"Izi ndizofunikira," adatero mokweza, osalankhula aliyense. - Izi ndizofunikira! Izi ndi zomwe akunena: ntchito yaikulu ya kampani ndi kupanga phindu pazofuna za eni ake. Chabwino, talingalirani zimenezo! Saopa kalikonse!
Yuliy Dubov, "Zoyipa Zochepa"
Mutawona mutu woterewu, mwina mwaganiza kale kuti nkhaniyo ndi yopusa kapena yoputa. Koma musathamangire kuganiza: ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe akuluakulu, makamaka mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali aboma, nthawi zambiri amayenera kufananiza nsanja zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zosiyana kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili pamutuwu.
Inde, palibe amene amayerekezera DBMS motere, chifukwa mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo zimadziwika bwino. Monga lamulo, mapulatifomu omwe amathetsa vuto linalake amangofanizidwa. M'nkhaniyi ndikuwonetsa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhaniyi, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha nkhokwe ngati nkhani yomwe imadziwika bwino kwa owerenga a Habr. Choncho,
Chilimbikitso
Mukayamba ntchito yophunzitsa kapena ntchito yosangalatsa, zolimbikitsa posankha nsanja zitha kukhala zosiyanasiyana: "iyi ndiye nsanja yomwe ndikudziwa bwino", "Ndikufuna kumvetsetsa iyi", "pali zolemba zabwino kwambiri" ... Pankhani ya kampani yamalonda, muyeso wosankhidwa ndi wofanana: ndiyenera kulipira zingati ndipo ndidzapeza chiyani pa ndalamazi.
Mwachibadwa, mumafuna kulipira pang'ono ndikupeza zambiri. Komabe, muyenera kusankha chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri - kulipira pang'ono kapena kupeza zambiri, ndikugawa zolemetsa pamfundo iliyonse. Tiyerekeze kuti yankho lapamwamba kwambiri ndilofunika kwambiri kwa ife kuposa mtengo wotsika mtengo, ndipo timapatsa kulemera kwa 40% ku "Cost" node, ndi 60% ku "Mwayi" node.
M'makampani akuluakulu, zosiyana ndizowona - kulemera kwa mtengo sikutsika pansi pa 50%, ndipo mwinamwake kuposa 60%. Muchitsanzo chachitsanzo, zonse zomwe zili zofunika ndikuti kulemera konse kwa mfundo za mwana wa node ya kholo lililonse kuyenera kukhala 100%.
Kudula zinthu
Webusaiti Pali pafupifupi 500 machitidwe oyang'anira database omwe amadziwika. Mwachilengedwe, ngati mumasankha nsanja yomwe mukufuna kuchokera pazosankha zambiri, mutha kukhala ndi nkhani yowunikira, koma osati ntchito yamalonda. Pofuna kuchepetsa malo osankhidwa, njira zodulira zimapangidwira, ndipo ngati nsanjayo siyikukwaniritsa izi, ndiye kuti sizikuganiziridwa.
Njira zochepetsera zitha kukhala zogwirizana ndi zida zamakono, mwachitsanzo:
- ACID zimatsimikizira;
- chitsanzo cha data yogwirizana;
- Thandizo la chilankhulo cha SQL (chidziwitso, izi sizofanana ndi "chitsanzo chaubale");
- kuthekera kopingasa makulitsidwe.
Pakhoza kukhala zofunikira zonse:
- kupezeka kwa chithandizo chamalonda ku Russia;
- gwero lotseguka;
- kupezeka kwa nsanja mu Register ya Unduna wa Telecom ndi Mass Communications;
- kukhalapo kwa nsanja pamlingo wina (mwachitsanzo, pa zana loyamba la db-engines.com rating);
- kukhalapo kwa akatswiri pamsika (mwachitsanzo, kutengera zotsatira zakusaka dzina la nsanja poyambiranso patsamba la hh.ru).
Kupatula apo, pakhoza kukhala zofunikira zabizinesi:
- kupezeka kwa akatswiri pa ogwira ntchito;
- Kugwirizana ndi dongosolo lowunikira X kapena dongosolo losunga zobwezeretsera Y, pomwe chithandizo chonse chimakhazikitsidwa ...
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti pali mndandanda wa njira zodulidwa. Kupanda kutero, padzakhala katswiri wina (kapena "katswiri") yemwe amasangalala ndi chidaliro chapadera kuchokera kwa oyang'anira omwe anganene "chifukwa chiyani simunasankhe nsanja Z, ndikudziwa kuti ndiyabwino kwambiri."
Kuyerekeza mtengo
Mtengo wa yankho mwachiwonekere uli ndi mtengo wa zilolezo, mtengo wa chithandizo ndi mtengo wa zida.
Ngati machitidwewa ali pafupifupi kalasi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, Microsoft SQL Server ndi PostgreSQL), ndiye kuti kuphweka tikhoza kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zothetsera zonsezo zidzakhala zofanana. Izi zikuthandizani kuti musayese zida, potero zimapulumutsa nthawi yambiri komanso khama. Ngati mukuyenera kufananitsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana (kunena, Oracle vs. Redis), ndiye kuti n'zoonekeratu kuti kuunika kolondola ndikofunikira kuchita sizing (kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zida). Kukula kwa dongosolo lomwe kulibeko ndi ntchito yosayamika kwambiri, kotero amayesabe kupewa kufananitsa koteroko. Izi ndizosavuta kuchita: muzowonongeka, kutayika kwa deta ya zero ndi chitsanzo chaubale kumalembedwa, kapena mosiyana - katundu wa 50 zikwi zamalonda pamphindi.
Kuti muyese zilolezo, ndikwanira kufunsa wogulitsa kapena othandizana nawo mtengo wa chilolezo cha chiwerengero chokhazikika cha ma cores ndi chithandizo kwa nthawi yokhazikika. Monga lamulo, makampani ali kale ndi maubwenzi olimba ndi ogulitsa mapulogalamu, ndipo ngati dipatimenti ya ntchito za database silingathe kuyankha funso la mtengo paokha, ndiye kuti kalata imodzi ndiyokwanira kupeza chidziwitso ichi.
Ogulitsa osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala ndi ma metrics osiyanasiyana ovomerezeka: ndi kuchuluka kwa ma cores, voliyumu ya data kapena kuchuluka kwa node. Choyimira choyimilira chingakhale chaulere, kapena chikhoza kupatsidwa chilolezo mofanana ndi chachikulu. Ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse mu ma metrics, muyenera kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwewo ndikuwerengera mtengo wa zilolezo za maimidwewo.
Mfundo yofunikira pakufananitsa kolondola ndizochitika zofanana zothandizira. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo la Oracle limawononga 22% ya mtengo walayisensi pachaka, koma simuyenera kulipira chithandizo cha PostgreSQL. Kodi ndi zolondola kufananiza chonchi? Ayi, chifukwa cholakwa chomwe sichingakonzedwe nokha chimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri: poyamba, akatswiri othandizira adzakuthandizani mwamsanga kukonza, koma kachiwiri, pali chiopsezo chochedwetsa polojekiti kapena nthawi yomaliza. dongosolo kwa nthawi yosadziwika.
Mutha kufananiza mikhalidwe yowerengera m'njira zitatu:
- Gwiritsani ntchito Oracle popanda thandizo (kwenikweni izi sizichitika).
- Gulani chithandizo cha PostgreSQL - mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku Postgres Professional.
- Ganizirani zoopsa zomwe zimadza chifukwa chosowa chithandizo.
Mwachitsanzo, chiΕ΅erengero cha chiwopsezo chikhoza kuwoneka chonchi: pakagwa ngozi yowonongeka, nthawi yochepetsera dongosolo ingakhale tsiku la bizinesi la 1. Phindu loyembekezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito dongosololi ndi 40 biliyoni MNT pachaka, chiwopsezo cha ngozi chikuyembekezeka kukhala 1/400, motero chiwopsezo chosowa chithandizo chikuyerekeza pafupifupi 100 miliyoni MNT pachaka. Mwachiwonekere, "phindu lokonzekera" ndi "mafupipafupi a ngozi" ndizofunika zenizeni, koma ndi bwino kukhala ndi chitsanzo chotero kusiyana ndi kusakhala nacho.
Zoonadi, dongosololi likhoza kukhala lofunika kwambiri kuti mbiri yamtengo wapatali ya nthawi yayitali ikhale yosavomerezeka, choncho chithandizo chidzafunika. Ngati nthawi yopuma ikuloledwa, ndiye kuti kukana thandizo nthawi zina kungakhale njira yabwino yosungira ndalama.
Tiyerekeze kuti pambuyo mawerengedwe onse, mtengo wa opaleshoni nsanja A kwa zaka 5 likukhalira 800 miliyoni MNT, mtengo wa opaleshoni nsanja B ndi 650 miliyoni MNT, ndi mtengo wa opaleshoni nsanja C ndi 600 miliyoni MNT. Platform C, monga wopambana, amalandira mfundo zonse pamtengo, pomwe nsanja A ndi B zimalandira zochepa, molingana ndi kangati zomwe zimakwera mtengo. Pankhaniyi - 0.75 ndi 0.92 mfundo, motero.
Kuwunika kwa mwayi
Kuwunika kwa mwayi kumagawidwa m'magulu ambiri, chiwerengero chake ndi chochepa chabe ndi malingaliro a munthu amene akuyesa. Njira yabwino kwambiri ikuwoneka kuti ndikugawanitsa mphamvuzo m'magulu omwe adzagwiritse ntchito izi; mu chitsanzo chathu, awa ndi opanga, olamulira ndi akuluakulu a chitetezo cha chidziwitso. Tiyerekeze kuti zolemera za ntchitozi zimagawidwa ngati 40:40:20.
Ntchito zachitukuko zikuphatikizapo:
- kumasuka kwa kusintha kwa data;
- makulitsidwe;
- kukhalapo kwa ma index achiwiri.
Mndandanda wa zofunikira, komanso zolemera zawo, ndizokhazikika kwambiri. Ngakhale mutathetsa vuto lomwelo, mindandanda iyi, zolemera za chinthu, ndi mayankho zimasiyana kwambiri kutengera kapangidwe ka gulu lanu. Mwachitsanzo, Facebook imagwiritsa ntchito MySQL kusunga deta, ndipo Instagram imamangidwa pa Cassandra. Nβzokayikitsa kuti okonza mapulogalamuwa anadzaza matebulo otere. Munthu akhoza kungoganiza kuti Mark Zuckerberg anasankha chitsanzo chokwanira chaubale, kulipira ndi kufunikira kwa sharding, pamene Kevin Systrom anamanga makulitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja, kupereka nsembe mosavuta kupeza deta.
Ntchito zoyang'anira zikuphatikizapo:
- luso losunga zobwezeretsera;
- mosavuta kuyang'anira;
- kuwongolera mphamvu - ma disks ndi node;
- kuthekera kobwereza deta.
Chonde dziwani kuti mafunso ayenera kulembedwa mochulukira. Mutha kuvomerezanso momwe mungawunikire ntchito inayake. Tiyeni, mwachitsanzo, tiyese kuyesa zida zosunga zobwezeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha zida zoperekedwa ndi Oracle DBMS:
Chida
ndemanga
kuwunika
imp/exp
Kukweza ndi kukweza deta
0.1
kuyamba/kumaliza zosunga zobwezeretsera
Kukopera mafayilo
0.3
Mtengo RMAN
Kuthekera kowonjezera kukopera
0.7
Mtengo ZDLRA
Kukopera kochulukira kokha, kuchira kofulumira kwambiri kuti muloze
1.0
Ngati palibe njira zowunikira zowunikira, ndizomveka kufunsa akatswiri angapo kuti apereke mavoti ndikuwawerengera.
Pomaliza, timangolemba zolemba zachitetezo chazidziwitso:
- kupezeka kwa ndondomeko zoyendetsera mawu achinsinsi;
- Kutha kulumikiza zida zotsimikizira zakunja (LDAP, Kerberos);
- chitsanzo chofikira;
- luso lowerengera;
- kusungidwa kwa data pa disk;
- kubisa panthawi yotumizira pa intaneti (TLS);
- chitetezo cha data kuchokera kwa woyang'anira.
Kuyesa magwiridwe antchito
Payokha, ndikufuna kuchenjeza kuti musagwiritse ntchito zotsatira za mayeso aliwonse omwe simunapange ngati mikangano.
Choyamba, mawonekedwe a deta ndi mbiri ya mapulogalamu omwe akuyesedwa akhoza kusiyana kwambiri ndi vuto lomwe mukufuna kuthetsa. Pafupifupi zaka 10-15 zapitazo, ogulitsa nkhokwe ankakonda kuwonetsa zotsatira zomwe zapezeka mu mayesero a TPC, koma tsopano, zikuwoneka, palibe amene amalingalira zotsatirazi.
Kachiwiri, magwiridwe antchito amatengera kwambiri papulatifomu yomwe code idalembedwera komanso zida zomwe mayesowo adayesedwa. Ndawona mayeso ambiri pomwe Oracle idafanizidwa ndi PostgreSQL. Zotsatira zimachokera kupamwamba kopanda malire kwa dongosolo limodzi kupita kupamwamba kopanda malire kwa wina.
Ndipo potsiriza, chachitatu, simukudziwa kalikonse za amene anachita mayeso. Ziyeneretso zonsezi ndizofunikira, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wokhazikitsa OS ndi nsanja, komanso zolimbikitsa, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za mayeso kuposa zinthu zina zonse pamodzi.
Ngati magwiridwe antchito ali chinthu chofunikira, dziyeseni nokha, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi anthu omwe angakonze ndikusunga dongosolo lopangira.
chifukwa
Pomaliza, zotsatira za ntchito zonse zomwe zachitika ziyenera kukhala spreadsheet pomwe zowerengera zonse zimaphatikizidwa, kuchulukitsidwa ndi kufupikitsidwa:
Monga mukumvetsetsa, posintha masikelo ndikusintha mavoti mutha kupeza zotsatira zomwe mukufuna, koma ndi nkhani yosiyana kwambiri ...
Source: www.habr.com