Chifukwa chiyani cryptography? Ineyo ndili ndi chidziwitso chachiphamaso pa izi. Inde, ndinawerenga ntchito yapamwamba , koma kalekale; Inde, ndimamvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ma symmetric ndi asymmetric encryption, ndimamvetsetsa zomwe ma elliptic curves ali, koma ndi momwemo. Kuphatikiza apo, malaibulale omwe alipo kale, okhala ndi chizolowezi chawo chophatikiza dzina lonse la algorithm m'dzina la ntchito iliyonse ndi gulu la oyambitsa omwe atuluka, zimandipatsa chidwi choyipa ngati wopanga mapulogalamu.
Nanga nβcifukwa ciani? Mwina chifukwa powerenga zofalitsa zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zachitetezo cha data, zinsinsi, ndi zina zambiri, ndimamva ngati tikukumba kwinakwake pamalo olakwika, kapena makamaka, tikuyesera kuthana ndi zovuta zamagulu mothandizidwa ndiukadaulo. njira (cryptography). Tilankhule za izi, sindikulonjeza zotulukira zatsopano, komanso malingaliro okhazikika, malingaliro opanda pake ndi awa: osagwira ntchito.
Mbiriyakale pang'ono, pang'ono pokha
Mu 1976, dziko la United States lidatengera mulingo wa feduro wama symmetric encryption algorithms - DES. Inali njira yoyamba yapagulu komanso yokhazikika ya cryptographic algorithm yomwe idapangidwa poyankha zofuna zabizinesi zomwe zikukula pakutetezedwa kwa data.
Ndevu chidwi
Algorithm idasindikizidwa molakwika. Zinakonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa hardware ndipo zinkaonedwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zosagwira ntchito kuti zitheke kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu. Komabe, Lamulo la Moore mwamsanga linaika zonse mβmalo mwake.
Zingawonekere - mapeto a nkhaniyi, atenge, encrypt, decrypt, ngati n'koyenera, kuwonjezera kutalika kwa fungulo. Mwina mukudziwa motsimikiza kuti Achimereka anasiya zikhomo mmenemo, ndiye pali analogue Russian kwa inu - , zomwe mwina simumakhulupirira ngakhale pang'ono. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito zonse ziwiri, imodzi pamwamba pa inzake. Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti a FBI ndi FSB adalumikizana chifukwa cha inu ndikusinthanitsa ma bookmark awo, ndiye kuti ndili ndi uthenga wabwino kwa inu - simuli wodabwitsa, muli ndi chinyengo cha ukulu.
Kodi symmetric encryption imagwira ntchito bwanji? Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali amadziwa kiyi yomweyo, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mawu achinsinsi, ndipo zomwe zasungidwa nazo zimathanso kusindikizidwa nazo. Chiwembuchi chimagwira ntchito bwino kwa akazitape, koma sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti yamakono, chifukwa funguloli liyenera kuperekedwa kwa aliyense wa interlocutors pasadakhale. Kwa nthawi ndithu, pamene makampani ochepa adateteza deta yawo polankhulana ndi mnzanu yemwe amadziwika kale, vutoli linathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi otumiza makalata ndi makalata otetezeka, koma intaneti inafalikira ndipo inafika pa chithunzi.
Asymmetric cryptography
pomwe pali makiyi awiri: anthu onse, zomwe sizisungidwa mwachinsinsi ndipo zimaperekedwa kwa aliyense; Ndipo payekha, chimene mwini wake yekha ndi amene amadziwa. Zomwe zimabisidwa ndi kiyi yapagulu zitha kusinthidwa ndichinsinsi, komanso mosemphanitsa. Chifukwa chake, aliyense atha kudziwa kiyi yapagulu ya wolandila ndikumutumizira uthenga, wolandila yekha ndiye angawerenge. Zikuwoneka kuti vutoli lathetsedwa?
koma intaneti sikugwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyo, vuto limabwera mwamphamvu kutsimikizika makamaka, kutsimikizika koyamba, ndipo mβlingaliro lina vuto losiyana kusadziwika. Mwachidule, kodi ndingatsimikizire bwanji kuti munthu amene ndikulankhula naye ndiyedi amene ndinkafuna kulankhula naye? ndipo makiyi a anthu onse amene ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndi a munthu amene ndimalankhula naye? Makamaka ngati aka ndi nthawi yanga yoyamba kulankhula naye? Nanga mungatani kuti mulimbikitse mnzanuyo kuti asadziwike? Kale pano, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mukhoza kuona kutsutsana kwamkati.
Tiyeni tiwone momwe zimakhalira pakati pa omwe akutenga nawo mbali zomwe zilipo komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita:
- seva - seva (kapena bizinesi - bizinesi, m'nkhaniyi ndi chinthu chomwecho): iyi ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yachikale, yomwe symmetric cryptography ndi yokwanira, ophunzira amadziwa zonse za wina ndi mzake, kuphatikizapo ochezera a pa intaneti. Komabe, chonde dziwani kuti sitikulankhula za kusadziwika kulikonse pano, ndipo chiwerengero cha omwe atenga nawo mbali ndi awiri okha. Izi ndiye kuti, iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizirana yocheperako ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndiyopanda ntchito.
- seva - osadziwika (kapena bizinesi - kasitomala): pali asymmetry apa, yomwe imathandizidwa bwino ndi asymmetric cryptography. Mfundo yofunika apa ndikusowa kwa chitsimikizo cha kasitomala; seva sichisamala kuti ndi ndani kwenikweni amasinthanitsa deta; ngati pakufunika mwadzidzidzi, seva imayendetsa kutsimikizika kwachiwiri pogwiritsa ntchito mawu achinsinsi omwe adagwirizana kale, ndiyeno zonse zimatsikira pazomwe zidachitika kale. Kumbali ina, kasitomala zofunika kwambiri kutsimikizika kwa seva, akufuna kutsimikiza kuti deta yake ifika ndendende kwa munthu yemwe adamutumizira, mbali iyi pochita imachokera ku dongosolo la satifiketi. Nthawi zambiri, chiwembuchi chimakhala chosavuta komanso chowonekera bwino ndi https: // protocol, koma mfundo zingapo zosangalatsa zimawuka pamzere wa cryptography ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
- khulupirirani seva: ngakhale nditatumiza zidziwitso kumpoto m'njira yotetezeka, mwaukadaulo akunja atha kuzipeza kumeneko. Vutoli silingathe kubisala, koma ndikufunsani kuti mukumbukire mfundo iyi, ibwera pambuyo pake.
- kudalira satifiketi ya seva: utsogoleri wa satifiketi umachokera ku mfundo yakuti pali zina mizu satifiketi yoyenera mtheradi kudalira. Mwaukadaulo, wowukira yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira [chonde lingalirani mawu otsutsa ngati mawu aukadaulo, osati miseche kapena chipongwe ku boma lomwe lilipo] angalowe m'malo mwa chiphaso chotsikirapo chilichonse, koma zimaganiziridwa kuti zotsimikizira zimafunikira aliyense. mofanana, i.e. wotsimikizira uyu adzachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndipo ziphaso zake zonse zidzachotsedwa. Kotero ziri choncho, komabe zindikirani kuti dongosololi silinakhazikitsidwe pa njira zamakono, koma pamtundu wina wa mgwirizano wa anthu. Mwa njira, za kutenthaMonga gawo la chiwonongeko cha tsiku lachiwonongeko cha RuNet, kodi pali wina amene wasanthula kuthekera kwa chikalata cha mizu yaku Russia ndi zotsatira zake? Ngati wina wawerenga / kulemba pamutuwu, nditumizireni maulalo, ndiwonjezera, ndikuganiza kuti mutuwo ndi wosangalatsa.
- kusadziwikiratu kusadziwika pa seva: komanso nkhani yowawa, ngakhale seva ilibe kulembetsa / kutsimikizika, pali njira zambiri zosonkhanitsira zambiri za kasitomalayo ndikumuzindikira. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti muzu wa vutoli uli mu http: // protocol yomwe ilipo ndi ena onga iwo, omwe, monga momwe amayembekezera, sakanatha kudziwiratu mkwiyo wotero; ndi kuti zingatheke kupanga ndondomeko yofanana popanda punctures izi. Komabe, izi zimasemphana ndi njira zonse zopangira ndalama zomwe zilipo kale ndipo ndizokayikitsa. Ndikudabwabe, pali wina yemwe adayesapo?
- osadziwika - osadziwika: anthu awiri amakumana pa intaneti, (njira - adangokumana), (njira - osati ziwiri koma zikwi ziwiri), ndipo akufuna kukambirana za zinthu zawo, koma m'njira yakuti Big Brother sanamve (chosankha: amayi sanapeze, aliyense ali ndi zofunikira zake). Mutha kumva zamanyazi m'mawu anga, koma ndichifukwa ndizomwe zili. Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito mawu a Schneier pavutoli (ma aligorivimu aliwonse akhoza kusweka ngati chuma chokwanira chayikidwa, ndiye kuti, ndalama ndi nthawi). Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kulowa mu gulu loterolo mwa njira zamagulu sikuyimira vuto lililonse, osatchulapo ndalama, ndiko kuti, mphamvu ya cryptographic ya algorithm. ziro ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri zolembera.
Komabe, pankhaniyi tili ndi bastion yachiwiri - kusadziwika, ndipo timaika ziyembekezo zathu zonse pa iye, ngakhale kuti aliyense amatidziwa, koma palibe amene angatipeze. Komabe, ndi njira zamakono zotetezera, kodi mukuganiza kuti muli ndi mwayi? Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti tsopano ndikungonena za kusadziwika; zikuwoneka kuti tathetsa kale chitetezo cha data. Kuti timveke bwino, tiyeni tivomereze kuti ngati dzina lanu lidziwika kapena adilesi yakunyumba kapena Adilesi ya IP, kulembetsa kwalephera kwathunthu.
Ponena za ip, apa ndipamene zomwe zili pamwambazi zimagwira ntchito khulupirirani seva, amadziwa IP yanu mosakayikira. Ndipo apa zonse zikutsutsana ndi inu - kuchokera ku chidwi chosavuta chaumunthu ndi zachabechabe, mpaka ndondomeko zamakampani ndi ndalama zomwezo. Ingokumbukirani kuti VPS ndi VPN nawonso ndi maseva; kwa okhulupirira ma cryptography, mawu achidule awa alibe ntchito; Inde, ndipo ulamuliro wa seva sumagwira ntchito ngati pakufunika kufunikira kwakukulu. Izi zikuphatikizanso kubisa-kumapeto - kumveka bwino komanso kolimba, koma seva iyenerabe kunena mawu ake.
Kodi ntchito ya seva mu mesenjala wotere ndi yotani? Choyamba, ndizovuta kuti wotumiza positi, ngati wolandirayo palibe kunyumba, abwerenso pambuyo pake. Komanso, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, iyi ndiye malo osonkhanira, simungathe kutumiza kalatayo mwachindunji kwa wolandirayo, mumayitumiza ku seva kuti itumizidwenso. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, seva imayendetsa kutsimikizika kofunikira, kutsimikizira kwa aliyense kuti ndinu inu, ndi kwa inu - kuti interlocutor wanu kwenikweni amene mukufuna. Ndipo amachita izi pogwiritsa ntchito foni yanu.
Kodi simukuganiza kuti mtumiki wanu akudziwa zambiri za inu? Ayi, ayi, ndithudi timamukhulupirira (ndipo mwa njira, foni yathu nthawi yomweyo, hmm), koma olemba ma cryptographers amatitsimikizira kuti izi ndizopanda pake, kuti sitingathe kukhulupirira aliyense.
Osakhutitsidwa? Koma palinso uinjiniya womwewo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ngati muli ndi otsogolera zana mu gulu, muyenera kungoganiza kuti 50% ya iwo ndi adani, 49% mwina ndi opanda pake, opusa, kapena osasamala. Ndipo gawo limodzi lotsala, ngakhale mutakhala amphamvu bwanji mu njira zotetezera zidziwitso, simungathe kukana katswiri wama psychologist pamacheza.
Njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ikuwoneka ngati yotayika pakati pa mamiliyoni a magulu ofanana, koma izi sizilinso za ife, komanso za akazitape ena omwe safuna kutchuka pa intaneti kapena kupanga ndalama.
Chabwino, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mwanjira ina ndinatsimikizira (ayi, sindinatsimikizire, ndinangotsimikizira) malingaliro anga okhwima okhudza chitetezo cha deta mu chitsanzo chamakono cha anthu. Zotsatira zake ndizosavuta koma zomvetsa chisoni - sitiyenera kudalira thandizo lochulukirapo kuchokera ku encryption ya data kuposa momwe tilili kale, cryptography yachita zonse zomwe ingathe, ndipo yachita bwino, koma chitsanzo chathu cha intaneti chimatsutsana kwathunthu ndi chikhumbo chathu chachinsinsi ndipo chimalepheretsa zoyesayesa zathu zonse. . M'malo mwake, sindine wopanda chiyembekezo ndipo ndikufuna kunena zina zowala tsopano, koma sindikudziwa.
Yesani kuyang'ana mu gawo lotsatira, koma ndikuchenjezani - pali zongopeka zosagwirizana ndi sayansi, koma zitha kutsimikizira wina, komanso kungoseketsa wina.
Kodi ndizotheka kuchita chilichonse?
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za mutuwu, makamaka pomasula malingaliro anu ndikutaya tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge nthawi tiyeni tipereke nsembe kusadziwika, ngakhale zitakhala zoopsa bwanji. Lolani aliyense apatsidwe kiyi yapadera yapagulu kuyambira kubadwa, ndi kiyi yachinsinsi yofananira, inde. Palibe chifukwa chondikuwa ndikupondaponda mapazi anu, dziko labwino izi ndizothandiza kwambiri - apa muli ndi pasipoti yanu, nambala yozindikiritsa msonkho, komanso nambala yafoni mu botolo limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati muwonjezera satifiketi yapayekha pa izi, mumapeza chotsimikizira / kulowa; komanso m'thumba notary ndi kuthekera kutsimikizira zikalata zilizonse. Mutha kupangitsa kuti dongosololi likhale lamitundu yambiri - makiyi a anthu onse ndi satifiketi zomwe zimapezeka poyera, kwa anzanu (mndandanda wa makiyi omwe aphatikizidwa pano) mutha kupanga foni yanu kuti ipezeke ndi zina zomwe amadalira abwenzi, pangakhale zozama kwambiri. milingo, koma izi zikutanthauza kale kudalira kosayenera mu seva.
Ndi chiwembu ichi, zinsinsi za zidziwitso zofalitsidwa zimatheka zokha (ngakhale Komano, bwanji, m'dziko labwino?), Alice amalemba zina kwa Bob, koma palibe amene angawerenge kupatula Bob yekha. Amithenga onse amangolandira kubisa-kumapeto, udindo wawo umachepetsedwa kukhala mabokosi a makalata ndipo, kwenikweni, sipangakhale madandaulo pa zomwe zili. Ndipo ma seva omwewo amakhala osinthika, mutha kutumiza kudzera m'modzi, kapena kudzera mumzake, kapenanso kudzera pamaseva ambiri, ngati imelo. Mutha kutumizanso mwachindunji kwa wolandila ngati IP yake imadziwika, osalumikizana ndi amkhalapakati aliwonse. Si zabwino zimenezo? Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti sitiyenera kukhala mu nthawi yabwinoyi - osati ine kapena inu. Nn-inde, ndikulankhulanso za zinthu zomvetsa chisoni.
Kenako, mungasunge kuti zonsezi? Chabwino, kuchokera pamwamba pa mutu wanga, pangani dongosolo lotseguka la hierarchical, chinachake ngati DNS yamakono, yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yowonjezereka. Kuti musalemeretse olamulira a DNS ndi zowonjezera ndi zosintha, mutha kulembetsa kwaulere, cheke chokhacho chofunikira ndi chapadera. Monga >> " Moni, ndife anthu asanu, banja la Ivanov. Nawa mayina athu / mayina athu, nawa makiyi apagulu. Ngati wina afunsa, chonde titumizireni. Ndipo apa pali mndandanda wa agogo zana limodzi ndi mazana asanu ochokera kudera lathu ndi makiyi awo, ngati afunsidwa, titumizireninso kwa ife.Β«
Mukungoyenera kupanga kukhazikitsa ndikusintha kwa seva yanyumba yotereyi kukhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta, kuti aliyense azitha kudziwa ngati akufuna, palibe amene angatsegulenso ma seva aboma.
Imani!, koma boma likuchitapo chiyani pamenepo?
Koma tsopano mutha kubwezeretsa mosamala kusadziwika. Ngati wina atha kudzipangira yekha kiyi ndikutsimikizira ndi chiphaso cha munthu payekha ndikudziyikira yekha seva yotsika ya CA, kapena kufunsa mnansi, kapena seva yapagulu, chifukwa chiyani boma likufunika? Ndiyeno palibe chifukwa chokhalira munthu weniweni, chinsinsi chonse, chitetezo ndi kusadziwika. Ndikokwanira kuti kumayambiriro kwa utsogoleri pali wina wodalirika, chabwino, timakhulupirira TM kapena Let's Encrypt, ndi DNS zodziwika bwino za anthu sizinatumize aliyense ku steppe. Zikuwoneka kuti sipayenera kukhala madandaulo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma, ndiko kuti, ndithudi padzakhala madandaulo, koma ndi cholinga chotani?
Mwina tsiku lina dongosolo loterolo, kapena china chofananacho, chidzapangidwa. Ndipo zowonadi, tilibe wina woti tidalire koma tokha; palibe mayiko omwe ndikudziwa angapange dongosolo lotere. Mwamwayi, Telegalamu yomwe ilipo kale, i2p, Tor, ndipo mwina munthu wina yemwe ndamuyiwala, akuwonetsa kuti palibe chomwe sichingachitike. Iyi ndi intaneti yathu, ndipo tiyenera kuyikonzekeretsa ngati sitikukhutira ndi momwe zinthu zilili pano.
Brrr, ndinamaliza mwangozi mawu omvetsa chisoni. M'malo mwake, sindimakonda izi, mwanjira ina ndimakonda mawu achipongwe.
PS: izi ndizo zonse, ndithudi, pinki snot ndi maloto a atsikana
PPS: koma ngati mwadzidzidzi wina aganiza zoyesera, ndisungireni dzina langa chonde, ndazolowera
PPPS: ndipo kukhazikitsa kumawoneka kosavuta mwa njira
Source: www.habr.com