Chitsanzo choyamba cha seva yoyendera dzuwa yokhala ndi chowongolera. Chithunzi:
Mu Seputembala 2018, wokonda kuchokera ku Low-tech Magazine . Cholinga chinali kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti solar imodzi ingakhale yokwanira kwa seva yodzipangira yokha kunyumba. Izi sizophweka, chifukwa malowa ayenera kugwira ntchito maola 24 patsiku. Tiyeni tione zimene zinachitika pamapeto pake.
Mutha kupita ku seva , yang'anani momwe magetsi akugwiritsira ntchito komanso mulingo wa batire. Tsambali limakongoletsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zopempha kuchokera patsamba komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ochepa, chifukwa chake liyenera kupirira kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri ochokera ku Habr. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa wopanga, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa mlendo wapadera aliyense ndi 0,021 Wh.
M'bandakucha pa Januware 31, 2020, idatsala ndi batire 42%. Dawn ku Barcelona nthawi ya 8:04 nthawi yakomweko, pambuyo pake magetsi amayenera kutuluka kuchokera ku solar panel.
Chifukwa chiyani?
Zaka khumi zapitazo akatswiri kuti chitukuko cha intaneti chimathandizira ku "dematerialization" ya anthu, digito yapadziko lonse - ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse. Iwo anali olakwa. M'malo mwake, intaneti yokhayo idafuna , ndipo mabuku amenewa akupitiriza kukula.
Makampani a IT ayambitsa njira zosinthira kuzinthu zina zamagetsi, koma izi sizingatheke. Malo onse opangira data amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochulukira katatu kuposa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi dzuwa ndi mphepo padziko lapansi. Choipa kwambiri, kupanga ndi kusinthidwa nthawi zonse kwa mapanelo a dzuwa ndi ma turbine amphepo Choncho, n'zosatheka lerolino kusiya mafuta (mafuta, gasi, uranium). Koma nkhokwezi sizitenga nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake tidzayenera kuganizira za momwe tingakhalire pazinthu zongowonjezera. Kuphatikizira ntchito zamakompyuta, kuphatikiza ma seva.
Magazini ya Low-tech Masamba amatuluka mwachangu kwambiri. Avereji yamasamba adakula kuchokera mu 2010 mpaka 2018 , ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni - kuchokera ku 0,15 MB kufika ku 1,6 MB, kuyerekezera kosungirako.
Kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto (mphamvu yofunikira potumiza chidziwitso cha 1 megabyte), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwamagetsi pa intaneti. Masamba olemera komanso odzaza kwambiri samangowonjezera katundu pamaneti, komanso amafupikitsa "nthawi ya moyo" ya makompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja, omwe amayenera kutayidwa nthawi zambiri ndikupanga zatsopano, zomwe nazonso. .
Ndipo zowonadi, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumapangidwa ndi moyo womwewo: anthu amathera pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse pa intaneti ndipo amadalira kwambiri mautumiki osiyanasiyana a pa intaneti. Ndizovuta kale kuganiza za anthu amakono opanda zida za IT zamtambo (ma social network, amithenga apompopompo, makalata, etc.)
Kukonzekera kwa seva ndi tsamba
Π Kapangidwe ka hardware ndi mapulogalamu ochuluka a seva yapaintaneti akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Single board kompyuta osankhidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso zowonjezera zowonjezera monga chip kasamalidwe ka mphamvu . Zimakupatsani mwayi wopempha ziwerengero pamagetsi apano komanso apano kuchokera pa bolodi ndi batri. Microcircuit imangosintha mphamvu pakati pa batri ndi cholumikizira cha DC, pomwe magetsi amayenda kuchokera ku solar panel. Choncho, mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zopanda mphamvu kwa seva ndi chithandizo cha batri ndizotheka.
Olimex Olinuxin A20 Lime 2
Poyambirira, batire ya lithiamu-polymer yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 6600 mAh (pafupifupi 24 Wh) idasankhidwa ngati batire, kenako batire ya lead-acid yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 84,4 Wh idayikidwa.
Makina ogwiritsira ntchito amayambira ku khadi la SD. Ngakhale Os amatenga zosaposa 1 GB ndi malo malo amodzi ndi za 30 MB, panalibe maganizo zachuma kugula khadi laling'ono kuposa Kalasi 10 16 GB.
Seva imalumikizana ndi intaneti kudzera pa intaneti ya 100Mbps ku Barcelona ndi rauta yokhazikika yogula. Adilesi ya IP yokhazikika yasungidwa. Pafupifupi aliyense atha kukhazikitsa malo oterowo mnyumba yawo; muyenera kusintha pang'ono zoikamo zozimitsa moto kuti mutumize madoko ku IP yakomweko:
Khomo 80 mpaka 80 la HTTP Port 443 mpaka 443 la HTTPS Port 22 mpaka 22 la SSH
opaleshoni dongosolo kutengera kugawa kwa Debian ndi kernel , yomwe idapangidwira matabwa amodzi okhala ndi tchipisi ta AllWinner.
Solar panel ya 50-watt ya seva yapaintaneti ndi solar solar ya 10-watt yowunikira pabalaza m'nyumba ya wolemba
Malo osasunthika opangidwa ndi dongosolo (wopanga tsamba ku Python). Masamba osasunthika amadzaza mwachangu ndipo amakhala ndi ma CPU ochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndiwopatsa mphamvu zambiri kuposa masamba opangidwa mwaluso. Onani gwero lachidziwitso chamutuwu. .
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi kukanikiza kwa zithunzi, popeza popanda kukhathamiritsa kumeneku ndizosatheka kupanga masamba ang'onoang'ono kuposa 1 megabyte. Kuti kukhathamiritsa, adaganiza zosintha zithunzizo kukhala zithunzi za halftone. Mwachitsanzo, apa pali chithunzi cha akazi ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni pa switchboard m'zaka zapitazi, .
Ndipo apa pali chithunzi chokongoletsedwa cha grayscale kukula kwake ndi mitundu itatu (yakuda, yoyera, imvi). Chifukwa cha chinyengo cha kuwala, zikuwoneka kwa wowonera kuti pali mitundu yoposa itatu.
Zithunzi za halftone sizinasankhidwe kuti akwaniritse kukula kwake (chigamulo chokayikitsa), komanso chifukwa chokongoletsa. Njira yakale iyi yopangira zithunzi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena, kotero tsambalo lili ndi mawonekedwe apadera.
Pambuyo pa kukhathamiritsa, mafanizo 623 pa tsamba la Low-tech Magazine adatsika kukula kuchokera ku 194,2 MB mpaka 21,3 MB, ndiko kuti, ndi 89%.
Zolemba zakale zonse zidasinthidwa kukhala Markdown kuti mulembe zolemba zatsopano mosavuta, komanso kuti zisungidwe mosavuta. . Zolemba zonse ndi trackers, komanso ma logo, adachotsedwa patsambalo. Fonti yokhazikika mumsakatuli wa kasitomala imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Monga βchizindikiroβ - dzina la magaziniyo ndi zilembo zazikulu ndi muvi kumanzere: LOWβTECH MAGAZINE. Ma byte 16 okha m'malo mwa chithunzi.
Pakakhala nthawi yopuma, kuthekera kwa "kuwerenga popanda intaneti" kwakonzedwa: zolemba ndi zithunzi zimatumizidwa ku RSS feed. Kusunga zopezeka 100% kumayatsidwa, kuphatikiza HTML.
Kukhathamiritsa kwina ndikupangitsa makonda a HTTP2 mu nginx, omwe amachepetsa pang'ono kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndikuchepetsa nthawi yotsegula masamba poyerekeza ndi HTTP/1.1. Gomelo likufanizira zotsatira zamasamba asanu osiyanasiyana.
| | | | FP | IWE | HS | FW | CW | |----------|--------------------------------------- -| | | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | | HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | | Zithunzi | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | | ndalama | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Kukonzekera kwathunthu kwa nginx:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Zotsatira za miyezi 15 ya ntchito
Kwa nthawi kuyambira Disembala 12, 2018 mpaka Novembara 28, 2019, seva idawonetsa . Izi zikutanthauza kuti chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa nthawi yopuma ya chaka inali maola 399.
Koma ngati simukuganizira miyezi iwiri yapitayi, nthawi yowonjezera inali 98,2%, ndipo nthawi yopuma inali maola 152 okha, olembawo amalemba. Uptime idatsika mpaka 80% m'miyezi iwiri yapitayi pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kudakwera chifukwa chakusintha kwa mapulogalamu. Usiku uliwonse malowo adatsika kwa maola angapo.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mchaka (kuyambira pa Disembala 3, 2018 mpaka Novembara 24, 2019), kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwa seva kunali 9,53 kWh. Kutayika kwakukulu mu dongosolo la photovoltaic chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa magetsi ndi kutuluka kwa batri kwalembedwa. Wowongolera dzuwa adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito 18,10 kWh pachaka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magwiridwe antchito ndi pafupifupi 50%.
Chithunzi chosavuta. Simawonetsa chosinthira voteji kuchokera ku 12 mpaka 5 volts ndi batire ya ola la ola mita.
Panthawi yophunzira, alendo apadera a 865 adayendera malowa. Kuphatikizira kutaya mphamvu zonse pakuyika kwa dzuwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa mlendo aliyense wapadera kunali 000 Wh. Choncho, ola limodzi la kilowatt la mphamvu ya dzuwa lopangidwa ndi lokwanira kuti litumikire alendo pafupifupi 0,021.
Panthawi yoyesera, ma solar panels amitundu yosiyanasiyana adayesedwa. Gome likuwonetsa kuwerengera kwa nthawi yomwe zidzatenge kuti muzitha kulipiritsa mabatire amitundu yosiyanasiyana mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma solar amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Avereji yamphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito seva yapaintaneti mchaka choyamba, kuphatikiza kutayika konse kwa mphamvu, inali 1,97 Watts. Kuwerengera kukuwonetsa kuti kuyendetsa tsamba lawebusayiti usiku waufupi kwambiri pachaka (maola 8 mphindi 50, Juni 21) kumafuna mphamvu yosungira 17,40 watt, ndipo usiku wautali kwambiri (maola 14 mphindi 49, Disembala 21) muyenera 29,19. .XNUMX Ndi.
Popeza mabatire a lead-acid sayenera kutsika pansi pa theka la mphamvu, seva imafuna batire ya 60 Wh kuti ipulumuke usiku wautali kwambiri ndi kuwala koyenera masana (2x29,19 Wh). Kwa zaka zambiri, makinawa ankagwira ntchito ndi batire ya 86,4 Wh ndi solar panel ya 50-watt, ndiyeno 95-98% yowonjezera yomwe tatchulayi inakwaniritsidwa.
Uptime 100%
Kwa 100% uptime, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera mphamvu ya batri. Kulipira tsiku limodzi la nyengo yoipa kwambiri (popanda mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu), maola 47,28 watt (maola 24 Γ 1,97 Watts) osungira amafunika.
Kuyambira pa Disembala 1, 2019 mpaka Januware 12, 2020, batire ya 168-watt idayikidwa mu makina, yomwe imatha kusunga maola 84 watt. Izi ndizosungirako zokwanira kuti tsambalo liziyenda kwa mausiku awiri ndi tsiku limodzi. Masinthidwewo adayesedwa nthawi yamdima kwambiri pachaka, koma nyengo inali yabwino ndithu - ndipo pa nthawi yomwe idatchulidwa nthawiyo inali 100%.
Koma kuti mutsimikize 100% nthawi yowonjezera kwa zaka zingapo, mudzayenera kupereka zovuta kwambiri, nyengo yoipa ikapitilira masiku angapo. Kuwerengera kumasonyeza kuti kusunga malo pa intaneti kwa masiku anayi ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena zopanda mphamvu, mungafunike batri ya asidi ya lead yokhala ndi mphamvu ya maola 440, yomwe ndi kukula kwa batire ya galimoto.
Pochita, mu nyengo yabwino, batire ya 48 Wh lead-acid imasunga seva kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembala. Batire ya 24 Wh idzakhala ndi seva kwa maola ambiri a 6, kutanthauza kuti idzatseka usiku uliwonse, ngakhale nthawi zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mwezi.
Mwambiri, masamba ena safunikira kugwira ntchito usiku, pomwe alendo ali ochepa, akuti anyamata ochokera ku Low-tech Magazine. Mwachitsanzo, ngati izi ndi zofalitsa za mzindawo, kumene alendo ochokera kumadera ena samabwera, koma okhalamo okha.
Ndiko kuti, pamasamba omwe ali ndi magalimoto osiyanasiyana komanso nthawi yotalikirapo, mabatire amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ma solar amitundu yosiyanasiyana amafunikira.
Wolembayo amawerengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kupanga mapanelo adzuwa okha (mphamvu zophatikizidwa) ndi kuchuluka kwa momwe zimakhalira ngati mutagawa ndalamazi ndi moyo wautumiki womwe ukuyembekezeka kwa zaka 10.
Mwanjira imeneyi, ndizotheka kuwerengera zofanana ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo. Magazini yotchedwa Low-tech Magazine inapeza kuti m'chaka choyamba chogwira ntchito, makina awo (50 W panel, 86,4 Wh betri) "adapanga" pafupifupi 9 kg ya mpweya, kapena zofanana ndi kutentha kwa malita 3 a petulo: pafupifupi mofanana ndi 50- wazaka zakubadwa galimoto yonyamula km kuyenda.
Ngati seva imayendetsedwa osati kuchokera ku mapanelo a dzuwa, koma kuchokera ku gridi yamagetsi, ndiye kuti mpweya wofananawo ukuwoneka kuti ndi wocheperapo kasanu ndi kamodzi: 1,54 kg (m'gawo lamphamvu la Spain pali gawo lalikulu la magetsi ena ndi magetsi a nyukiliya). Koma izi si kuyerekezera kolondola kwathunthu, wolemba akulemba, chifukwa amaganizira ophatikizidwa mphamvu ya zomangamanga dzuwa, koma saganizira chizindikiro ichi kwa maukonde wonse mphamvu, ndiko kuti, mtengo wa zomangamanga ndi thandizo. .
Zowonjezera zina
M'nthawi yapitayi, kukhathamiritsa zingapo kwachitika zomwe zachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa seva. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ina wopanga adawona kuti 6,63 TB ya 11,15 TB yonse yamagalimoto idapangidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kolakwika kwa RSS komwe kumakoka zomwe zili mphindi zochepa zilizonse. Pambuyo pokonza cholakwikachi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa seva (kupatula kutayika kwa mphamvu) kudatsika kuchokera pa 1,14 W mpaka pafupifupi 0,95 W. Kupindula kungawoneke ngati kochepa, koma kusiyana kwa 0,19 W kumatanthauza maola 4,56 watt pa tsiku, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi maola oposa 2,5 a moyo wa batri kwa seva.
M'chaka choyamba, kuchita bwino kunali 50%. Kutayika kunkawoneka poyitanitsa ndi kutulutsa batire (22%), komanso potembenuza magetsi kuchokera ku 12 V (solar PV system) kupita ku 5 V (USB), komwe kutayika kunali mpaka 28%. Wopanga mapulogalamu amavomereza kuti ali ndi chosinthira chamagetsi chocheperako (chowongolera popanda USB yomangidwa), kotero mutha kuwongolera mfundoyi kapena kusinthana ndi kukhazikitsa kwa dzuwa kwa 5V.
Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zosungirako mphamvu, mabatire a lead-acid amatha kusinthidwa ndi mabatire okwera mtengo a lithiamu-ion, omwe ali ndi zotsika zotsika / zotayika (<10%). Tsopano wopanga akuganiza zophatikizika (CAES), yomwe imakhala ndi moyo wazaka makumi ambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali mpweya wochepa wa carbon pakupanga kwake.
Compact wothinikizidwa mpweya mphamvu accumulator,
Kuyika makina opangira magetsi owonjezera akuganiziridwa (atha kukhala ) ndi kukhazikitsa solar tracker kuti atembenuzire mapanelo kudzuwa. Tracker imakulolani kuti muwonjezere kupanga magetsi ndi 30%.
Njira ina yowonjezerera magwiridwe antchito adongosolo ndikukulitsa. Kwezani mawebusayiti ambiri pa seva ndikuyambitsa ma seva ambiri. Ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa malo kudzachepa.
Solar Hosting Company. Chitsanzo: Diego Marmolejo
Ngati mutaphimba khonde lanu lonse ndi ma solar ndikutsegula kampani yochitira webusayiti ya solar, mtengo wa kasitomala aliyense udzakhala wotsika kwambiri kuposa tsamba limodzi: chuma chambiri.
Ponseponse, kuyesaku kukuwonetsa kuti, potengera malire ena, ndizotheka kuti zida zamakompyuta ziziyenda pamagetsi ongowonjezwdwa.
Mwachidziwitso, seva yotere imatha kuchita popanda batire ngati ikuwonetsedwa kumadera ena adziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ikani magalasi ku New Zealand ndi Chile. Pali mapanelo adzuwa azigwira ntchito ikafika usiku ku Barcelona.
Source: www.habr.com