsatira

Lero tidakambirana za momwe mungayambire kulemba zolemba za bash ndikuphimba zinthu zina zofunika. M'malo mwake, mutu wa pulogalamu ya bash ndi yayikulu. Nkhaniyi ndi yomasulira gawo loyamba la mndandanda waukulu wa zipangizo 11. Ngati mukufuna kupitiriza pakali pano, nayi mndandanda wa zoyambira za zida izi. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, amene mwawerenga kumene kumasulira kwake akuphatikizidwa pano.

1. Bash Script Pang'onopang'ono - apa tikukamba za momwe tingayambitsire kupanga bash scripts, kugwiritsa ntchito zosinthika kumaganiziridwa, zomangamanga zokhazikika, kuwerengera, kufananitsa manambala, zingwe, kupeza zambiri za mafayilo akufotokozedwa.
2. Bash Scripting Part 2, Bash zodabwitsa - apa mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito ndi pomwe malupu akuwululidwa.
3. Bash Scripting Gawo 3, magawo & zosankha - nkhaniyi imaperekedwa ku malamulo a mzere wa mzere ndi makiyi omwe angathe kuperekedwa ku zolemba, akugwira ntchito ndi deta yomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalowa ndipo akhoza kuwerengedwa kuchokera kumafayilo.
4. Bash Scripting Gawo 4, Zolemba & Zotulutsa - apa tikulankhula za ofotokozera mafayilo ndikugwira nawo ntchito, za zolowetsa, zotuluka, zolakwika, mitsinje yowongoleranso.
5. Bash Scripting Gawo 5, Sighals & Jobs - nkhaniyi idaperekedwa ku ma siginecha a Linux, kukonza kwawo m'malemba, kukhazikitsidwa kwa script.
6. Bash Scripting Gawo 6, Ntchito - apa mutha kuphunzira za kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito muzolemba, zakupanga malaibulale.
7. Bash Scripting Gawo 7, Kugwiritsa ntchito sed - nkhaniyi ikukhudza kugwira ntchito ndi sed streaming text editor.
8. Bash Scripting Gawo 8, Kugwiritsa ntchito awk - izi zimaperekedwa ku mapulogalamu muchilankhulo cha awk data processing.
9. Bash Scripting Gawo 9, Mawu Okhazikika - apa mutha kuwerenga za kugwiritsa ntchito mawu okhazikika muzolemba za bash.
10. Bash Scripting Gawo 10, Zitsanzo Zothandiza - apa pali njira zogwirira ntchito ndi mauthenga omwe angatumizidwe kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso njira yowunikira disk.
11. Bash Scripting Part 11, Yembekezerani Lamulo - nkhaniyi idaperekedwa ku Chida Choyembekeza, chomwe mutha kusinthiratu kulumikizana ndi zida zolumikizirana. Makamaka, izi ndi za kuyembekezera zolemba komanso momwe amalumikizirana ndi zolemba za bash ndi mapulogalamu ena.

Tikuganiza kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pamindandanda iyi ndikuti imayamba kuchokera pazoyambira, zoyenera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mulingo uliwonse, pang'onopang'ono zimatsogolera kumitu yayikulu, kupatsa aliyense mwayi wopita patsogolo pakulemba kwa mzere wa Linux.

Okondedwa owerenga! Tikupempha bash-programming gurus kuti alankhule za momwe adafikira pamlingo wapamwamba, kugawana zinsinsi, ndipo tikuyembekezera zowonetsa kuchokera kwa omwe angolemba kumene script yawo yoyamba.

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

Kodi mungamasulire nkhani zotsalazo?

• Inde!

• Ayi palibe chifukwa

Ogwiritsa 1030 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 106 adakana.

Source: www.habr.com