"Blade Runner", "Con Air", "Heavy Rain" - kodi oimira chikhalidwe chodziwika amafanana chiyani? Zonse, kumlingo wina, zimawonetsa luso lakale la ku Japan lopinda mapepala - origami. M'mafilimu, masewera ndi m'moyo weniweni, origami nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha malingaliro ena, kukumbukira zina kapena uthenga wapadera. Izi ndizowonjezera zamaganizo za origami, koma kuchokera ku sayansi, zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana zimabisika m'mapepala a mapepala: geometry, masamu komanso ngakhale makina. Lero tidziwana ndi kafukufuku yemwe asayansi ochokera ku American Institute of Physics adapanga chipangizo chosungiramo deta popinda / kutulutsa ziwerengero za origami. Kodi memory card ya pepala imagwira ntchito bwanji, ndi mfundo ziti zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mmenemo, ndi kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe chipangizo choterocho chingasunge? Tidzapeza mayankho a mafunso amenewa mu lipoti la asayansi. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Zimakhala zovuta kunena kuti origami inayambira liti. Koma tikudziwa motsimikiza kuti palibe kale kuposa 105 AD. Munali chaka chino pomwe Cai Lun adapanga pepala ku China. Inde, isanafike mphindi ino, pepala linalipo kale, koma silinapangidwe ndi matabwa, koma kuchokera ku nsungwi kapena silika. Njira yoyamba sinali yophweka, ndipo yachiwiri inali yodula kwambiri. Cai Lun adapatsidwa ntchito yoti abweretse njira yatsopano yamapepala yomwe ingakhale yopepuka, yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta kupanga. Ntchitoyi si yosavuta, koma Cai Lun adatembenukira ku gwero lodziwika bwino la kudzoza - chilengedwe. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankaona mavu, omwe nyumba zawo zinali zamatabwa ndi ulusi wa zomera. Tsai Lun adachita zoyeserera zambiri momwe adagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zamapepala am'tsogolo (makungwa amitengo, phulusa komanso maukonde asodzi) osakanikirana ndi madzi. The chifukwa misa anayalidwa mwapadera mawonekedwe ndi zouma padzuwa. Chotsatira cha ntchito yaikuluyi chinali chinthu chomwe chili chovomerezeka kwa anthu amakono - mapepala.
Mu 2001, paki yotchedwa Cai Lun inatsegulidwa mumzinda wa Leiyang (China).
Kufalikira kwa mapepala ku mayiko ena sikunachitike nthawi yomweyo, koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX pamene Chinsinsi chake chinafika ku Korea ndi Japan, ndipo mapepala anafika ku Ulaya kokha m'zaka za XNUMX-XNUMX.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kodziΕ΅ika kwambiri kwa pepala ndiko, ndithudi, zolembedwa pamanja ndi kusindikiza. Komabe, a ku Japan adapeza ntchito yokongola kwambiri - origami, i.e. mapepala opinda.
Ulendo wochepa wopita kudziko la origami ndi engineering.
Pali njira zambiri zopangira origami, komanso njira zopangira: origami yosavuta, kusudama (modular), kupukutira konyowa, origami yapatani, kirigami, ndi zina zambiri. ()
Kuchokera kumaganizo a sayansi, origami ndi makina opangidwa ndi makina omwe katundu wake amatsimikiziridwa ndi geometry yake, osati ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira. Zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kuti zida zosunthika za XNUMXD zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe obwerezabwereza a origami.
Chithunzi #1
Pa chithunzi 1b ikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kapangidwe kameneka - mvuto wotengera, womangidwa kuchokera papepala limodzi molingana ndi chithunzi 1. Kuchokera pazosankha za origami zomwe zilipo, asayansi apeza zosinthika momwe mapanelo amakona atatu ofanana opangidwa mozungulira, otchedwa Kroesling origami, amakhazikitsidwa.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mapangidwe a origami amabwera m'mitundu iwiri: yokhazikika komanso yosasunthika.
Origami olimba ndi mawonekedwe atatu-dimensional momwe zopindika zokha pakati pa mapanelo zimasinthidwa panthawi yovumbulutsidwa.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha origami yolimba ndi Miura-ori, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zamakina okhala ndi chiΕ΅erengero cha Poisson. Zinthu zoterezi zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri: kufufuza danga, magetsi opunduka, minofu yokumba ndipo, ndithudi, mawotchi opangidwanso.
Origami osakhala olimba ndi mawonekedwe atatu-dimensional omwe amawonetsa mapindikidwe osasunthika a mapanelo pakati pa ma folds pakuwululidwa.
Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa origami woterewu ndi chitsanzo cha Kroesling chomwe chatchulidwa kale, chomwe chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popanga zomangira zokhala ndi zowonongeka zambiri, zouma, zowonongeka, zofewa / zowumitsa, ndi / kapena pafupi-zero kuuma.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Mouziridwa ndi luso lakale, asayansi adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito origami ya Kroesling kuti apange gulu la ma switch amabina omwe amatha kukakamizidwa kusinthana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zosiyana siyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yoyendetsedwa ngati chikoka cha harmonic chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamunsi pa switch. .
Monga tawonera kuchokera 1b, mavuvu amakhazikika kumapeto kwina ndikuyika katundu wakunja munjira ya x mbali ina yaulere. Chifukwa cha izi, imadutsa nthawi imodzi ndikuzungulira mozungulira ndi kuzungulira x-axis. Mphamvu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya kusinthika kwa mvuto zimatulutsidwa pamene katundu wakunja akuchotsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mvuvuzo zibwerere ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira.
Mwachidule, tikuyang'ana kasupe wa torsion yemwe mphamvu yake yobwezeretsa imadalira mawonekedwe a mphamvu zomwe mavuvu amatha kugwira ntchito. Izi zimatengera magawo a geometric (a0, b0, Ξ³0) a makona atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mavuvu, komanso nambala yonse (n) ya makona atatuwa (1).
Pamitundu ina ya mapangidwe a geometric, ma bellows amatha kugwira ntchito yamphamvu imakhala ndi gawo limodzi lolingana ndi mfundo imodzi yokhazikika. Pazophatikizira zina, mphamvu yogwira ntchito imakhala ndi minima iwiri yofananira ndi masinthidwe awiri osasunthika, chilichonse cholumikizidwa ndi kutalika kofanana kapena, m'malo mwake, kupatuka kwa masika (1s). Kasupe wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amatchedwa bistable (kanema pansipa).
Pa chithunzi 1d ikuwonetsa magawo a geometric omwe amatsogolera kupanga kasupe wa bistable ndi magawo omwe amatsogolera kupanga kasupe wokhazikika wa n = 12.
Kasupe wa bistable akhoza kuyima pa malo ake ogwirizana popanda katundu wakunja ndipo akhoza kutsegulidwa kuti asinthe pakati pawo pamene mphamvu yoyenera ilipo. Ndi katundu uyu yemwe ndi maziko a phunziroli, lomwe limayang'ana kulengedwa kwa makina osinthira a Kroesling (KIMS kuchokera ku Kresling-ouziridwa makina masiwichi) yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za binary.
Makamaka, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu 1c, chosinthiracho chikhoza kutsegulidwa kuti chisinthe pakati pa zigawo zake ziwiri popereka mphamvu zokwanira kuti zithetse chotchinga (βE). Mphamvu zimatha kuperekedwa mwa mawonekedwe a pang'onopang'ono quasi-static actuation kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha harmonic kumunsi kwa chosinthira ndi ma frequency osangalatsa pafupi ndi ma frequency a resonant amderalo akusintha m'maiko ake osiyanasiyana. Mu phunziro ili, anaganiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri, popeza harmonic resonant opaleshoni ndi apamwamba kuposa quasi-static opareshoni zina.
Choyamba, ma resonant actuation amafunikira mphamvu zochepa kuti asinthe ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mwachangu. Chachiwiri, kusintha kwa resonant sikukhudzidwa ndi zosokoneza zakunja zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kusinthana m'madera ake. Chachitatu, popeza ntchito yosinthira nthawi zambiri imakhala yosasunthika potengera malo osakhazikika a U0, zomwe zimafunikira kuti musinthe kuchokera ku S0 kupita ku S1 nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana ndi zomwe zimafunikira kuti musinthe kuchokera ku S1 kupita ku S0, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wosintha. kusintha kwa binary komwe kumasankha .
Kukonzekera kwa KIMS kumeneku ndikwabwino popanga bolodi lamakina ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito ma switch angapo a binary okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amayikidwa papulatifomu imodzi yoyendetsedwa ndi harmonic. Kupanga kwa chipangizo choterocho ndi chifukwa cha kukhudzika kwa mawonekedwe a mphamvu yomwe ingathe kugwira ntchito ya kusintha kwa kusintha kwa magawo a geometric a mapanelo akuluakulu (1s).
Chifukwa chake, ma KIMS angapo okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amatha kuyikidwa papulatifomu imodzi ndikusangalala kusintha kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina, payekhapayekha kapena kuphatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana osangalatsa.
Pa siteji ya kuyesa kothandiza, chosinthira chinapangidwa kuchokera ku pepala ndi kachulukidwe ka 180 g / m2 ndi magawo a geometric: Ξ³0 = 26.5 Β°; b0/a0 = 1.68; a0 = 40 mm ndi n = 12. Awa ndi magawo, kuweruza ndi mawerengedwe (1d), ndikupangitsa kuti masika akhale osavuta. Kuwerengera kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chosavuta cha axial truss (ndondomeko ya ndodo) ya mvuvu.
Pogwiritsa ntchito laser, mizere yobowoleza idapangidwa papepala (1), omwe ndi malo opinda. Zipindazo zidapangidwa m'mphepete mwa b0 (zokhota kunja) ndi Ξ³0 (zopindika mkati), ndipo m'mphepete mwa malekezero akutali adalumikizana mwamphamvu. Pamwamba ndi pansi pa chosinthiracho chalimbikitsidwa ndi ma acrylic polygons.
Kubwezeretsanso mphamvu yosinthira kusinthaku kunapezedwa moyesera kudzera pamayesero oponderezedwa komanso olimba omwe amachitidwa pamakina oyesera padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwapadera komwe kumalola kuti mazikowo azizunguliridwa panthawi ya mayeso (1f).
Malekezero a acrylic switch polygon anali okhazikika, ndipo kusamutsidwa koyendetsedwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa poligoni pa liwiro la 0.1 mm / s. Kusamuka kwamphamvu komanso kophatikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira ndikuchepera 13 mm. Kutangotsala pang'ono kuyesedwa kwenikweni kwa chipangizocho, kusinthaku kumasinthidwa ndikuchita maulendo khumi oterowo mphamvu yobwezeretsa isanalembedwe pogwiritsa ntchito selo ya 50N. Yambani 1g ikuwonetsa mphamvu yobwezeretsanso yokhotakhota yosinthira yomwe idapezedwa moyesera.
Chotsatira, pophatikiza mphamvu yobwezeretsanso yosinthira pamitundu yogwiritsira ntchito, mphamvu yomwe ingathe kugwira ntchito (1h). Minima mu mphamvu yomwe ingakhalepo imayimira kukhazikika kogwirizana ndi zigawo ziwiri zosinthira (S0 ndi S1). Pakusintha kumeneku, S0 ndi S1 ββzimachitika pamalo okwera u = 48 mm ndi 58.5 mm, motsatana. Mphamvu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndizosawoneka bwino ndi zotchinga mphamvu zosiyanasiyana βE0 pamalo S0 ndi βE1 pamfundo ya S1.
Zosinthazo zidayikidwa pa shaker ya electrodynamic, yomwe imapereka chisangalalo chowongolera chapansi panjira ya axial. Poyankha chisangalalo, pamwamba pa chosinthiracho chimazungulira molunjika. Malo a pamwamba pa chosinthira chokhudzana ndi maziko adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito laser vibrometer (2).
Chithunzi #2
Zinapezeka kuti ma frequency a resonant amderali akusintha kwa zigawo zake ziwiri ndi 11.8 Hz kwa S0 ndi 9.7 Hz kwa S1. Kuyambitsa kusintha pakati pa zigawo ziwiri, ndiko kuti, kuchoka bwino bwino*, kusesa kwapang'onopang'ono (0.05 Hz / s) kwapawiri kozungulira pafupipafupi kunachitika mozungulira ma frequency odziwika ndi mathamangitsidwe oyambira a 13 ms-2. Makamaka, KIMS idayikidwa pa S0 ndipo kusesa kwafupipafupi kunayambika pa 6 Hz.
Zokwanira bwino * - dera lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe zingatheke za tinthu.
Monga tawonera 2bMaulendo oyendetsa akafika pafupifupi 7.8 Hz, chosinthiracho chimasiya kuthekera kwa S0 ndikulowa mu S1 bwino. Kusinthako kunapitilirabe kukhala mu S1 pomwe ma frequency akuchulukirachulukira.
Kusinthako kudakhazikitsidwanso ku S0, koma nthawi ino kutsika kunayambika pa 16 Hz. Pamenepa, pamene mafupipafupi akuyandikira 8.8 Hz, chosinthiracho chimachoka ku S0 ndikulowa ndikukhalabe mu chitsime cha S1.
State S0 ili ndi bandi yotsegulira ya 1 Hz [7.8, 8.8] yokhala ndi mathamangitsidwe a 13 ms-2, ndi S1 ββ- 6...7.7 Hz (2s). Izi zimatsata kuti KIMS imatha kusintha pakati pa zigawo ziwiri mwachisangalalo chofanana ndi kukula komweko koma ma frequency osiyanasiyana.
Kusintha kwa bandwidth kwa KIMS kumadalira kwambiri mawonekedwe a mphamvu yake yomwe ingagwire ntchito, mawonekedwe ochepetsera, komanso magawo osangalatsa a harmonic (ma frequency ndi magnitude). Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha kufewetsa khalidwe losasinthika la switch, bandwidth yotsegula sikuphatikizanso ma frequency a resonant. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti mapu otsegulira apangidwe a KIMS iliyonse payekhapayekha. Mapuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mafupipafupi ndi kukula kwa chisangalalo chomwe chimabweretsa kusintha kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina ndi mosemphanitsa.
Mapu oterowo amatha kupangidwa mongoyesera ndikusesa pafupipafupi pamasinthidwe osiyanasiyana osangalatsa, koma njirayi ndiyovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, asayansi adaganiza pa nthawiyi kuti apitilize kufanizira kusinthaku, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa panthawi yoyeserera (1h).
Chitsanzocho chikuganiza kuti machitidwe osinthika a switch akhoza kuyerekezedwa bwino ndi mphamvu ya asymmetric bistable Helmholtz-Duffing oscillator, equation of motion yomwe ingathe kufotokozedwa motere:
kumene u - kupatuka kwa nkhope yosunthika ya acrylic polygon wachibale wokhazikika; m - kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa kusintha; c - viscous damping koyefiya anatsimikiza experimentally; ais-bistable kubwezeretsa mphamvu coefficients; ab ndi Ξ© ndiwo kukula koyambira ndi mathamangitsidwe pafupipafupi.
Ntchito yayikulu yofananira ndikugwiritsa ntchito fomula iyi kukhazikitsa kuphatikiza kwa ab ndi Ξ© komwe kumalola kusinthana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zosiyana.
Asayansi akuwona kuti ma frequency ovuta omwe oscillator amasintha kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina amatha kuyerekezedwa ndi ma frequency awiri. bifurations *: nthawi yowirikiza kawiri (PD) ndi cyclic fold bifurcation (CF).
Bifurcation* - Kusintha kwadongosolo kwadongosolo posintha magawo omwe amadalira.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera, ma curves oyankha pafupipafupi a KIMS adamangidwa m'magawo ake awiri. Pa tchati 2s ikuwonetsa ma curve oyankha pafupipafupi pa switch pa S0 pamilingo iwiri yoyambira yoyambira.
Pansi pa mathamangitsidwe a 5 ms-2, mapindikidwe amplitude-frequency curve amawonetsa kufewetsa pang'ono, koma osakhazikika kapena kusinthasintha. Chifukwa chake, kusinthaku kumakhalabe mu S0 ngakhale ma frequency asintha bwanji.
Komabe, kuthamangitsidwa kwapansi kumawonjezeka kufika ku 13 ms-2, kukhazikika kumachepa chifukwa cha PD bifurcation pamene maulendo oyendetsa akuchepa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu chomwechi, ma curve oyankha pafupipafupi a switch mu S1 adapezedwa (2f). Pakuthamanga kwa 5 ms-2, mawonekedwe omwe adawonedwa amakhalabe ofanana. Komabe, pamene mathamangitsidwe oyambira akuwonjezeka kufika 10ms-2 PD ndi CF bifurcations zimawonekera. Kusintha kosangalatsa pafupipafupi kulikonse pakati pa magawo awiriwa kumabweretsa kusintha kuchokera ku S1 kupita ku S0.
Deta yofananira ikuwonetsa kuti pali zigawo zazikulu pamapu otsegulira momwe dziko lililonse limatha kutsegulidwa mwanjira yapadera. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wosankha kusinthana pakati pa mayiko awiri kutengera ma frequency ndi kukula kwa choyambitsacho. Zitha kuwonekanso kuti pali malo omwe mayiko onsewa amatha kusinthana nthawi imodzi.
Chithunzi #3
Kuphatikiza kwa KIMS zingapo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga kukumbukira kwamakina angapo. Posintha masinthidwe a geometry kuti mawonekedwe a mphamvu yamphamvu ya masinthidwe awiri aliwonse akhale osiyana mokwanira, ndizotheka kupanga bandwidth yoyambitsa ma switch kuti zisagwirizane. Chifukwa cha izi, kusintha kulikonse kudzakhala ndi magawo apadera osangalatsa.
Kuti muwonetse njirayi, bolodi ya 2-bit idapangidwa kutengera masiwichi awiri okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana (3): pang'ono 1 - Ξ³0 = 28 Β°; b0/a0 = 1.5; a0 = 40 mm ndi n = 12; pang'ono 2 - Ξ³0 = 27 Β°; b0/a0 = 1.7; a0 = 40 mm ndi n = 12.
Popeza chidutswa chilichonse chili ndi zigawo ziwiri, zigawo zinayi zosiyana S00, S01, S10 ndi S11 zitha kukwaniritsidwa (3b). Manambala pambuyo pa S akuwonetsa mtengo wa masiwichi amanzere (bit 1) ndi kumanja (bit 2).
Makhalidwe a 2-bit switch akuwonetsedwa mu kanema pansipa:
Kutengera chipangizochi, mutha kupanganso gulu la masiwichi, lomwe lingakhale maziko a ma board okumbukira amitundu yambiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana ΠΈ kwa iye.
Epilogue
N'zokayikitsa kuti aliyense wa opanga origami angaganizire momwe chilengedwe chawo chidzagwiritsire ntchito masiku ano. Kumbali imodzi, izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovuta zomwe zimabisika pamapepala wamba; kumbali ina, kuti sayansi yamakono imatha kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu izi kupanga chinthu chatsopano kotheratu.
Mu ntchito iyi, asayansi adatha kugwiritsa ntchito Kroesling's origami geometry kuti apange chosinthira chosavuta cha makina chomwe chingakhale m'maiko awiri osiyana, kutengera magawo olowera. Izi zitha kufananizidwa ndi 0 ndi 1, omwe ndi magawo akale a chidziwitso.
Zida zomwe zidapangidwa zidaphatikizidwa kukhala makina okumbukira omwe amatha kusunga ma 2 bits. Podziwa kuti chilembo chimodzi chimatenga ma bits 8 (1 byte), funso likubwera: ndi angati ofananira a origami omwe adzafunika kulemba "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere," mwachitsanzo.
Asayansi akudziwa bwino kukayikira komwe kungayambitse chitukuko chawo. Komabe, malinga ndi iwo, kafukufukuyu ndi kufufuza m'munda wa kukumbukira makina. Kuphatikiza apo, origami yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyeserera sayenera kukhala yayikulu; miyeso yawo imatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri popanda kusokoneza katundu wawo.
Zikhale momwe zingakhalire, ntchitoyi singatchulidwe wamba, yoletsedwa kapena yotopetsa. Sayansi siigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse popanga china chake, ndipo asayansi samadziwa nthawi zonse zomwe amapanga. Kupatula apo, zopanga zambiri ndi zopezedwa zinali zotsatira za funso losavuta - bwanji ngati?
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! π
Kutsatsa pang'ono
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, , ma analogi apadera a ma seva olowera, omwe adakupangirani inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2x yotsika mtengo ku Equinix Tier IV data center ku Amsterdam? Pokhapokha ku Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kuchokera $99! Werengani za
Source: www.habr.com