"Palibe malo oti apititse patsogolo ukadaulo wa ma radio frequency. Mayankho osavuta atha"
Pa Novembara 26, 2018 nthawi ya 22:53 ku Moscow, NASA idateronso - kafukufuku wa InSight adafika pamtunda wa Mars atalowa mumlengalenga, kutsika ndi kutsetsereka, komwe adabatizidwa pambuyo pake ngati "mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi theka za mantha. .” Kufotokozera koyenera, popeza mainjiniya a NASA sanathe kudziwa nthawi yomweyo ngati kafukufuku wam'mlengalenga adafika bwino padziko lapansi chifukwa chakuchedwa kwa kulumikizana kwa mphindi pafupifupi 8,1 pakati pa Earth ndi Mars. Pazenerali, InSight sikanadalira tinyanga zake zamakono komanso zamphamvu - chilichonse chimadalira mauthenga akale a UHF (njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kalekale kuyambira pa wailesi yakanema ndi ma walkie-talkies mpaka zida za Bluetooh).
Zotsatira zake, zidziwitso zodziwika bwino za InSight zidatumizidwa pa mafunde a wailesi ndi ma frequency a 401,586 MHz mpaka ma satellites awiri -, WALL-E ndi EVE, yomwe idatumiza deta pa 8 Kbps mpaka 70-mita antennas yomwe ili pa Dziko Lapansi. Ma cubeswa adakhazikitsidwa pa roketi yomweyo ya InSight, ndipo adayiperekeza paulendo wake wopita ku Mars kuti akawone kutsetsereka ndikutumiza deta kunyumba. Ozungulira Mars ena, mwachitsanzo. (MRS), anali m'malo ovuta ndipo poyamba sankatha kugawana mauthenga ndi wobwereketsa mu nthawi yeniyeni. Osanena kuti kutsetsereka konse kumadalira ma CubeSats awiri oyesera kukula kwa sutikesi, koma MRS imatha kutumiza deta kuchokera ku InSight pakangodikirira kwakanthawi.
Kutsikira kwa InSight kunayesa kamangidwe kake ka NASA, Mars Network. Chizindikiro cha InSight lander chomwe chimatumizidwa kumasetilaiti ozungulira chikadafikabe padziko lapansi, ngakhale ma satellite akanalephera. WALL-E ndi EVE anafunikira kufalitsa zambiri nthawi yomweyo, ndipo adatero. Ngati CubeSats iyi sinagwire ntchito pazifukwa zina, MRS anali wokonzeka kuchita nawo gawo lawo. Iliyonse imagwira ntchito ngati node pa netiweki yonga ngati intaneti, ndikuwongolera mapaketi a data kudutsa ma terminals osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Masiku ano, ogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi a MRS, omwe amatha kutumiza deta pa liwiro la 6 Mbit / s (ndipo iyi ndi mbiri yamakono ya maulendo apakati pa mapulaneti). Koma NASA idayenera kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono m'mbuyomu - ndipo idzafunika kusamutsa deta mwachangu mtsogolomu.
Monga Wothandizira pa intaneti, NASA imalola ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kulumikizana ndi zakuthambo munthawi yeniyeni.
Netiweki yolumikizirana mlengalenga
Pamene kukhalapo kwa NASA m'mlengalenga kunkawonjezeka, njira zoyankhulirana zotsogola zimawonekera mosalekeza kuphimba malo ochulukirapo: choyamba m'malo otsika a Earth orbit, kenako geosynchronous orbit ndi Mwezi, ndipo posakhalitsa mauthenga adalowa mumlengalenga. Zonsezi zidayamba ndi cholandirira chawayilesi chosanyamulika chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito polandila telemetry kuchokera ku Explorer 1, satellite yoyamba kukhazikitsidwa bwino ndi Achimerika mu 1958, kumisasa yankhondo yaku US ku Nigeria, Singapore ndi California. Pang'onopang'ono koma motsimikizika, maziko awa adasintha kukhala njira zamakono zotumizira mauthenga.
Douglas Abraham, wamkulu wa Strategic and Systems Foresight Division mu NASA's Interplanetary Network Directorate, akuwunikira maukonde atatu odzipanga okha otumizira mauthenga mumlengalenga. Near Earth Network imagwira ntchito ndi chombo cham'mlengalenga chotsika kwambiri cha Earth orbit. "Ndizosonkhanitsa za tinyanga, zambiri za mamita 9 mpaka 12. Pali zochepa zazikulu, mamita 15 mpaka 18," anatero Abraham. Kenako, pamwamba pa mayendedwe a Geosynchronous orbit of Earth, pali masatelliti angapo otsatirira ndi data relay (TDRS). “Iwo angayang’ane pansi pamasetilaiti omwe ali m’njira yotsika ya Dziko Lapansi ndi kulankhula nawo, ndiyeno nkumatumiza chidziŵitso chimenechi kupyolera mwa TDRS mpaka pansi,” akufotokoza motero Abraham. "Njira yotumizira ma data pa satanayi imatchedwa NASA Space Network."
Koma ngakhale TDRS sinali yokwanira kuyankhulana ndi chombo, chomwe chinapita kutali kwambiri ndi njira ya Mwezi, kupita ku mapulaneti ena. “Chotero tidayenera kupanga netiweki yomwe imakhudza dongosolo lonse la dzuŵa. Ndipo iyi ndi Deep Space Network [DSN], akutero Abraham. Network ya Mars ndi yowonjezera .
Poganizira kutalika kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, DSN ndiyovuta kwambiri pamakina omwe atchulidwa. Kwenikweni, iyi ndi tinyanga zazikulu, zoyambira 34 mpaka 70 m'mimba mwake. Iliyonse mwamasamba atatu a DSN imagwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tating'ono ta 34 metre ndi mlongoti umodzi wamamita 70. Malo amodzi ali ku Goldstone (California), ena pafupi ndi Madrid (Spain), ndipo achitatu ku Canberra (Australia). Masambawa ali motalikirana pafupifupi madigiri 120 padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amapereka chidziwitso cha maola XNUMX kwa zowulutsa zonse zakunja kwa geosynchronous orbit.
Tinyanga ta 34-mita ndiye zida zazikulu za DSN, ndipo pali mitundu iwiri: tinyanga tambiri tambiri tomwe timayendera bwino komanso tinyanga tatsopano ta waveguide. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti mlongoti wowongolera uli ndi magalasi asanu olondola a RF omwe amawonetsa ma siginecha pansi pa chitoliro kupita kuchipinda choyang'anira mobisa, komwe zida zamagetsi zomwe zimasanthula ma signwo zimatetezedwa bwino kuzinthu zonse zosokoneza. Ma antennas a 34-mita, akugwira ntchito payekha kapena m'magulu a 2-3 mbale, angapereke zambiri zomwe NASA ikufunikira. Koma pazochitika zapadera mtunda ukakhala wautali kwambiri ngakhale tinyanga tambiri ta 34, kuwongolera kwa DSN kumagwiritsa ntchito zilombo zamamita 70.
“Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m’njira zingapo,” akutero Abraham ponena za tinyanga zazikulu. Yoyamba ndi pamene chombocho chili kutali kwambiri ndi Dziko lapansi kotero kuti sikudzakhala kotheka kukhazikitsa kuyankhulana ndi izo pogwiritsa ntchito mbale yaying'ono. "Zitsanzo zabwino zingakhale ntchito ya New Horizons, yomwe yauluka kale kuposa Pluto, kapena chombo cha Voyager, chomwe chili kunja kwa mapulaneti a dzuwa. Ndi tinyanga ta mamita 70 zokha ndi zomwe tingalowemo ndikupereka deta yawo ku Dziko Lapansi,” akufotokoza motero Abraham.
Zakudya zamamita 70 zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chombo cham'mlengalenga sichingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wolimbikitsa, mwina chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zakonzekera monga kulowa m'malo ozungulira, kapena chifukwa china chake chalakwika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mlongoti wa mamita 70 unagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezera Apollo 13 padziko lapansi. Anatenganso mzere wotchuka wa Neil Armstrong, "Njira imodzi yaing'ono kwa mwamuna, sitepe imodzi yaikulu kwa anthu." Ndipo ngakhale lero, DSN ikadali njira yolankhulirana yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. “Koma pazifukwa zambiri zafikira kale malire ake,” akuchenjeza motero Abraham. - Palibe paliponse pomwe mungawongolere ukadaulo womwe umagwira ntchito pamawayilesi. Yankho losavuta likutha."
Masiteshoni atatu apansi pa madigiri 120 motalikirana
DSN Plates ku Canberra
DSN complex ku Madrid
DSN mu Goldstone
Chipinda chowongolera ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Wailesi ndi zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake
Nkhaniyi si yachilendo. Mbiri ya kulumikizana kwakuya kwakuya imakhala ndi kulimbana kosalekeza kuti muwonjezere ma frequency ndi kufupikitsa mafunde. Explorer 1 adagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a 108 MHz. NASA kenako idabweretsa tinyanga zazikulu, zopeza bwino zomwe zimathandizira ma frequency mu L-band, 1 mpaka 2 GHz. Ndiye kunali kutembenuka kwa S-band, yokhala ndi ma frequency kuchokera ku 2 mpaka 4 GHz, ndiyeno bungweli linasinthiratu ku X-band, yokhala ndi ma frequency a 7-11,2 GHz.
Masiku ano, njira zoyankhulirana zam'mlengalenga zikusinthanso - tsopano zikusunthira kumtundu wa 26-40 GHz, Ka-band. “Chomwe chimachititsa zimenezi n’chakuti kufupikitsa kwa kutalika kwa mafunde ndi kuchulukira kwa mafunde, m’pamenenso ndalama zotumizira deta zingapezeke mofulumira,” anatero Abraham.
Pali zifukwa zokhalira ndi chiyembekezo, chifukwa m'mbuyomu mayendedwe olumikizana ku NASA anali othamanga kwambiri. Pepala lofufuzira la 2014 lochokera ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory limapereka chidziwitso chotsatirachi kuti mufananize: Tikadagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje olumikizirana a Explorer 1 kufalitsa chithunzi cha iPhone kuchokera ku Jupiter kupita ku Earth, zikanatenga nthawi 460 kuposa zaka zakuthambo zakuthambo. Kwa Apainiya 2 ndi 4 kuyambira m’ma 1960, zikanatenga zaka 633. Mariner 000 kuchokera ku 9 akanachita mu maola 1971. Lero zitenga MRS mphindi zitatu.
Vuto lokhalo, ndithudi, ndiloti kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe imalandilidwa ndi ndege ikukula mofulumira monga, ngati osati mofulumira kuposa, kukula kwa mphamvu zake zotumizira. Pazaka 40 zogwira ntchito, Voyagers 1 ndi 2 adatulutsa chidziwitso cha 5 TB. Satellite ya NISAR Earth Science, yomwe ikukonzekera kukhazikitsidwa mu 2020, idzatulutsa 85 TB ya data pamwezi. Ndipo ngati ma satellites adziko lapansi amatha kuchita izi, kusamutsa kuchuluka kwa data pakati pa mapulaneti ndi nkhani yosiyana kwambiri. Ngakhale MRS yothamanga kwambiri imafalitsa 85 TB ya data ku Earth kwa zaka 20.
"Ziwerengero zomwe zikuyembekezeka pakufufuza kwa Mars kumapeto kwa zaka za 2020 ndi koyambirira kwa 2030 zidzakhala 150 Mbps kapena kupitilira apo, ndiye tiyeni tichite masamu," akutero Abraham. - Ngati ndege ya MRS-class yomwe ili pamtunda waukulu kuchokera ku Mars kupita ku Mars ikhoza kutumiza pafupifupi 1 Mbit / s ku mlongoti wa mamita 70 Padziko Lapansi, ndiyeno kukonzekera kulankhulana pa liwiro la 150 Mbit / s mndandanda wa 150 70-mita. antennas adzafunika. Inde, ndithudi, tikhoza kubwera ndi njira zochenjera zochepetsera ndalama zopanda pakezi pang'ono, koma vuto liripo mwachiwonekere: kukonza mauthenga apakati pa mapulaneti pa liwiro la 150 Mbps ndizovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, tikutha ndi ma frequency ololedwa. ”
Monga momwe Abraham akuwonetsera, akugwira ntchito mu S-band kapena X-band, ntchito imodzi ya 25 Mbps itenga mawonekedwe onse omwe alipo. Pali malo ochulukirapo mu gulu la Ka-band, koma ma satelayiti awiri okha a Mars okhala ndi 150 Mbit / s ndi omwe atenga mawonekedwe onse. Mwachidule, intaneti ya interplanetary idzafuna zambiri osati mawailesi kuti azigwira ntchito-idzadalira ma lasers.
Kuwonekera kwa kulumikizana kwa kuwala
Ma laser amamveka ngati amtsogolo, koma lingaliro la kulumikizana kwa kuwala limatha kubwereranso ku patent yomwe Alexander Graham Bell adalemba mu 1880s. Bell anapanga njira imene kuwala kwa dzuŵa, koyang'ana ku kamtengo kakang'ono kwambiri, kumalunjikitsidwa pa diaphragm yonyezimira yomwe inkagwedezeka ndi phokoso. Kugwedezekaku kudapangitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa kuwala komwe kumadutsa mu lens kupita ku fotodetector yakuda. Kusintha kwa kukana kwa photodetector kunasintha zomwe zikuchitika pa foni.
Dongosololi linali losakhazikika, voliyumuyo inali yotsika kwambiri, ndipo Bell pamapeto pake adasiya lingalirolo. Koma pafupifupi zaka 100 pambuyo pake, ali ndi zida za laser ndi fiber optics, akatswiri a NASA abwereranso ku lingaliro lakale ili.
"Tinkadziwa zofooka za machitidwe a wailesi, kotero ku JPL kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, tinayamba kukambirana za kuthekera kwa kutumiza mauthenga kuchokera kumlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito ma lasers," adatero Abraham. Kuti mumvetse bwino zomwe zili ndi zosatheka m'malo ozama opangira mauthenga, labotale inayambitsa kafukufuku wazaka zinayi wa Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Phunziroli liyenera kuyankha mafunso ovuta: nanga bwanji za nyengo ndi zovuta zowonekera (pambuyo pa zonse, mafunde a wailesi amatha kudutsa mitambo mosavuta, pamene lasers sangathe)? Nanga bwanji ngati mbali ya Sun-Earth-probe ikhala yovuta kwambiri? Kodi chowunikira padziko lapansi chikhoza kusiyanitsa chizindikiro chofooka cha kuwala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa? Ndipo potsiriza, kodi zonsezi zidzawononga ndalama zingati ndipo zidzakhala zoyenera? “Tikufunafunabe mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa,” anavomereza motero Abraham. "Komabe, mayankho amathandizira kwambiri kuthekera kwa kufalitsa deta."
DSRSS inanena kuti mfundo yomwe ili pamwamba pa mlengalenga wa Dziko lapansi ingakhale yoyenera kwambiri pa mauthenga a kuwala ndi wailesi. Zinanenedwa kuti njira yolumikizirana ndi kuwala yomwe imayikidwa pa siteshoni ya orbital ingachite bwino kuposa zomangamanga zapansi, kuphatikiza tinyanga ta 70-mita. M'malo otsika-Earth orbit, adakonzedwa kuti atumize mbale ya mita 10, ndikuyikweza ku geosynchronous. Komabe, mtengo wa makina oterowo—wokhala ndi satelayiti yokhala ndi mbale, galimoto yonyamula katundu, ndi materminal asanu ogwiritsira ntchito—zinali zotsika mtengo. Komanso, phunziroli silinaphatikizepo mtengo wa dongosolo lothandizira lofunikira lomwe lingayambe kugwira ntchito ngati satellite yalephera.
Kwa dongosololi, Laboratory idayamba kuyang'ana mamangidwe apansi omwe akufotokozedwa mu lipoti la Laboratory's Ground Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS), lomwe lidachitika nthawi imodzi ndi DRSS. Anthu ogwira ntchito pa GBATS adabwera ndi malingaliro awiri ena. Yoyamba ndikuyika masiteshoni asanu ndi limodzi okhala ndi tinyanga ta 10 mita ndi tinyanga tapatali ta mita tomwe timatalikirana ndi madigiri 60 motalikirana ndi equator yonse. Masiteshoniwo anayenera kumangidwa pamwamba pa nsonga za mapiri, kumene nyengo inali yoyera osachepera 66% ya masiku pachaka. Chifukwa chake, masiteshoni a 2-3 aziwoneka nthawi zonse kwa chombo chilichonse, ndipo nyengo imakhala yosiyana. Njira yachiwiri ndi masiteshoni asanu ndi anayi, ophatikizidwa m'magulu atatu, ndipo amakhala madigiri 120 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Masiteshoni mkati mwa gulu lirilonse ayenera kukhala pamtunda wa 200 km kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake kuti awonekere mwachindunji, koma m'maselo osiyanasiyana a nyengo.
Zomangamanga zonse za GBATS zinali zotsika mtengo kuposa njira ya danga, koma analinso ndi mavuto. Choyamba, popeza ma sign amayenera kuyenda mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi, kulandira masana kumakhala koyipa kwambiri kuposa kulandira usiku chifukwa cha thambo lowala. Ngakhale kukonzedwa mwanzeru, masiteshoni owoneka bwino adzatengera nyengo. Chombo cholozera laser pamalo oyambira pansi pamapeto pake chidzayenera kuzolowera nyengo yolakwika ndikukhazikitsanso zolumikizirana ndi siteshoni ina yomwe siibisika ndi mitambo.
Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za mavutowo, mapulojekiti a DSRSS ndi GBATS adayika maziko aukadaulo a makina owoneka bwino pamayankhulidwe akuzama mlengalenga komanso zomwe apanga mainjiniya ku NASA. Zomwe zidatsala ndikumanga dongosolo lotere ndikuwonetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito. Mwamwayi, izi zinali zitangotsala miyezi yochepa.
Kukwaniritsa ntchito
Pofika nthawi imeneyo, kutumiza kwa data mumlengalenga kunali kutachitika kale. Kuyesera koyamba kunachitika mu 1992, pomwe kafukufuku wa Galileo anali kupita ku Jupiter ndikutembenuza kamera yake yowoneka bwino kwambiri ku Dziko Lapansi kuti alandire bwino ma pulses a laser omwe adatumizidwa kuchokera ku telescope ya 60-cm ku Table Mountain Observatory komanso kuchokera ku 1,5 m. USAF Starfire Optical telescope Range ku New Mexico. Panthawiyi, Galileo anali pamtunda wa makilomita 1,4 miliyoni kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi, koma matabwa onse a laser anagunda kamera yake.
Mabungwe aku Japan ndi European Space Agency athanso kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa kuwala pakati pa masiteshoni apansi ndi ma satellites mu Earth orbit. Kenako adatha kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa 50 Mbps pakati pa ma satellite awiriwa. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, gulu la Germany linakhazikitsa 5,6 Gbps coherent Optical bidirectional link pakati pa NFIRE satellite in Earth orbit ndi siteshoni yapansi ku Tenerife, Spain. Koma milandu yonseyi idalumikizidwa ndi orbit yotsika ya Earth.
Njira yoyamba yolumikizira malo oyambira pansi ndi chombo chozungulira pafupi ndi mapulaneti ena ozungulira dzuwa idakhazikitsidwa mu Januware 2013. Chithunzi cha 152 x 200 pixel chakuda ndi choyera cha Mona Lisa chinatumizidwa kuchokera ku Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging Station ku NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center kupita ku Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) pa 300 bps. Kulankhulana kunali njira imodzi. LRO idatumizanso chithunzi chomwe idalandira kuchokera ku Earth kudzera pawayilesi wanthawi zonse. Chithunzicho chimafunikira kukonza zolakwika pang'ono papulogalamu, koma ngakhale popanda kukopera uku kunali kosavuta kuzindikira. Ndipo panthawiyo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri ku Mwezi kunali kokonzekera kale.
Kuchokera ku pulojekiti ya 2013 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Kuchotsa zambiri kuchokera ku zolakwika zopatsirana zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mlengalenga wa Earth (kumanzere), asayansi a Goddard Space Flight Center adagwiritsa ntchito kukonza zolakwika za Reed-Solomon (kumanja), komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma CD ndi ma DVD. Zolakwa zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma pixel osowa (oyera) ndi zizindikiro zabodza (zakuda). Mzere woyera umasonyeza kupuma pang'ono pakupatsirana.
«(LADEE) idalowa m'njira ya mwezi pa Okutobala 6, 2013, ndipo patangotha sabata imodzi idakhazikitsa laser yake yotulutsa kuti itumize deta. Panthawiyi, NASA idayesa kukonza njira ziwiri zoyankhulirana pa liwiro la 20 Mbit / s kumbali ina ndi liwiro la 622 Mbit / s kumbali ina. Vuto lokhalo linali moyo waufupi wa mishoni. Kulumikizana kwa kuwala kwa LRO kumangogwira ntchito kwa mphindi zingapo panthawi imodzi. LADEE adasinthanitsa deta ndi laser yake kwa maola 16 kupitilira masiku 30. Izi zikuyenera kusintha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa satellite ya Laser Communications Demonstration (LCRD), yomwe ikukonzekera mu June 2019. Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza momwe machitidwe oyankhulana m'tsogolomu adzagwirira ntchito.
LCRD ikupangidwa ku NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory molumikizana ndi MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. Idzakhala ndi ma terminals awiri a kuwala: imodzi yolumikizirana ndi orbit ya Earth-Earth, inayo ya danga lakuya. Yoyamba iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK). Transmitter imatumiza ma laser pulses pafupipafupi 2,88 GHz. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, chidutswa chilichonse chidzasungidwa ndi kusiyana kwa magawo otsatizana. Idzatha kugwira ntchito pa liwiro la 2,88 Gbps, koma izi zidzafuna mphamvu zambiri. Zowunikira zimatha kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa ma pulse mu ma siginecha amphamvu kwambiri, kotero DPSK imagwira ntchito bwino pakulumikizana ndi Earth-Earth, koma si njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira malo akuya, komwe kusungira mphamvu kumakhala kovuta. Chizindikiro chotumizidwa kuchokera ku Mars chidzatha mphamvu ikadzafika ku Dziko Lapansi, kotero LCRD idzagwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lotchedwa pulse phase modulation kusonyeza kuwala kwa kuwala ndi danga lakuya.
Akatswiri a NASA amakonzekera LADEE kuti ayesedwe
Mu 2017, mainjiniya adayesa ma modemu owuluka muchipinda chotenthetsera chamoto
Abraham akufotokoza kuti: “Kumawerengera ma photon. -Nthawi yochepa yoperekedwa yolumikizirana imagawidwa mu nthawi zingapo. Kuti mupeze deta, muyenera kungoyang'ana ngati mafotoni adawombana ndi chowunikira nthawi iliyonse. Umu ndi momwe deta imayikidwira mu FIM. " Zili ngati Morse code, koma pa liwiro kwambiri. Mwina pamakhala kung'anima panthawi inayake kapena kulibe, ndipo uthengawo umasungidwa ndi kung'anima kotsatizana. "Ngakhale izi ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa DPSK, titha kuperekabe ma Mbps makumi kapena mazana a mauthenga openya kuchokera kutali monga Mars," Abraham akuwonjezera.
Zoonadi, pulojekiti ya LCRD si ma terminals awiriwa okha. Iyeneranso kugwira ntchito ngati malo a intaneti mumlengalenga. Pansi, masiteshoni atatu azigwira ntchito ndi LCRD: imodzi ku White Sands ku New Mexico, ina ku Table Mountain ku California, ndi ina ku Hawaii Island kapena Maui. Lingaliro ndi kuyesa kusintha kuchokera pa siteshoni yapansi kupita ku ina ngati nyengo yoipa ichitika pa malo amodzi. Ntchitoyi iyesanso momwe LCRD imagwirira ntchito ngati chotumizira ma data. Chizindikiro cha kuwala kuchokera kumodzi mwa masiteshoniwo chidzatumizidwa ku satellite ndikutumizidwa ku siteshoni ina - zonse kudzera pa ulalo wa kuwala.
Ngati deta siyingasamutsidwe nthawi yomweyo, LCRD idzayisunga ndikuyitumiza mwayi ukapezeka. Ngati deta ili yachangu kapena palibe malo okwanira m'malo osungiramo, LCRD idzatumiza nthawi yomweyo kudzera mu mlongoti wa Ka-band. Chifukwa chake, kalambulabwalo wa ma satelayiti otumiza amtsogolo, LCRD idzakhala makina osakanizidwa a radio-optical system. Umu ndi mtundu womwe NASA ikuyenera kuyiyika pozungulira Mars kuti ikhazikitse maukonde apakati omwe angathandizire kufufuza kwakuya kwa anthu mu 2030s.
Kubweretsa Mars pa intaneti
M'chaka chathachi, gulu la Abraham lalemba mapepala awiri ofotokoza za tsogolo la mauthenga ozama mumlengalenga, zomwe zidzakambidwe pamsonkhano wa SpaceOps ku France mu May 2019. Wina akufotokoza mauthenga akuya mumlengalenga, winayo (“") imapereka kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za zomangamanga zomwe zimatha kupereka ntchito ngati intaneti kwa oyenda mumlengalenga pa Red Planet.
Kuyerekeza kwapamwamba kwambiri kuthamanga kwa data kunali kozungulira 215 Mbit/s pakutsitsa ndi 28 Mbit/s pakukweza. Mars Internet adzakhala ndi maukonde atatu: WiFi kuphimba malo kufufuza pamwamba, maukonde mapulaneti kufalitsa deta kuchokera pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi, ndi Earth Network, kuya mumlengalenga kulankhulana maukonde ndi malo atatu udindo kulandira deta ndi kutumiza mayankho kubwerera. Mars.
“Popanga zida zotere pamakhala mavuto ambiri. Iyenera kukhala yodalirika komanso yokhazikika, ngakhale pamtunda wopita ku Mars wa 2,67 AU. m’nyengo ya kutulukira kwa dzuŵa lapamwamba kwambiri, pamene Mars amabisala kuseri kwa Dzuwa,” anatero Abraham. Kulumikizana koteroko kumachitika zaka ziwiri zilizonse ndikusokoneza kulumikizana ndi Mars. “Lero sitingathe kupirira izi. Malo onse otera ndi ozungulira omwe ali pa Mars amangosiya kulumikizana ndi Dziko lapansi kwa milungu iwiri. Ndi kulumikizana ndi kuwala, kutayika kwa kulumikizana chifukwa cha kulumikizidwa kwa dzuwa kudzakhala kotalikirapo, 10 mpaka masabata 15. ” Kwa maloboti, mipata yotere siwowopsa kwambiri. Kudzipatula koteroko sikuwabweretsera mavuto, chifukwa satopa, sasungulumwa, ndipo safunikira kuonana ndi okondedwa awo. Koma kwa anthu ndizosiyana kotheratu.
Abraham anapitiriza kuti: “Chotero timalola kuti ma transmitters aŵiri ozungulira dziko lapansi akhazikike m’njira yozungulira ya equatorial makilomita 17300 pamwamba pa Mars,” akupitiriza motero Abraham. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, ayenera kulemera makilogalamu 1500 aliyense, ndi kukhala m'bwalo seti ya materminal omwe amagwira ntchito mu X-band, Ka-band, ndi kuwala osiyanasiyana, ndi zoyendetsedwa ndi mapanelo dzuwa ndi mphamvu 20-30 kW. Ayenera kuthandizira Delay Tolerant Network Protocol—makamaka TCP/IP, yokonzedwa kuti ithane ndi kuchedwa kwanthawi yayitali komwe kudzachitika mosapeŵeka m’maukonde apakati pa mapulaneti. Malo opangira ma orbital omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamanetiyi ayenera kulumikizana ndi oyenda mumlengalenga ndi magalimoto padziko lapansi, ndi masiteshoni apansi komanso wina ndi mnzake.
"Kuphatikizika kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tinyanga zomwe zimafunikira kutumiza deta pa 250 Mbps," akutero Abraham. Gulu lake likuyerekeza kuti mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya tinyanga ta 250 ingafunike kuti ilandire data ya 34 Mbps kuchokera ku imodzi mwa ma transmitters a orbital. Izi zikutanthauza kuti NASA ifunika kupanga tinyanga zitatu zowonjezera pamalo ozama olumikizirana, koma zimatenga zaka kuti zimangidwe ndipo ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri. "Koma tikuganiza kuti masiteshoni awiri a orbital amatha kugawana deta ndikutumiza nthawi imodzi pa 125 Mbps, ndi transmitter imodzi kutumiza theka la paketi ya data ndi ina kutumiza ina," akutero Abraham. Ngakhale lero, tinyanga zoyankhulirana zakuya mamita 34 zimatha kulandira nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku ndege zinayi zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakufunika tinyanga zitatu kuti amalize ntchitoyi. "Kulandira maulendo awiri a 125 Mbps kuchokera kudera lomwelo la mlengalenga kumafuna tinyanga tating'ono tomwe timalandira kachilombo kamodzi," akufotokoza Abraham. "Tinyanga zambiri zimangofunika ngati mukufuna kulankhulana mothamanga kwambiri."
Kuti athane ndi vuto lolumikizana ndi dzuwa, gulu la Abraham lidaganiza zokhazikitsa satellite yotumizira ku L4/L5 point ya Sun-Mars/Sun-Earth orbit. Kenako, panthawi yolumikizana, imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza deta mozungulira Dzuwa, m'malo motumiza zizindikiro kudzeramo. Tsoka ilo, panthawiyi liwiro lidzatsika mpaka 100 Kbps. Mwachidule, zigwira ntchito, koma ndizosautsa.
Pakadali pano, openda zakuthambo amtsogolo ku Mars adikirira mphindi zitatu zokha kuti alandire chithunzi cha mphaka, osawerengera kuchedwa komwe kungakhale mpaka mphindi 40. Mwamwayi, zilakolako za anthu zisanatipititse patsogolo kuposa Red Planet, intaneti ya interplanetary idzagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri.
Source: www.habr.com