Pazochita zambiri, kuchedwa pakati pa kasitomala ndi seva ndikofunikira, mwachitsanzo m'masewera a pa intaneti, msonkhano wamakanema / mawu, IP telephony, VPN, ndi zina zambiri. Ngati seva ili kutali kwambiri ndi kasitomala pa intaneti ya IP, ndiye kuchedwa (komwe kumatchedwa "ping", "lag") kudzasokoneza ntchito.
Kuyandikira kwa malo a seva sikufanana nthawi zonse kuyandikira kwa IP routing level. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, seva m'dziko lina ikhoza kukhala "pafupi" ndi inu kuposa seva mumzinda wanu. Zonse chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mayendedwe ndi ma network.
Momwe mungasankhire seva yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi makasitomala onse omwe angakhale nawo? Kodi IP network yolumikizira ndi chiyani? Momwe mungawongolere kasitomala ku seva yapafupi? Tiyeni tione mβnkhaniyo.
Kuyeza kuchedwa
Choyamba, tiyeni tiphunzire momwe tingadziwire kuchedwa. Ntchitoyi si yophweka monga momwe ingawonekere chifukwa kuchedwa kumasiyana malinga ndi ma protocol ndi kukula kwake. Mutha kuphonyanso zochitika zazifupi, monga ma dips okhalitsa ma milliseconds ochepa.
ICMP - ping wamba
Tidzagwiritsa ntchito Unix ping utility; imakulolani kuti muyike pamanja nthawi pakati pa kutumiza mapaketi, zomwe mtundu wa ping wa Windows sungathe kuchita. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa ngati pali kupuma kwautali pakati pa mapaketi, mwina simungawone zomwe zikuchitika pakati pawo.
Kukula kwa phukusi (zosankha -s) - mwachisawawa, ntchito ya ping imatumiza mapaketi a 64 byte kukula kwake. Ndi mapaketi ang'onoang'ono otere, zochitika zomwe zimachitika ndi mapaketi akulu sizingawonekere, chifukwa chake tidzakhazikitsa kukula kwa paketi kukhala ma byte 1300.
Kalekale pakati pa mapaketi (chosankha -i) - nthawi pakati pa kutumiza deta. Mwachikhazikitso, mapaketi amatumizidwa kamodzi pa sekondi imodzi, izi ndi zazitali kwambiri, mapulogalamu enieni amatumiza mapaketi mazana ndi masauzande pamphindikati, kotero tidzakhazikitsa nthawiyi ku sekondi 0.1. Pulogalamuyi salola zochepa.
Chifukwa chake, lamulo likuwoneka motere:
ping -s 1300 -i 0.1 yandex.ru
Mapangidwe awa amakulolani kuti muwone chithunzi chenicheni cha kuchedwa.
Ping kudzera pa UDP ndi TCP
Nthawi zina, maulumikizidwe a TCP amasinthidwa mosiyana ndi mapaketi a ICMP, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, miyeso imatha kusiyana malinga ndi ndondomeko. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti wolandirayo samayankha ku ICMP, ndipo ping wamba siigwira ntchito. Izi ndi zomwe wochereza alendo amachita moyo wake wonse, mwachitsanzo. microsoft.com.
Zothandiza kuchokera kwa omwe akupanga scanner yotchuka nmap amatha kupanga mapaketi aliwonse. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyeza kuchedwa.
Popeza UDP ndi TCP zimagwira ntchito zina, tiyenera "ping" doko linalake. Tiyeni tiyese ping TCP 80, ndiye kuti, doko la seva:
$ sudo nping --tcp -p 80 --delay 0.1 -c 0 microsoft.com
Starting Nping 0.7.80 ( https://nmap.org/nping ) at 2020-04-30 13:07 MSK
SENT (0.0078s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
SENT (0.1099s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.2068s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.2107s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.3046s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.3122s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.4247s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=42 id=0 iplen=44 seq=2876862274 win=64240 <mss 1398>
Max rtt: 112.572ms | Min rtt: 93.866ms | Avg rtt: 101.093ms
Raw packets sent: 4 (160B) | Rcvd: 3 (132B) | Lost: 1 (25.00%)
Nping done: 1 IP address pinged in 0.43 seconds
Mwachikhazikitso, nping imatumiza mapaketi 4 ndikuyima. Njira -c0 imathandizira kutumiza mapaketi osatha; kuti muyimitse pulogalamuyo, muyenera kukanikiza Ctrl + C. Ziwerengero zidzawonetsedwa kumapeto. Tikuwona kuti pafupifupi rtt (nthawi yozungulira) mtengo ndi 101ms.
MTR - traceroute pa steroids
Pulogalamuyo My Traceroute ndi chida chotsogola chotsata njira zofikira anthu akutali. Mosiyana ndi traceroute yanthawi zonse yogwiritsira ntchito (mu Windows iyi ndi tracert utility), imatha kuwonetsa kuchedwa kwa wolandila aliyense pa paketi. Imathanso kutsatira njira osati kudzera pa ICMP, komanso kudzera pa UDP ndi TCP.
$ sudo mtr microsoft.com
(Clickable) mawonekedwe a pulogalamu ya MTR. Kutsata njira kupita ku Microsoft.com kudayamba
MTR nthawi yomweyo imasonyeza ping kwa wolandira aliyense mu unyolo, ndipo deta imasinthidwa nthawi zonse pamene pulogalamuyo ikugwira ntchito ndipo kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa kumawonekera.
Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa kuti node #6 ili ndi zotayika za paketi, koma izi sizowona, chifukwa ma routers ena amatha kutaya mapaketi ndi TTL yomwe yatha ndipo osabwezera yankho lolakwika, kotero kuti data yotayika ya paketi ikhoza kunyalanyazidwa apa.
WiFi vs chingwe
Mutuwu suli wogwirizana kwathunthu ndi nkhaniyi, koma m'malingaliro mwanga ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakuchedwa. Ndimakonda kwambiri WiFi, koma ngati ndili ndi mwayi wocheperako wolumikiza intaneti ndi chingwe, ndizigwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zonse ndimalepheretsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito makamera a WiFi.
Ngati mumasewera masewera owombera pa intaneti, kutsitsa makanema, kapena kuchita malonda pamisika: chonde gwiritsani ntchito intaneti kudzera pa chingwe.
Nawa kuyesa kowoneka kuti mufananize ma WiFi ndi ma chingwe. Iyi ndi ping ku rauta ya WiFi, ndiye kuti, palibe ngakhale intaneti.
(Clickable) Kuyerekeza kwa ping ndi rauta ya WiFi kudzera pa chingwe komanso kudzera pa WiFi
Zitha kuwoneka kuti pa WiFi kuchedwa kumatalika kwa 1ms ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala mapaketi omwe amachedwa nthawi khumi! Ndipo iyi ndi nthawi yochepa chabe. Nthawi yomweyo, rauta yomweyo imatulutsa kuchedwa kokhazikika kwa <1ms.
Muchitsanzo pamwambapa, WiFi 802.11n pa 2.4GHz imagwiritsidwa ntchito, laputopu ndi foni yokha ndizolumikizidwa ku malo ofikira a WiFi. Ngati pangakhale makasitomala ambiri pamalo olowera, zotsatira zake zingakhale zoipa kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndimatsutsana ndikusintha makompyuta onse akuofesi ku WiFi ngati ndikotheka kuwafikira ndi chingwe.
Kulumikizana kwa IP
Kotero, taphunzira kuyeza kuchedwa kwa seva, tiyeni tiyese kupeza seva yapafupi kwambiri kwa ife. Kuti tichite izi, titha kuyang'ana momwe mayendedwe a operekera athu amagwirira ntchito. Ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi
Tikalowa patsambali, timawona kuti adilesi yathu ya IP ndi yadongosolo lodziyimira pawokha .
Poyang'ana chithunzi cholumikizira cha machitidwe odziyimira pawokha, titha kuwona momwe operekera apamwamba omwe amatipatsa amalumikizidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Iliyonse mwa madontho ndi yoduliridwa, mutha kulowa ndikuwerenga kuti ndi wopereka wotani.
Chithunzi cholumikizira cha machitidwe odziyimira pawokha a wopereka
Pogwiritsa ntchito chida ichi, mutha kuphunzira momwe mayendedwe a woperekera aliyense, kuphatikiza kuchititsa, amapangidwira. Onani kuti ndi opereka ati omwe alumikizidwa nawo mwachindunji. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kulowa adilesi ya IP ya seva posaka bgp.he.net ndikuyang'ana chithunzi cha machitidwe ake odziyimira pawokha. Mutha kumvetsetsanso momwe malo amodzi a data kapena wothandizira alendo amalumikizirana ndi wina.
Malo ambiri osinthira magalimoto amapereka chida chapadera chotchedwa galasi loyang'ana, lomwe limakulolani kuti muyike ping ndi traceroute kuchokera ku router yeniyeni pa malo osinthira.
Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku MGTS
Chifukwa chake, posankha seva, titha kuwona pasadakhale momwe zidzawonekere kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana osinthira magalimoto. Ndipo ngati makasitomala athu omwe angakhale nawo ali kudera linalake, titha kupeza malo abwino kwambiri a seva.
Sankhani seva yapafupi
Tidaganiza zofewetsa njira yopezera seva yabwino kwamakasitomala athu ndikupanga tsamba loyesa madera apafupi: .
Mukayendera tsamba, script imayesa kuchedwa kuchokera pa msakatuli wanu kupita ku seva iliyonse ndikuwawonetsa pamapu ochezera. Mukadina pa data center, chidziwitso chokhala ndi zotsatira zoyesa chimawonetsedwa.
Batani limakufikitsani patsamba loyeserera la latency lamalo athu onse a data. Kuti muwone zotsatira zoyezetsa, dinani pamalo apakati pa data pamapu
Source: www.habr.com