Kusunga zosunga zobwezeretsera si imodzi mwamaukadaulo apamwamba omwe aliyense amakuwa. Iyenera kukhala mu kampani iliyonse yayikulu, ndizo zonse. Banki yathu imathandizira ma seva masauzande angapo - iyi ndi ntchito yovuta, yosangalatsa, ndipo ndikufuna kunena za zovuta zake, komanso malingaliro olakwika okhudza zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito imeneyi kwa zaka pafupifupi 20, ziwiri zomaliza zinali ku Promsvyazbank. Nditangoyamba, ndinkasunga ma backups pamanja, pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zomwe zimangokopera mafayilo. Kenako, Windows Zida zosavuta zinayamba: Robocopy utility yokonzekera mafayilo ndi NT Backup yokopera. Kenako panabwera mapulogalamu apadera, makamaka Veritas Backup Exec, yomwe tsopano imatchedwa Symantec Backup Exec. Chifukwa chake ndakhala ndikuzolowera ma backups kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mwachidule, kusunga zosunga zobwezeretsera ndikusunga kopi ya deta (makina enieni, mapulogalamu, ma database, ndi mafayilo) amasungidwa nthawi zonse, ngati zingatheke. Kulephera kulikonse nthawi zambiri kumadziwonetsera ngati kulephera kwa hardware kapena logical ndipo kumabweretsa kutayika kwa deta. Cholinga cha njira yosungira zinthu ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutayika kwa deta. Kulephera kwa hardware, mwachitsanzo, ndi kulephera kwa seva kapena malo osungira deta komwe database imasungidwa. Kulephera kwa logic ndi kutayika kapena kusintha kwa deta ina, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu: kuchotsa tebulo kapena fayilo mwangozi, kapena kuyendetsa script yolakwika. Palinso zofunikira zoyendetsera kusunga mitundu ina ya chidziwitso kwa nthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo, mpaka zaka zingapo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zosunga zobwezeretsera ndikubwezeretsa nkhokwe zosungidwa kuti zitumize machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyesera ndi ma clones kwa opanga.
Pali nthano zingapo zodziwika bwino zosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera zomwe zachedwa kutha. Nawa otchuka kwambiri mwa iwo.
Nthano 1. Zosunga zobwezeretsera kwa nthawi yayitali zakhala ntchito yaying'ono mkati mwa chitetezo kapena machitidwe osungira
Machitidwe osunga zobwezeretsera akadali gulu losiyana la mayankho, komanso odziyimira pawokha. Iwo apatsidwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kwenikweni, ndiwo mzere womaliza wachitetezo pankhani yachitetezo cha data. Chifukwa chake zosunga zobwezeretsera zimagwira ntchito pa liwiro lake, pa ndandanda yake. Lipoti latsiku ndi tsiku limapangidwa pa maseva; pali zochitika zomwe zimakhala ngati zoyambitsa dongosolo lowunikira.
Kuphatikiza apo, chitsanzo cha mwayi wopezera zosunga zobwezeretsera chimakupatsani mwayi wopatsa mphamvu zina kwa oyang'anira machitidwe omwe mukufuna kuti azitha kuyang'anira zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Nthano 2. Pakakhala RAID, zosunga zobwezeretsera sizikufunikanso
Mosakayikira, magulu a RAID ndi kubwereza deta ndi njira yabwino yotetezera machitidwe azidziwitso ku zolephera za hardware, ndipo ngati muli ndi seva yoyimilira, konzekerani mwamsanga kusinthana ndi makina akuluakulu.
Redundancy ndi kubwerezabwereza sikukupulumutsani ku zolakwika zomveka zopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito makina. Nayi seva yoyimilira yomwe ili ndi kuchedwa kujambula - inde, ikhoza kuthandizira ngati cholakwika chazindikirika chisanalumikizidwe. Bwanji ngati mphindiyo yaphonya? Kusunga nthawi yake kokha kungathandize apa. Ngati mukudziwa kuti deta inasintha dzulo, mukhoza kubwezeretsa dongosolo monga dzulo dzulo ndikuchotsa zofunikira kuchokera pamenepo. Poganizira kuti zolakwika zomveka ndizofala kwambiri, zosunga zobwezeretsera zakale zimakhalabe chida chotsimikizika komanso chofunikira.
Bodza 3. Zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi chinthu chomwe chimachitidwa kamodzi pamwezi.
Ma frequency osunga zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi gawo losinthika lomwe limatengera zofunikira za pulogalamu yosunga zobwezeretsera. Ndizotheka kupeza zambiri zomwe sizisintha konse ndipo sizofunikira kwenikweni; kutayika kwake sikungakhale kofunikira kwa kampaniyo.
Zowonadi, amatha kuthandizidwa kamodzi pamwezi kapena kucheperako. Koma deta yovuta kwambiri imasungidwa nthawi zambiri, kutengera chizindikiro cha RPO (Recovery point objrective), chomwe chimayika kutayika kovomerezeka kwa data. Izi zitha kuchitika kamodzi pa sabata, kamodzi patsiku, kapenanso kangapo pa ola. Kwa ife, awa ndi zipika zochokera ku DBMS.
Mukayika machitidwe muzamalonda, zolemba zosunga zobwezeretsera ziyenera kuvomerezedwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa mfundo zazikulu, malamulo osinthira, njira zobwezeretsa dongosolo, njira zosungira zosunga zobwezeretsera, ndi zina zotero.
Nthano 4. Kuchuluka kwa makope kumakula mosalekeza ndipo kumatenga malo aliwonse omwe aperekedwa kwathunthu
Zosunga zobwezeretsera zili ndi nthawi yocheperako. Ndizosamveka, mwachitsanzo, kusunga zosunga zobwezeretsera tsiku lililonse 365 chaka chonse. Monga lamulo, ndizololedwa kusunga makope a tsiku ndi tsiku kwa masabata a 2, pambuyo pake amasinthidwa ndi atsopano, ndikusungirako kwa nthawi yaitali malemba omwe adapangidwa koyamba mweziwo amakhalabe. Izo, nazonso, zimasungidwa kwa nthawi inayake - kope lililonse limakhala ndi moyo wonse.
Pali chitetezo ku imfa deta. Lamulo likugwira ntchito: zosunga zobwezeretsera zisanachotsedwe, lotsatira liyenera kupangidwa. Choncho, deta sidzachotsedwa ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera zikulephera, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa seva. Sikuti malire a nthawi amalemekezedwa, koma chiwerengero cha makope mu seti chimayendetsedwanso. Ngati dongosololi likufuna kuti pakhale ma backups awiri athunthu, padzakhala awiri a iwo nthawi zonse, ndipo yakaleyo idzachotsedwa pokhapokha pamene yachitatu yatsopano yalembedwa bwino. Chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yomwe idasungidwa ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera kumalumikizidwa kokha ndi kuchuluka kwa data yotetezedwa ndipo sizitengera nthawi.
Nthano 5. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zikayamba, zonse zimaundana
Ndi bwino kunena izi: ngati chilichonse chazimitsidwa, zikutanthauza kuti woyang'anira ali pamalo olakwika. Kawirikawiri, magwiridwe antchito a zosunga zobwezeretsera amadalira zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa liwiro la makina osungira zobwezeretsera okha: momwe malo osungira ma disk ndi matepi amagwirira ntchito mwachangu. Pa magwiridwe antchito maseva Machitidwe osungira deta: ngati angathe kusamalira deta, kukanikiza, ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito. Komanso liwiro la kulumikizana pakati pa kasitomala ndi seva.
Zosunga zobwezeretsera zimatha kupita ku ulusi umodzi kapena zingapo, kutengera ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera zimathandizira kuwerengera zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Oracle DBMS imakulolani kuti mutumize ulusi wambiri, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha mapurosesa omwe alipo, mpaka kuthamanga kwachangu kugunda malire a bandwidth.
Ngati muyesa kusunga ulusi wambiri, ndiye kuti pali mwayi wodzaza makina othamanga, ayamba kuchepa. Choncho, chiwerengero chokwanira cha ulusi chimasankhidwa kuti chitsimikizidwe kuti chikugwira ntchito mokwanira. Ngati ngakhale kuchepa pang'ono kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikofunikira, ndiye kuti pali njira yabwino kwambiri pamene zosunga zobwezeretsera sizichitika kuchokera pa seva yopanga, koma kuchokera pagulu lake - standby mu terminology ya database. Njirayi siyimanyamula makina ogwirira ntchito. Deta ikhoza kubwezedwa kudzera mu ulusi wambiri popeza seva siigwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza.
M'mabungwe akuluakulu, netiweki yosiyana imapangidwira makina osunga zobwezeretsera kuti zosunga zobwezeretsera zisakhudze kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, magalimoto amatha kufalikira osati kudzera pa netiweki, koma kudzera pa SAN.
Timayesanso kugawa katunduyo pakapita nthawi. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zimachitika nthawi zambiri osagwira ntchito: usiku, Loweruka ndi Lamlungu. Komanso, samayamba onse nthawi imodzi. Zosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera zamakina ndi vuto lapadera. Njirayi ilibe mphamvu pakugwira ntchito kwa makinawo, kotero kuti zosunga zobwezeretsera zitha kufalikira tsiku lonse, m'malo mozimitsa chilichonse usiku. Pali zobisika zambiri, ngati mungaganizire chilichonse, zosunga zobwezeretsera sizingakhudze magwiridwe antchito.
Nthano 6. Anayambitsa dongosolo zosunga zobwezeretsera - ndiko kulekerera zolakwika kwa inu
Musaiwale kuti dongosolo losungirako zosungirako ndilo mzere wotsiriza wa chitetezo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala machitidwe ena asanu patsogolo pake omwe amatsimikizira kupitiriza, kupezeka kwakukulu ndi kukana masoka a makampani a IT ndi machitidwe a chidziwitso.
Palibe chifukwa choyembekezera kuti zosunga zobwezeretsera zidzabwezeretsa deta yonse ndikubwezeretsanso ntchito yakugwa. Kutayika kwa data kuyambira nthawi yosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera mpaka nthawi yolephereka itatsimikizika, ndipo deta imatha kukwezedwa ku seva yatsopano kwa maola angapo (kapena masiku, kutengera mwayi wanu). Chifukwa chake, ndizomveka kupanga machitidwe olekerera zolakwika popanda kusintha chilichonse kuti chisungidwe.
Nthano 7. Ndinakhazikitsa zosunga zobwezeretsera kamodzi ndikuyang'ana kuti zinagwira ntchito. Chotsalira ndikungoyang'ana zipika
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nthano zovulaza kwambiri, zabodza zomwe mumangozindikira pazochitikazo. Zipika za zosunga zobwezeretsera bwino sizotsimikizira kuti zonse zidayenda monga momwe amayembekezera. Ndikofunika kuyang'ana kopi yosungidwa pasadakhale kuti itumizidwe. Ndiko kuti, yendetsani njira yobwezeretsa mu malo oyesera ndikuyang'ana zotsatira zake.
Ndipo pang'ono za ntchito ya woyang'anira dongosolo
Palibe amene amakopera deta pamanja kwa nthawi yayitali. Ma SRC amakono amatha kusunga pafupifupi chilichonse, muyenera kungochikonza bwino. Ngati seva yatsopano yawonjezeredwa, konzekerani ndondomeko: sankhani zomwe zidzasungidwe, tchulani magawo osungira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko.
Nthawi yomweyo, pali ntchito yambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma seva, kuphatikizapo ma database, maimelo, magulu a makina enieni, ndi zinthu zamafayilo, monga momwe zilili pa Windows, ndi zina zotero Linux/Unix. Antchito omwe amasamalira makina osungira zinthu nthawi zonse amakhala otanganidwa.
Polemekeza tchuthi, ndikufuna ndikukhumba ma admins onse mitsempha yamphamvu, mayendedwe omveka bwino ndi malo osatha osungirako zosunga zobwezeretsera!
Source: www.habr.com
