Tikulankhula za anthu am'tsogolo omwe amafotokozera tsiku lalikulu lachilengedwe. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa data yachilengedwe yomwe ingasanthulidwe kwachulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kutsatizana kwa ma jini a munthu. Izi zisanachitike, sitinkaganiza n’komwe kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zimene zasungidwa m’magazi athu n’kutheka, kukanakhala kotheka kudziwa kumene tinachokera, kuona mmene thupi limachitira ndi mankhwala enaake, ndiponso kusintha chibadwa chathu.
Izi ndi zolemba zina zimawonekera koyamba patsamba lathu. Sangalalani kuwerenga.
Makhalidwe a bioinformatician wamba ndi ofanana ndi a wopanga mapulogalamu - maso ofiira, kaimidwe kowerama ndi zizindikiro kuchokera ku makapu a khofi pakompyuta. Komabe, patebulo ili ntchito siili pa ma aligorivimu osamveka ndi malamulo, koma pa code ya chilengedwe chokha, chomwe chingatiuze zambiri za ife ndi dziko lotizungulira.
Akatswiri pankhaniyi amalimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa data (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za kusanja matupi a munthu m'modzi zimatenga pafupifupi gigabytes 100). Chifukwa chake, kukonza zidziwitso zambiri zotere kumafuna njira ndi zida za Data Science. Ndizomveka kuti katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo wopambana ayenera kumvetsetsa osati biology ndi chemistry, komanso njira zowunikira deta, ziwerengero ndi masamu - izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yosowa komanso yofunikira. Akatswiri oterowo amafunikira makamaka pankhani zamankhwala opangidwa mwaluso komanso chitukuko chamankhwala. Zimphona zamakono monga IBM ndi Intel , odzipereka ku maphunziro a bioinformatics.
Kodi zimatengera chiyani kuti munthu akhale bioinformatics?
- Biology ndi Chemistry (mulingo wayunivesite);
- Matstat, linear algebra, probability theory;
- Zilankhulo zamapulogalamu (Python ndi R, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito C ++);
- Kwa structural bioinformatics: kumvetsetsa masamu kusanthula ndi chiphunzitso cha kusiyana equations.
Mutha kulowa nawo gawo la bioinformatics ndi mbiri yachilengedwe komanso chidziwitso cha mapulogalamu ndi masamu. Kwa oyamba, kugwira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu opangidwa okonzeka a bioinformatics ndikoyenera, komaliza, mawonekedwe a algorithmic apadera.
Kodi bioinformatics amachita chiyani?
Bioinformatics yamakono imagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu - structural bioinformatics ndi sequence bioinformatics. Poyamba, tikuwona munthu atakhala kutsogolo kwa kompyuta ndikuyendetsa mapulogalamu omwe amathandiza kuphunzira zinthu zamoyo (mwachitsanzo, DNA kapena mapuloteni) muzithunzi za 3D. Amapanga makompyuta omwe amapangitsa kuti athe kulosera momwe molekyu yamankhwala ingagwirizane ndi mapuloteni, momwe mapuloteni amawonekera mu selo, ndi zinthu ziti za molekyulu zomwe zimafotokozera momwe zimakhalira ndi ma cell, etc.
Njira za Structural bioinformatics zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu mu sayansi yamaphunziro ndi mafakitale: ndizovuta kulingalira kampani yopanga mankhwala yomwe ingachite popanda akatswiri otere. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, njira zamakompyuta zafewetsa kwambiri njira yosaka mankhwala omwe angakhalepo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala chikhale chofulumira komanso chotsika mtengo.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-yodalira RNA polymerase (kumanzere), komanso kuyanjana kwake ndi RNA duplex.
Kodi genome ndi chiyani?
Genome ndi chidziwitso chonse chokhudza kapangidwe ka cholowa cha chamoyo. Pafupifupi zamoyo zonse, chonyamulira cha chibadwacho ndi DNA, koma pali zamoyo zomwe zimafalitsa uthenga wawo wobadwa m’njira ya RNA. Ma genome amapatsirana kuchokera kwa makolo kupita kwa ana, ndipo panthawi yopatsirana, zolakwika zotchedwa masinthidwe zimatha kuchitika.
Kuyanjana kwa mankhwala remdesivir ndi RNA-polymerase yodalira RNA ya kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2.
Sequence bioinformatics imachita ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo - kuchokera ku ma nucleotides, DNA ndi majini, kupita ku ma genome athunthu ndi kufananitsa kwawo ndi wina ndi mnzake.
Talingalirani munthu amene akuwona kutsogolo kwake gulu la zilembo za alifabeti (koma osati lamba, koma lachibadwa kapena la amino acid) ndikuyang’anamo mmenemo, kuwafotokozera ndi kuwatsimikizira mwachiŵerengero, pogwiritsa ntchito njira za pakompyuta. Sequence bioinformatics imalongosola kusintha komwe kumayenderana ndi matenda enaake kapena chifukwa chake zinthu zovulaza zimawunjikana m'magazi a wodwala. Kuphatikiza pa zidziwitso zachipatala, ma sequence bioinformatics amaphunzira za kagawidwe ka zamoyo padziko lonse lapansi, kusiyana kwa anthu pakati pa magulu a nyama, ndi maudindo ndi ntchito za majini enaake. Chifukwa cha sayansi iyi, ndizotheka kuyesa mphamvu ya mankhwala ndikuphunzira njira zamoyo zomwe zimafotokozera zochita zawo.
Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa bioinformatics, masinthidwe omwe amatsogolera ku chitukuko cha cystic fibrosis, matenda a monogenic omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa jini la imodzi mwa njira za chloride, adapezeka ndikufotokozedwa. Ndipo tsopano tikudziwa bwino kwambiri yemwe ali wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wamunthu komanso momwe makolo athu adakhazikika padziko lapansi. Komanso, munthu aliyense, powerenga majeremusi ake, amatha kudziwa komwe banja lake limachokera komanso mtundu wake. Ambiri akunja (, ndi Russian (, ) ntchito zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza ntchitoyi pamtengo wotsika (pafupifupi ma ruble 20).
Zotsatira za kusanthula kwa DNA kwa chiyambi ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu kuchokera ku MyHeritage.
Zotsatira za mayeso a DNA kuchokera ku 23andMe.
Kodi genome imawerengedwa bwanji?
Masiku ano, kutsatizana kwa ma genome ndi njira yachizolowezi yomwe ingawononge aliyense pafupifupi ma ruble zikwizikwi (kuphatikiza ku Russia). Kuti muwerenge ma genome anu, muyenera kungopereka magazi kuchokera mumtsempha mu labotale yapadera: mu masabata awiri mudzalandira zotsatira zomaliza ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za chibadwa chanu. Kuphatikiza pa genome yanu, mutha kusanthula ma genomes a matumbo anu a microbiota: muphunzira mawonekedwe a mabakiteriya omwe amakhala m'matumbo anu, komanso kulandira upangiri kuchokera kwa katswiri wazakudya.
Ma genome amatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu tsopano ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "m'badwo wotsatira". Kuti izi zitheke, zitsanzo zachilengedwe ziyenera kupezeka kaye. Selo lililonse la thupi limakhala ndi genome yofanana, choncho nthawi zambiri magazi amatengedwa kuti awerenge ma genome (izi ndizosavuta). Kenako maselowo amathyoka n’kulekanitsa DNA ndi china chilichonse. Kenako, DNA yotulukayo imagawika kukhala tiziduswa tating'ono ting'ono ndipo ma adapter apadera "amasokedwa" pa chilichonse - ma nyukiliotide odziwika bwino opangidwa mwaluso. Kenaka zingwe za DNA zimalekanitsidwa, ndipo zingwe zamtundu umodzi zimamangiriridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma adapter ku mbale yapadera yomwe kutsatizana kumachitika. Panthawi yotsatizana, ma nucleotide owonjezera otchedwa fluorescently amawonjezeredwa ku mndandanda wa DNA. Nucleotide iliyonse yolembedwa, ikalumikizidwa, imatulutsa kuwala kwa utali wina wake, komwe kumajambulidwa pakompyuta. Umu ndi mmene kompyuta imawerengera DNA yachidule yotsatizana, yomwe kenako imasonkhanitsidwa mu genome yoyambirira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera.
Chitsanzo cha deta yomwe amatsatizana a bioinformatics amagwira ntchito ndi: amino acid sequence alignment.
Kodi bioinformatics amagwira ntchito kuti ndipo amapeza ndalama zingati?
Njira ya bioinformatics mwamwambo imagawidwa m'magawo awiri akuluakulu - mafakitale ndi sayansi. Ntchito ngati wasayansi wa bioinformatics nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi malo omaliza maphunziro kusukulu yayikulu. Poyambirira, akatswiri azachipatala amalandira malipiro oyambira kusukulu yawo, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amatenga nawo gawo, komanso kuchuluka kwa mabungwe omwe amalumikizana nawo - malo omwe amalembedwa ntchito. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chiwerengero cha thandizo ndi mayanjano amakula, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo ntchito mu malo maphunziro, bioinformatics mosavuta amalandira malipiro avareji (70-80 zikwi rubles), koma zambiri zimadalira khama ndi khama. Akatswiri odziwa zambiri a bioinformatics amatha kuyendetsa ma lab awoawo m'magawo awo apadera.
Kodi mumaphunzira kuti bioinformatics?
- Moscow State University - Gulu la Bioengineering ndi Bioinformatics
- HSE - Kusanthula kwa Data mu Biology ndi Medicine (pulogalamu ya Master)
- MIPT - Dipatimenti ya Bioinformatics
- Institute of Bioinformatics (NPO)
Mosiyana ndi sukulu, palibe amene amathera nthawi yawo kuphunzitsa wogwira ntchito luso lofunikira, kotero kuti kufika kumeneko kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Ntchito ya bioinformatics mumakampani imasiyana kwambiri kutengera luso lawo komanso komwe ali. Pa avareji, malipiro a ntchito imeneyi amasinthasintha ma ruble zikwizikwi, kutengera zomwe zachitika komanso luso.
Akatswiri odziwika bwino a bioinformatics
Mbiri ya bioinformatics ingayambike kwa Frederick Sanger, wasayansi wachingelezi yemwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 1980 chifukwa chopeza njira yowerengera ma DNA. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, njira zowerengera zotsatizana zakhala zikuyenda bwino chaka chilichonse, koma njira ya "Sanger sequencing" idakhala maziko a kafukufuku wopitilira mderali.
Mwa njira, mapulogalamu ambiri opangidwa ndi asayansi aku Russia tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi - mwachitsanzo, genome assembler. , - St. Petersburg, yopangidwa ku St. Petersburg Institute, imathandiza asayansi ochokera padziko lonse lapansi kusonkhanitsa ma DNA afupiafupi m'magulu akuluakulu kuti apangenso ma genome oyambirira a zamoyo.
Zomwe zatulukira ndi kupindula kwa bioinformatics
Masiku ano, akatswiri a bioinformatics amapeza zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Sizingakhale zosatheka kulingalira zakukula kwa mankhwala a coronavirus popanda kusanthula ma genome ake komanso kusanthula kwa bioinformatics kwazomwe zimachitika panthawi ya matendawa. Mayiko Asayansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma genomics ndi njira zophunzirira zamakina adatha kumvetsetsa zomwe ma coronavirus amafanana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zinapezeka kuti chimodzi mwazinthu izi ndikulimbitsa ma siginecha a nyukiliya (NLS) ya ma virus omwe amapezeka panthawi yachisinthiko. Kafukufukuyu atha kuthandiza kuphunzira mitundu ya ma virus omwe angakhale owopsa kwa anthu m'tsogolomu, ndipo mwina angayambitse chitukuko chamankhwala odziletsa.
Kuonjezera apo, akatswiri a bioinformatics atenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga njira zatsopano zosinthira ma genome, makamaka dongosolo la CRISPR/Cas9 (ukadaulo wozikidwa pa chitetezo chamthupi. ). Chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa bioinformatics pamapangidwe a mapuloteniwa komanso kakulidwe kawo kakusintha, kulondola komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwadongosolo lino kwakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zitheke kusintha mwadala ma genomes a zamoyo zambiri (kuphatikiza anthu).
Mutha kupeza ntchito yomwe mukufuna kuyambira pachiyambi kapena Level Up malinga ndi luso ndi malipiro pochita maphunziro a pa intaneti a SkillFactory:
Maphunziro ambiri
Source: www.habr.com