Maulosi
Moni nonse! Dzina langa ndi Sasha, ndipo ndakhala ndikuyesa backend (Linux services ndi API) kwa zaka zopitilira zisanu ndi chimodzi. Lingaliro la nkhaniyi linabwera kwa ine pambuyo pempho lina kuchokera kwa mnzanga woyesa kuti amuuze zomwe angawerenge za malamulo a Linux asanafunse mafunso. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amene akufuna kukhala injiniya wa QA amafunika kudziwa malamulo oyambira (ngati, ndithudi, akuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ndi Linux), koma mumadziwa bwanji kuti ndi malamulo ati omwe ndi ofunika kuwawerenga pokonzekera kuyankhulana ngati muli ndi zochepa. kapena mulibe chidziwitso ndi Linux?
Choncho, ngakhale izi zalembedwa kale nthawi zambiri, ndinaganizabe kulemba nkhani ina "Linux kwa oyamba kumene" ndikulemba apa malamulo oyambirira omwe muyenera kudziwa musanafunse mafunso mu dipatimenti (kapena kampani) yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito Linux. Ndinaganizira za malamulo ndi zofunikira komanso zomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndinasonkhanitsa ndemanga kuchokera kwa anzanga, ndikuzilemba zonse m'nkhani imodzi. Nkhaniyi idagawidwa m'magawo atatu: choyamba, chidziwitso chachidule chokhudza zoyambira za I/O mu terminal ya Linux, kenako chidule cha malamulo ofunikira kwambiri, ndipo gawo lachitatu likufotokoza momwe mungathetsere mavuto omwe amapezeka mu Linux.
Lamulo lililonse lili ndi zosankha zambiri, zonse sizidzalembedwa apa. Mutha kulowa nthawi zonse `munthu <command>` kapena ``<command> --help`kuti mudziwe zambiri za timuyi.
Chitsanzo:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Ngati lamulo litenga nthawi yayitali kuti limalizidwe, mutha kulithetsa podina pa console Ctrl + C (chizindikiro chimatumizidwa ku ndondomekoyi CHizindikiro).
Pang'ono za kutulutsa kwa lamulo
Ndondomeko ikayamba ku Linux, mitsinje itatu yokhazikika ya data imapangidwa kuti izi zitheke: stdin, stdout и wochita. Amawerengedwa 0, 1 ndi 2 motsatana. Koma tsopano tikuchita chidwi stdout ndipo, pang'ono, wochita. Kuchokera ku mayina ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti stdout amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa deta, ndi wochita — kuwonetsa mauthenga olakwika. Mwachikhazikitso mukamayendetsa lamulo pa Linux stdout и wochita kutulutsa zidziwitso zonse ku konsoni, komabe, ngati kutulutsa kwalamulo kuli kwakukulu, kungakhale koyenera kuyilozera ku fayilo. Izi zitha kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, motere:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Ngati titulutsa zomwe zili mufayilo munthu_signal, ndiye tiwona kuti ndizofanana ndi zomwe zikanakhala ngati tingoyendetsa lamulo `chizindikiro cha munthu`.
Kuwongolera kwina `>`zosintha ku stdout. Mutha kufotokozeranso komwe mungayendere stdout mwachindunji: `1>```. Momwemonso, mutha kufotokozeranso zolozera wochita:``2>```. Mutha kuphatikizira izi ndikulekanitsa zotulutsa zanthawi zonse ndi uthenga wolakwika:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Londoleranso ndi stdoutndi wochita mu fayilo imodzi motere:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Kuwongolera kwina `2> & 1` kumatanthauza kulondoleranso wochita kumalo omwewo monga momwe adalangizidwira stdout.
Chida china chosavuta chogwirira ntchito ndi I/O (kapena m'malo mwake, ndi chida chothandizira kulumikizana kwapakati) ndi chitoliro (kapena chotengera). Mapaipi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi malamulo angapo: stdout malamulo amatumizidwa ku stdin chotsatira, ndi zina zotero mu unyolo:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Malamulo a Basic Linux
pwd
Onetsani chikwatu chapano (chogwira ntchito).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
tsiku
Onetsani tsiku ndi nthawi yadongosolo.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Lamuloli likuwonetsa yemwe walowa mudongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, uptime ndi LA (zolemetsa pafupifupi) zimawonetsedwanso pazenera.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Sindikizani zomwe zili m'ndandanda. Ngati simudutsa njirayo, zomwe zili m'ndandanda wamakono zidzawonetsedwa.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Payekha, nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito zosankha -l (mawonekedwe a mndandanda wautali - zotuluka pamndandanda wokhala ndi zambiri za mafayilo), -t (kusanja ndi fayilo / nthawi yosintha ndandanda) ndi -r (kusintha kosintha - kuphatikiza ndi -t mafayilo aposachedwa kwambiri adzakhala pansi):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Pali mayina apadera a 2: "."Ndipo"..". Yoyamba imatanthawuza chikwatu chomwe chilipo, chachiwiri chimatanthauza chikwatu cha makolo. Zitha kukhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana, makamaka ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Palinso njira yothandiza yowonetsera mafayilo obisika (kuyambira ndi ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira -h - zotuluka m'mawonekedwe owerengeka ndi anthu (samalani ndi kukula kwa mafayilo):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Sinthani chikwatu chapano.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Ngati simudutsa dzina lachikwatu ngati mkangano, kusintha kwa chilengedwe kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito $ HOME, ndiye kuti, chikwatu chakunyumba. Zitha kukhalanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito `~` ndi tanthauzo lapadera $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Pangani chikwatu.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Nthawi zina mumayenera kupanga chikwatu china: mwachitsanzo, chikwatu mkati mwa bukhu lomwe mulibe. Kupewa kulowa kangapo motsatizana mkdir, mungagwiritse ntchito njira -p - imakulolani kuti mupange zolemba zonse zomwe zikusowa mu utsogoleri. Komanso ndi njira iyi mkdir sikubweretsa cholakwika ngati chikwatu chilipo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Chotsani fayilo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Yankho -r amakulolani kuti mufufuze mobwerezabwereza ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake, mwina -f amakulolani kunyalanyaza zolakwika pochotsa (mwachitsanzo, za fayilo yomwe palibe). Zosankha izi zimalola, kunena kuti, kufufutidwa kotsimikizika kwa gulu lonse la mafayilo ndi maupangiri (ngati wogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi ufulu kutero), chifukwa chake, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala (chitsanzo chanthabwala chapamwamba ndi "rm-rf/", nthawi zina, idzakufufutani, ngati si dongosolo lonse, ndiye kuti mafayilo ambiri ofunikira kuti agwire ntchito).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Koperani fayilo kapena chikwatu.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Lamuloli lilinso ndi zosankha -r и -f, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsetsa kuti maulamuliro ndi mafoda amakopera kumalo ena.
mv
Sunthani kapena sinthaninso fayilo kapena chikwatu.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
mphaka
Sindikizani zomwe zili mufayilo (kapena mafayilo).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
M'pofunikanso kulabadira malamulo mutu (zotuluka n mizere yoyamba kapena mabayiti a fayilo) ndi mchira (zambiri za iye pambuyo pake).
mchira
Zotsatira n mizere yomaliza kapena ma byte a fayilo.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Njirayi ndiyothandiza kwambiri -f - imakupatsani mwayi wowonetsa zatsopano mufayilo munthawi yeniyeni.
Zochepa
Nthawi zina mafayilo amawu ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwonetsa ndi lamulo mphaka. Ndiye mukhoza kutsegula pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo Zochepa: Fayiloyo idzatuluka m'magawo; kusakatula ndi magawo ena, kufufuza ndi zina zosavuta zilipo.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Zingakhalenso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito Zochepa ndi conveyor (chitoliro):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Lembani ndondomeko.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Inenso nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito zosankha za BSD "aux"- wonetsani njira zonse mudongosolo (popeza pangakhale njira zambiri, ndidawonetsa 5 okhawo pogwiritsa ntchito payipi (chitoliro) ndi timu mutu):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Ambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito zosankha za BSD "axjf", zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowonetsa mtengo wanjira (pano ndachotsa gawo lazotulutsa kuti ziwonetsedwe):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Lamuloli lili ndi zosankha zambiri, kotero ngati muzigwiritsa ntchito mwachangu, ndikupangira kuti muwerenge zolembazo. Nthawi zambiri, ndikwanira kungodziwa "ps ps".
kupha
Tumizani chizindikiro ku ndondomeko. Mwachikhazikitso chizindikirocho chimatumizidwa Chizindikiro, zomwe zimathetsa ndondomekoyi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Popeza ndondomeko ikhoza kukhala ndi ma signal amphamvu, kupha sizimatsogolera ku zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa - kumaliza pompopompo. Kuti "kuphe" ndondomeko motsimikizika, muyenera kutumiza chizindikiro ku ndondomekoyi CHIZINDIKIRO. Komabe, izi zingayambitse kutayika kwa deta (mwachitsanzo, ngati ndondomekoyi ikufunika kusunga zambiri pa disk musanathe), kotero muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamuloli mosamala. Nambala ya siginecha CHIZINDIKIRO - 9, kotero mtundu wachidule wa lamulo umawoneka motere:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Kuphatikiza pa omwe atchulidwa Chizindikiro и CHIZINDIKIRO Pali zizindikiro zambiri zosiyana; mndandanda wa iwo umapezeka mosavuta pa intaneti. Ndipo musaiwale kuti zizindikiro CHIZINDIKIRO и CHIZINDIKIRO sangathe kulandidwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa.
ya ping
Tumizani paketi ya ICMP kwa wolandira ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
zotsatira ya ping imagwira ntchito mpaka itathetsedwa pamanja. Chifukwa chake njirayo ikhoza kukhala yothandiza -c - chiwerengero cha mapaketi pambuyo kutumiza ya ping idzamaliza yokha. Njira ina yomwe nthawi zina ndimagwiritsa ntchito -i, nthawi pakati pa kutumiza mapaketi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
Makasitomala a OpenSSH SSH amakulolani kuti mulumikizane ndi olandila akutali.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Pali ma nuances ambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito SSH, ndipo kasitomala uyu alinso ndi kuthekera kochulukirapo, kotero ngati mukufuna (kapena mukufuna) mutha kuwerenga za izo. .
kukwapula
Lembani mafayilo pakati pa makamu (kuti mugwiritse ntchito ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito kulunzanitsa maulalo pakati pa makamu rsync (-a - archive mode, imakupatsani mwayi wokopera zonse zomwe zili m'ndandanda "monga momwe ziliri", -v - zotuluka ku konsoni ya zidziwitso zowonjezera):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
Tchulani
Onetsani mzere wamawu.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Zosankha zoyenera kuziganizira apa -n - osaphatikizira mzerewo ndi kusweka kwa mzere kumapeto, ndi -e - athe kuthawa kutanthauzira pogwiritsa ntchito "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Mutha kuwonetsanso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo ili. Mwachitsanzo, mu Linux code yotuluka ya lamulo lomaliza lomaliza imasungidwa mumtundu wapadera $?, ndipo mwanjira iyi mutha kudziwa ndendende zomwe zidachitika mu pulogalamu yomaliza:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Makasitomala a protocol ya TELNET. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhulana ndi wolandira wina.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito protocol ya TLS (ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti SSL yatha kale), ndiye telnet zosayenera pazifukwa izi. Koma kasitomala abwera openssl:
Chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito openssl ndikutulutsa yankho ku pempho la GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Kuthetsa mavuto omwe amapezeka mu Linux
Sinthani mwini fayilo
Mutha kusintha mwini fayilo kapena chikwatu pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Gawo la lamuloli liyenera kupatsidwa mwiniwake ndi gulu (losankha), lolekanitsidwa ndi colon. Komanso, posintha mwiniwake wa bukhu, njirayo ikhoza kukhala yothandiza -R - ndiye eni ake asintha pazomwe zili m'ndandanda.
Sinthani zilolezo za fayilo
Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo chmod. Mwachitsanzo, ndipereka chilolezo chokhazikitsa "mwiniwake amaloledwa kuwerenga, kulemba ndi kuchita, gululo limaloledwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, wina aliyense saloledwa chilichonse":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Yoyamba 7 (iyi ndi 0b111 muzoyimira pang'ono) mu parameter imatanthawuza "ufulu wonse kwa mwiniwake", yachiwiri 6 (iyi ndi 0b110 muzoyimira pang'ono) imatanthauza "werengani ndi kulemba", ndipo 0 sakutanthauza kanthu kwa ena onse. . Bitmask imakhala ndi tizidutswa ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ("kumanja") kamene kamagwira ntchito, chotsatira ("pakati") ndikulemba, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri ("kumanzere") ndikuwerenga.
Mukhozanso kukhazikitsa zilolezo pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zapadera (mawu a mnemonic). Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo chotsatirachi chimachotsa ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito omwe akugwiritsa ntchito ndikusinthanso:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Lamulo ili liri ndi ntchito zambiri, kotero ndikukulangizani kuti muwerenge zambiri za izo (makamaka za mawu a mnemonic, mwachitsanzo, ).
Sindikizani zomwe zili mufayilo ya binary
Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo hexdump. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za ntchito yake.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Pogwiritsa ntchito chida ichi, mutha kutulutsa deta mumitundu ina, koma izi ndizomwe mungagwiritse ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Sakani mafayilo
Mutha kupeza fayilo ndi gawo la dzina lake mumtundu wowongolera pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo kupeza:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Zosankha zina ndi zosefera ziliponso. Mwachitsanzo, umu ndi momwe mungapezere mafayilo mufoda mayesoadapangidwa kuposa masiku 5 apitawo:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Sakani mawu m'mafayilo
Gululo lidzakuthandizani kuthana ndi ntchitoyi grep. Ili ndi ntchito zambiri, yosavuta kwambiri imaperekedwa apa monga chitsanzo.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zogwiritsira ntchito lamulo grep - kugwiritsa ntchito panjira (chitoliro):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Yankho -v imakulolani kuti mupange zotsatira grep'ndi m'mbuyo - mizere yokhayo yomwe ilibe ndondomeko yopititsidwa grep.
Onani mapaketi omwe adayikidwa
Palibe lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chilichonse chimadalira kugawa kwa Linux ndi woyang'anira phukusi wogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachiwonekere, limodzi mwamalamulo awa lingakuthandizeni:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Onani kuchuluka kwa malo omwe mtengo wowongolera umatenga
Chimodzi mwazosankha zogwiritsa ntchito lamulo du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Mutha kusintha mtengo wa parameter -dkuti mudziwe zambiri zamtundu wa directory. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo limodzi ndi mtundu:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Yankho -h gulu mtundu imakupatsani mwayi wosankha masaizi olembedwa mumtundu wowerengeka ndi anthu (mwachitsanzo, 1K, 2G), mwina -r imakulolani kuti musankhe deta motsatira ndondomeko.
"Pezani ndikusintha" mu fayilo, m'mafayilo omwe ali mufoda
Ntchitoyi ikuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito chida ludzu (palibe mbendera g pamapeto pake, kupezeka koyamba kwa "zolemba zakale" pamzere ndizomwe zidzasinthidwe):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mafayilo angapo nthawi imodzi:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Jambulani ndime kuchokera pazotulutsa
Zidzakuthandizani kuthana ndi ntchitoyi kugwa. Chitsanzo ichi chikuwonetsa gawo lachiwiri la lamulo lotulutsa `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Pa nthawi yomweyi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kugwa ili ndi magwiridwe antchito olemera, kotero ngati mukufuna kugwira ntchito ndi mawu pamzere wolamula, muyenera kuwerenga zambiri za lamuloli.
Pezani adilesi ya IP ndi dzina la alendo
Limodzi mwa malamulo otsatirawa lithandiza pa izi:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Zambiri zapaintaneti
Angagwiritse ntchito ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Kapena mwina ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Komanso, ngati, mwachitsanzo, mumangokonda IPv4, ndiye kuti mutha kuwonjezera njirayo -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Onani madoko otseguka
Kuti muchite izi, ingogwiritsani ntchito netstat. Mwachitsanzo, kuti muwone madoko onse omvera a TCP ndi UDP okhala ndi chiwonetsero cha PID ya njira yomwe ikumvera padoko komanso kuyimira manambala padoko, muyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndi izi:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Zambiri Zadongosolo
Mutha kudziwa izi pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo uname.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Kuti mumvetsetse mtundu womwe zotulukazo zimapangidwira, mutha kulozera Thandizeni'kwa lamulo ili:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Zambiri pamtima
Kuti mumvetsetse kuchuluka kwa RAM komwe kumakhala kapena kwaulere, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo kwaulere.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Zambiri zamakina a fayilo (malo aulere a disk)
timu df amakulolani kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa malo omwe ali aulere komanso otanganidwa pamafayilo okwera.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Yankho -T imanena kuti mtundu wa fayilo uyenera kuganiziridwa.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana padongosolo
Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo pamwamba. Imatha kuwonetsa zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, njira zapamwamba zogwiritsa ntchito RAM kapena njira zapamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya CPU. Imawonetsanso zambiri zamakumbukidwe, CPU, uptime ndi LA (avareji yolemetsa).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Chida ichi chili ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri, kotero ngati muyenera kuchigwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi, ndi bwino kuwerenga zolemba zake.
Kutaya kwa magalimoto pa intaneti
Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa ma netiweki ku Linux, chothandizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito wcputu. Kutaya magalimoto pa doko 12345, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo ili:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Yankho -A akuti tikufuna kuwona zomwe zatuluka mu ASCII (kotero ndizabwino pama protocol), -ndi ine zikuwonetsa kuti tilibe chidwi ndi mawonekedwe a netiweki, doko - magalimoto oti adzatayire padoko. M'malo mwa doko akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito khamu, kapena kuphatikiza khamu и doko (host A ndi doko X). Njira ina yothandiza ingakhale -n - Osatembenuza maadiresi kukhala ma hostnames pazotulutsa.
Nanga bwanji ngati magalimoto ali ndi binary? Ndiye kusankha kudzatithandiza -X - zotulutsa mu hex ndi ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti muzochitika zonse zogwiritsira ntchito mapaketi a IP adzatuluka, kotero kumayambiriro kwa aliyense wa iwo padzakhala binary IP ndi TCP mitu. Nachi chitsanzo chotulutsa funso "123" yotumizidwa ku seva yomvetsera pa doko 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
M'malo mwa zotsatira
Zachidziwikire, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa ku Linux zomwe mungawerenge pa Habré, StackOverflow ndi masamba ena (ndikupatsani chitsanzo , yomwe ilinso ). Oyang'anira machitidwe ndi DevOps amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ambiri ndi zofunikira kuti akonze ma seva, koma ngakhale oyesa sangakhale ndi malamulo okwanira omwe alembedwa. Mungafunike kuyang'ana kulondola kwa nthawi yovuta pakati pa kasitomala ndi seva, kapena kugwira ntchito kwa seva pamene palibe malo a disk aulere. Sindikunena, mwachitsanzo, Docker, yomwe tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani ambiri. Kodi zingakhale zosangalatsa, monga gawo la kupitiliza kwa nkhaniyi, kuyang'ana zitsanzo zingapo zakugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana za Linux poyesa ntchito? Gawaninso magulu anu apamwamba mu ndemanga :)
Source: www.habr.com