Ndani akukumbukira Erwise? Viola? Moni? Tiyeni tikumbukire.
Tim Berners-Lee atafika ku CERN, labotale yodziwika bwino yaku Europe ya particle physics, mu 1980, adalembedwa ntchito kuti asinthe machitidwe owongolera a ma particle angapo accelerators. Koma woyambitsa tsamba lamakono lawebusayiti adawona vuto nthawi yomweyo: anthu masauzande ambiri amabwera nthawi zonse ndikupita ku bungwe lofufuza, ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito kwakanthawi.
"Zinali zovuta kuti opanga mapulogalamu ayesetse kumvetsetsa machitidwe, aumunthu komanso owerengera, omwe adayendetsa bwalo labwino kwambiri," adalemba Berners-Lee pambuyo pake. "Zambiri zazidziwitso zovuta zidali m'mitu ya anthu okha."
Chifukwa chake mu nthawi yake yopuma, adalemba mapulogalamu ena kuti athetse vuto ili: pulogalamu yaying'ono yomwe adayitcha kuti Enquire. Zinalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga "node" -masamba ngati makadi odzaza ndi chidziwitso komanso maulalo amasamba ena. Tsoka ilo, izi, zolembedwa ku Pascal, zidayendera pa CERN's proprietary OS. “Anthu ochepa amene anaona pulogalamuyi ankaona kuti ndi yabwino, koma palibe amene anaigwiritsa ntchito. Zotsatira zake, diskiyo idatayika, ndipo nayonso Enquire yoyambirira. ”
Patapita zaka zingapo, Berners-Lee anabwerera ku CERN. Panthawiyi adayambitsanso ntchito yake yapadziko lonse lapansi m'njira yomwe ingawonjezere mwayi wopambana. Pa Ogasiti 6, 1991, adafalitsa kufotokozera za WWW mu gulu la alt.hypertext usenet. Anatulutsanso kachidindo ka laibulale ya libWWW, yomwe adalemba ndi wothandizira wake Jean-François Groff. Laibulaleyi idalola otenga nawo gawo kupanga asakatuli awoawo.
“Ntchito yawo—osakatuli oposa asanu m’miyezi 18—inapulumutsa ntchito yapawebusaiti yomwe inali ndi vuto la ndalama ndipo inayambitsa gulu la anthu okonza mawebusayiti,” anatero chikondwerero chachikumbutso pa Computer History Museum ku Mountain View, California. Odziwika kwambiri mwa asakatuli oyambirira anali a Mose, olembedwa ndi Marc Andreessen ndi Eric Bina a National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Posakhalitsa Mose adakhala Netscape, koma sanali msakatuli woyamba. Mapu omwe adasonkhanitsidwa ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale amapereka lingaliro la kukula kwapadziko lonse kwa polojekiti yoyambirira. Chodabwitsa pa mapulogalamu oyambirirawa ndikuti ali kale ndi zinthu zambiri za asakatuli apambuyo pake. Ndipo apa pali maulendo ochezera a pa intaneti monga momwe analili asanakhale otchuka.
Osakatula ochokera ku CERN
Msakatuli woyamba wa Tim Berners-Lee, WorldWideWeb kuyambira 1990, anali msakatuli komanso mkonzi. Amayembekeza kuti mapulojekiti amtsogolo asakatuli apita mbali iyi. CERN yasonkhanitsa zolembedwa zake. Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa kuti pofika chaka cha 1993 zambiri mwazomwe asakatuli amakono anali nazo kale.
Cholepheretsa chachikulu cha pulogalamuyi chinali chakuti inkayenda pa NEXTSstep OS. Koma patangopita WorldWideWeb, katswiri wa masamu wa CERN, Nicola Pellow, adalemba msakatuli yemwe amatha kuyenda m'malo ena, kuphatikiza maukonde pa UNIX ndi MS-DOS. Mwakutero, “aliyense akanatha kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti,” akufotokoza motero katswiri wa mbiri ya pa Intaneti Bill Stewart, “yomwe panthaŵiyo kwenikweni inali buku la mafoni la CERN.”
Msakatuli woyamba wa CERN, ca. 1990
Mwanzeru
Kenako Erwise anabwera. Linalembedwa ndi ophunzira anayi aku koleji aku Finnish mu 1991, ndipo linatulutsidwa mu 1992. Erwise amaonedwa ngati msakatuli woyamba wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonetsera. Ankadziwanso kufufuza mawu patsamba.
Berners-Lee adawunikiranso Erwise mu 1992. Adawona kuti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafonti osiyanasiyana, kutsitsa maulalo, kukulolani kuti mudulire ulalo kuti mudumphire kumasamba ena, ndikuthandizira mazenera angapo.
"Erwise amawoneka anzeru kwambiri," adalengeza, ngakhale pali chinsinsi pang'ono, "bokosi lachilendo lozungulira mawu amodzi muzolemba, ngati batani kapena mawonekedwe osankhidwa. Ngakhale sali m'modzi kapena winayo - mwina ichi ndichinthu chamtsogolo."
Chifukwa chiyani pulogalamuyo sinayimitsidwe? Poyankhapo pambuyo pake, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Erwise adawona kuti Finland inali pachiwopsezo chambiri panthawiyo. M’dzikoli munalibe ndalama za angelo.
"Panthawiyo, sitikanatha kupanga bizinesi yochokera ku Erwise," adatero. "Njira yokhayo yopezera ndalama inali kupitiliza chitukuko kuti Netscape itigule." Komabe, tikhoza kufika pamlingo wa Mose woyamba ndi ntchito yowonjezereka. Tidayenera kumaliza Erwise ndikuyitulutsa pamapulatifomu angapo. "
Erwise Browser
ViolaWWW
inatulutsidwa mu April 1992. Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Pei-Yuan Wei analemba ku yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha Viola chomwe chikuyenda pansi pa UNIX. Wei sanasewere cello, "zinangochitika chifukwa cha mawu omveka bwino" Visual Interactive Object-oriented Language and Application, monga James Gillies ndi Robert Caillou adalemba m'mbiri yawo ya WWW.
Wei akuwoneka kuti adadzozedwa ndi pulogalamu yoyambirira ya Mac yotchedwa , zomwe zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga matrices kuchokera ku zolemba zojambulidwa ndi ma hyperlink. "Kenako HyperCard inali pulojekiti yosangalatsa kwambiri, yojambula, komanso ma hyperlink awa," adakumbukira pambuyo pake. Komabe, pulogalamuyo "sinali yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo idangogwira ntchito pa Mac. Ndipo ndinalibe Mac yanga. ”
Koma anali ndi mwayi wopita ku UNIX X ku Berkeley Experimental Computing Center. "Ndinali ndi malangizo a HyperCard, ndidaphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingalirowa kuti ndiwagwiritse ntchito pamawindo a X." Pokhapokha, mochititsa chidwi, adawagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Viola.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zatsopano za ViolaWWW chinali chakuti wopanga akhoza kuphatikiza zolemba ndi "maapulo" patsamba. Izi zinkachitira chithunzi funde lalikulu la ma applets a Java omwe adawonekera pamasamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90s.
В Wei adawonanso zolakwika zosiyanasiyana za msakatuli, chachikulu chinali kusowa kwa mtundu wa PC.
- Osatumizidwa ku nsanja ya PC.
- Kusindikiza kwa HTML sikutheka.
- HTTP ndi yosasokoneza komanso yosawerengeka.
- Woyimira mayendedwe sathandizidwa.
- Womasulira chilankhulo sakhala ndi ulusi wambiri.
"Wolembayo akulimbana ndi mavutowa, ndi zina zotero," Wei analemba panthawiyo. Komabe, "msakatuli wabwino kwambiri, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense, wowoneka bwino komanso wowongoka," Berners-Lee adamaliza m'mawu ake. . "Zowonjezera sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 90% ya ogwiritsa ntchito enieni, koma ndizinthu zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi amafunikira."
ViolaWWW Hypermedia Browser
Midas and Samba
Mu September 1991, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Paul Kunz wochokera ku Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) anapita ku CERN. Anabweranso ndi code yofunikira kuti ayendetse seva yoyamba yapaintaneti ya ku North America pa SLAC. "Ndinali ku CERN," Kunz adauza woyang'anira laibulale wamkulu Louis Addis, "ndipo ndidazindikira chinthu chodabwitsa ichi chomwe mnzanga, Tim Berners-Lee, akupanga. Izi ndi zomwe mukufuna pa maziko anu. ”
Addis anavomera. Woyang'anira mabuku wamkulu watumiza kafukufuku wofunikira pa intaneti. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku Fermilab anachitanso chimodzimodzi pambuyo pake.
Kenako m'chilimwe cha 1992, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wochokera ku SLAC analemba Midas, msakatuli wojambula wa akatswiri a sayansi ya Stanford. Zazikulu Chotsika chake chinali chakuti imatha kuwonetsa zikalata mumtundu wa postscript, woyamikiridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kutulutsanso molondola njira zasayansi.
"Ndi zopindulitsa zazikuluzikuluzi, ukonde wayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu," idatero. US Department of Energy Progress SLAC ya 2001.
Pakadali pano, ku CERN, Pellow ndi Robert Caillau adatulutsa msakatuli woyamba pakompyuta ya Macintosh. Gillies ndi Caillau akufotokoza chitukuko cha Samba motere.
Kwa Pellow, kupita patsogolo poyambitsa pulojekiti ya Samba kunali kochedwa chifukwa maulalo ochepa aliwonse amatha kuwonongeka ndipo palibe amene angadziwe chifukwa chake. "Msakatuli wa Mac anali wodzaza ndi nsikidzi," a Tim Berners-Lee adalankhula momvetsa chisoni m'nyuzipepala ya '92. “Ndikupereka T-sheti yolembedwa kuti W3 kwa aliyense amene angaikonze!” - adalengeza. T-sheti idapita ku John Streets ku Fermilab, yemwe adatsata cholakwikacho, ndikulola Nicola Pellow kuti apitilize kupanga mtundu wa Samba.
Samba "kunali kuyesa kuyika msakatuli woyamba womwe ndidalemba pamakina a NEXT papulatifomu ya Mac," Berners-Lee, koma sizinathe mpaka NCSA itatulutsa mtundu wa Mac wa Mose womwe udasokoneza. "
Samba
Mosaic
Olemba mbiri Gillies ndi Caillau akufotokoza motero akatswiri a mbiri yakale, Gillies ndi Caillau, a Mosaic. Koma sizikanatheka kupangidwa popanda omwe adatsogolera, komanso popanda maofesi a NCSA ku yunivesite ya Illinois, omwe ali ndi makina abwino kwambiri a UNIX. NCSA inalinso ndi Dr. Ping Fu, dokotala wazithunzi za makompyuta ndi wizard yemwe ankagwira ntchito pa morphing zotsatira za kanema Terminator 1993. Ndipo posachedwapa adalemba ganyu wothandizira dzina lake Marc Andreessen.
"Mukuganiza bwanji polemba GUI ya msakatuli?" - Fu adalimbikitsa wothandizira wake watsopano. "Browser ndi chiyani?" – Andreessen anafunsa. Koma patatha masiku angapo, m'modzi mwa ogwira ntchito ku NCSA, Dave Thompson, adapereka chidziwitso pa msakatuli woyamba wa Nicola Pellow ndi msakatuli wa Pei Wei wa ViolaWWW. Ndipo zisanachitike, Tony Johnson adatulutsa mtundu woyamba wa Midas.
Pulogalamu yomaliza idadabwitsa Andreessen. “Zodabwitsa! Zodabwitsa! Zodabwitsa! Damn chidwi! - adalembera Johnson. Andreessen adalembetsa katswiri wa NCSA UNIX, Eric Bina, kuti amuthandize kulemba msakatuli wake wa X.
Mosaic ili ndi zinthu zambiri zatsopano zomwe zapangidwira pa intaneti, monga kuthandizira makanema, zomvera, mafomu, ma bookmark, ndi mbiri. "Ndipo chodabwitsa chinali chakuti, mosiyana ndi asakatuli onse oyambirira a X, chirichonse chinali mu fayilo imodzi," Gillies ndi Caillau akufotokoza:
Kukhazikitsa kunali kosavuta - mumangotsitsa ndikuyendetsa. Pambuyo pake Mose adadziwika poyambitsa chizindikirocho , yomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba inalola kuti zithunzi zilowetsedwe mwachindunji m'malemba, m'malo mowonekera pawindo losiyana, monga momwe Tim asakatulira pa NEXT. Izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kupanga masamba awebusayiti kukhala ofanana ndi zosindikizidwa zomwe amazidziwa bwino; Si onse oyambitsa omwe adakonda lingaliroli, koma lidapangitsa Mose kutchuka.
"Zomwe Mark adachita bwino kwambiri, m'malingaliro mwanga," Tim Berners-Lee adalemba pambuyo pake, "ndikupanga kukhazikitsa kosavuta, ndikuthandizira kukonza zolakwika ndi imelo, nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku. Mutha kumutumizira uthenga wokhudza cholakwikacho, ndipo maola angapo pambuyo pake adzakuwongolerani.”
Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Mosaic, monga momwe zilili masiku ano, kunali magwiridwe antchito a nsanja. "Ndi mphamvu zomwe, kwenikweni, palibe amene adandipatsa, ndikulengeza kuti X-Mosaic yatulutsidwa," Andreessen adalemba monyadira m'gulu la www-talk pa Januware 23, 1993. Alex Totik adatulutsa mtundu wake wa Mac miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake. Mtundu wa PC udapangidwa ndi Chris Wilson ndi John Mittelhauser.
Msakatuli wa Mose adakhazikitsidwa pa Viola ndi Midas, monga tawonera pachiwonetsero chamyuziyamu yamakompyuta. Ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito laibulale yochokera ku CERN. "Koma mosiyana ndi ena, inali yodalirika, ngakhale osakhala akatswiri amatha kuyiyika, ndipo posakhalitsa idawonjezera chithandizo chazithunzi zamitundu m'masamba osati mazenera."
Msakatuli wa Mosaic analipo pa X Windows, Mac ndi Microsoft Windows
Mnyamata waku Japan
Koma Mose sichinali chinthu chokhacho chatsopano chomwe chidatulukira panthawiyo. Kansas University wophunzira adasinthira msakatuli wake wazidziwitso za hypertext pa intaneti ndi intaneti. Inayambika mu March 1993. "Lynx mwamsanga inakhala msakatuli wosankhidwa wa ma terminals opanda zithunzi, ndipo akugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero," akufotokoza motero Stewart wolemba mbiri.
Ndipo ku Cornell Law School, Tom Bruce anali akulemba ntchito yapaintaneti yama PC, "chifukwa amenewo anali maloya apakompyuta omwe amagwiritsa ntchito," Gillies ndi Caillau amalemba. Bruce anasindikiza msakatuli wake wa Cello pa June 8, 1993, "ndipo posakhalitsa anali kumasulidwa ka 500 patsiku."
Cello
Patatha miyezi 13, Andreessen anali ku Mountain View, California. Gulu lake likukonzekera kumasula Mosaic Netscape pa Okutobala 1994, XNUMX. Iye, Totik ndi Mittelhauser adakweza pulogalamuyi ku seva ya FTP mokondwera. Wopanga womaliza amakumbukira mphindi ino. "Mphindi zisanu zidadutsa ndipo tonse tinali titakhala pamenepo. Palibe chinachitika. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi kutsitsa koyamba kunachitika. Anali mnyamata waku Japan. Tidalumbira kuti timutumizira T-shirt!
Nkhani yovutayi ikutikumbutsa kuti palibe zatsopano zomwe zimapangidwa ndi munthu mmodzi. Msakatuli adabwera m'miyoyo yathu chifukwa cha owonera padziko lonse lapansi, anthu omwe nthawi zambiri samamvetsetsa zomwe akuchita, koma adalimbikitsidwa ndi chidwi, malingaliro othandiza, kapenanso kufuna kusewera. Mphamvu zawo zanzeru zinathandizira ntchito yonseyo. Monga momwe Tim Berners-Lee akuumiriza kuti ntchitoyi ikhalebe yogwirizana ndipo, koposa zonse, yotseguka.
"Masiku oyambirira a intaneti anali okonda kwambiri bajeti," Iye. Panali zambiri zoti tichite, lawi laling'ono chotero kuti likhalebe ndi moyo.
Source: www.habr.com