St. Petersburg, 2012
Zolemba sizili za filosofi pa intaneti komanso osati za filosofi ya intaneti - filosofi ndi intaneti zimasiyanitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane mmenemo: gawo loyamba la malembawo limaperekedwa ku filosofi, lachiwiri pa intaneti. Lingaliro la "chisinthiko" limakhala ngati chingwe cholumikizira pakati pa magawo awiriwa: zokambirana zidzayang'ana filosofi ya chisinthiko ndi za Kusintha kwa intaneti. Choyamba, zidzawonetsedwa momwe filosofi - filosofi ya chisinthiko cha padziko lonse, yokhala ndi lingaliro la "umodzi" - mosakayikira imatitsogolera ku lingaliro lakuti intaneti ndi chitsanzo cha tsogolo lachisinthiko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu; ndiyeno intaneti payokha, kapena m'malo mwake momwe ikukulirakulira, idzatsimikizira ufulu wa filosofi kukambirana mitu yowoneka ngati yaukadaulo.
Ukatswiri umodzi
Lingaliro la "umodzi" ndi epithet "teknoloji" linayambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa masamu ndi wolemba Vernor Vinge kuti atchule mfundo yapadera pa nthawi ya chitukuko cha chitukuko. Extrapolating kuchokera ku lamulo lodziwika bwino la Moore, malinga ndi zomwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu processors zamakompyuta zimachulukitsa kawiri miyezi 18 iliyonse, adaganiza kuti penapake mozungulira 2025 (perekani kapena kutenga zaka 10) tchipisi tating'onoting'ono zamakompyuta ziyenera kufanana ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta zaubongo wamunthu. ndithudi, mwamwambo - molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zikuyembekezeka). Vinge adanena kuti kupyola malire awa pali chinthu chankhanza, nzeru zopangapanga, zomwe zikutiyembekezera (umunthu), ndipo tiyenera kuganizira mozama ngati tingathe (komanso tiyenera) kupewa izi.
Chisinthiko cha mapulaneti amodzi
Chidwi chachiwiri pavuto laumodzi chinayambika pambuyo poti asayansi angapo (Panov, Kurzweil, Snooks) adasanthula kuchuluka kwa zochitika zakufulumira kwa chisinthiko, ndiko kuchepetsa nthawi pakati pa zovuta zachisinthiko, kapena, wina anganene, "zosintha. ” m’mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi. Kusintha koteroko kumaphatikizapo ngozi ya okosijeni ndi maonekedwe ogwirizana ndi maselo a nyukiliya (eukaryotes); Kuphulika kwa Cambrian - mofulumira, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndi miyezo ya paleontological, mapangidwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zambiri, kuphatikizapo zam'mimba; mphindi za maonekedwe ndi kutha kwa ma dinosaurs; chiyambi cha hominids; Kusintha kwa Neolithic ndi mizinda; chiyambi cha Middle Ages; kusintha kwa mafakitale ndi chidziwitso; kugwa kwa bipolar imperialist system (kugwa kwa USSR). Zinawonetsedwa kuti zomwe zalembedwa komanso zina zambiri zosinthira m'mbiri ya dziko lathu lapansi zimagwirizana ndi njira ina yomwe ili ndi yankho limodzi chakumapeto kwa 2027. Pachifukwa ichi, mosiyana ndi malingaliro ongopeka a Vinge, tikulimbana ndi "umodzi" m'lingaliro la masamu - chiwerengero cha zovuta panthawiyi, molingana ndi ndondomeko yochokera ku empirically, zimakhala zopanda malire, ndipo mipata pakati pawo imakhala yochuluka. ziro, ndiye kuti, yankho la equation limakhala losatsimikizika.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti kuloza ku mfundo ya chisinthiko chimodzi kumatiwonetsa chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuposa kuwonjezeka kwa banal pakupanga makompyuta - timamvetsetsa kuti tili pafupi ndi chochitika chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi.
Ndale, chikhalidwe, chuma singularities monga zinthu za vuto mtheradi chitukuko
Chidziwitso cha nthawi yomweyo (zaka 10-20 zotsatira) zimasonyezedwanso ndi kusanthula kwazachuma, ndale, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu (zomwe ndinachita mu ntchito ""): kukulitsa zomwe zikuchitika m'mikhalidwe ya sayansi ndi ukadaulo kupita patsogolo kumabweretsa "pamodzi".
Ndondomeko yamakono ya zachuma ndi zachuma, makamaka, ndi chida chogwirizanitsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito katundu wolekanitsidwa ndi nthawi ndi malo. Ngati tipenda zomwe zikuchitika pakupanga njira zoyankhulirana ndi kupanga makina opangira ma netiweki, titha kunena kuti pakapita nthawi, kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kudzakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nthawi yopanga, zomwe zidzathetsa kufunikira kwenikweni. pazachuma komanso zachuma zomwe zilipo. Ndiko kuti, matekinoloje amakono amakono akuyandikira kale kukula kwa chitukuko pamene kupanga chinthu chimodzi chokha sichidzatsimikiziridwa ndi chiwerengero cha msika wogulitsa, koma ndi dongosolo la wogula. Izi zidzathekanso chifukwa kuchepa kwachilengedwe kwa mtengo wanthawi yogwirira ntchito popanga chinthu chimodzi pamapeto pake kumabweretsa kuti kupanga kwa chinthu ichi kudzafunika kuyesetsa pang'ono, kuchepetsedwa kuchitapo kanthu. za kuyitanitsa. Komanso, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, chinthu chachikulu sichinthu chaukadaulo, koma magwiridwe ake - pulogalamu. Chifukwa chake, kutukuka kwaukadaulo wazidziwitso kukuwonetsa kusapeŵeka kwavuto lazachuma lamakono m'tsogolomu, komanso kuthekera kwa chithandizo chodziwika bwino chaukadaulo panjira yatsopano yolumikizirana kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndizomveka kutchula nthawi yomwe yafotokozedwa m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kukhala imodzi mwachuma.
Mapeto okhudza kuyandikira kwa ndale kutha kupezedwa popenda ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa machitidwe awiri oyang'anira olekanitsidwa munthawi yake: kupanga chisankho chofunikira pagulu ndikuwunika zotsatira zake - amakonda kulumikizana. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti, kumbali imodzi, chifukwa cha kupanga kokha komanso zifukwa zaukadaulo, nthawi yofikira pakati pa kupanga zisankho zofunika pagulu ndikupeza zotsatira ikucheperachepera: kuyambira zaka mazana kapena makumi angapo m'mbuyomo mpaka zaka, miyezi, kapena masiku mu dziko lamakono. Kumbali ina, ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje a mauthenga a pa intaneti, vuto lalikulu la kasamalidwe silidzakhala kusankhidwa kwa wopanga zisankho, koma kuwunika momwe zotsatira zake zikuyendera. Ndiko kuti, mosakayikira timafika pamene mwayi wosankha chisankho umaperekedwa kwa aliyense, ndipo kuunika kwa zotsatira za chisankho sikufuna njira zapadera zandale (monga kuvota) ndipo zimangochitika zokha.
Pamodzi ndi magulu aukadaulo, azachuma, ndi ndale, titha kulankhulanso za chikhalidwe chimodzi chodziwika bwino: za kusintha kuchokera pazofunikira zonse zamitundu yotsatizana motsatizana (ndi kufupikitsa kutukuka kwawo) kupita kukukhalapo kofananirako kwanthawi imodzi. kusiyanasiyana kothekera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ku ufulu wa zilandiridwenso zamunthu payekha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwazinthu zachidziwitso ichi.
Mu sayansi ndi filosofi, pali kusintha kwa tanthauzo ndi cholinga cha chidziwitso kuchokera ku chilengedwe cha machitidwe omveka bwino (ziphunzitso) kupita ku kukula kwa kumvetsetsa kwapadera kwa munthu payekha, kupanga zomwe zimatchedwa kuti pambuyo pa sayansi, kapena positi. - umodzi wa dziko.
Umodzi monga mapeto a nthawi ya chisinthiko
Mwachizoloŵezi, kukambirana za umodzi - zonse zaumisiri umodzi wokhudzana ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi ukapolo wa anthu ndi nzeru zopangira, ndi mapulaneti amodzi, omwe amachokera ku kuwunika kwa mavuto a zachilengedwe ndi chitukuko - amachitidwa ponena za tsoka. Komabe, potengera malingaliro a chisinthiko wamba, munthu sayenera kuganiza za umodzi womwe ukubwera monga kutha kwa dziko. Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti tikuchita ndi chochitika chofunikira, chosangalatsa, koma osati chapadera m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi - ndi kusintha kwa msinkhu watsopano wa chisinthiko. Ndiko kuti, mayankho angapo amodzi omwe amapezeka pamene zochitika zowonjezera pa chitukuko cha dziko lapansi, chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zamakono zamakono zimasonyeza kutha kwa gawo lotsatira lachisinthiko (societal) m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi chiyambi cha malo atsopano. - chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndiko kuti, tikuchita ndi zochitika zakale zomwe zimafanana ndi kusintha kuchokera ku protobiological evolution kupita ku biological (zaka 4 biliyoni zapitazo) komanso kuchokera ku kusinthika kwa biological kupita ku chikhalidwe cha anthu (zaka 2,5 miliyoni zapitazo).
M'nthawi ya kusintha yomwe tatchulayi, mayankho amodzi adawonedwanso. Chifukwa chake, pakusintha kuchokera ku gawo lachisinthiko kupita ku gawo lachilengedwe, kutsatizana kwa ma polima atsopano opangidwa mwachisawawa kunasinthidwa ndi njira yokhazikika yoberekera, yomwe ingatchulidwe ngati "kaphatikizidwe kamodzi." Ndipo kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunatsagana ndi "kusiyana kwa kusintha": mndandanda wa kusintha kwachilengedwe kunakula kukhala njira yopititsira patsogolo yopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosinthika, ndiko kuti, zinthu zomwe zimalola munthu kuti asinthe nthawi yomweyo kusintha kulikonse. chilengedwe (kunazizira - kuvala malaya aubweya, kunayamba kugwa mvula - anatsegula ambulera). Makhalidwe amodzi osonyeza kutha chikhalidwe Gawo lachisinthiko limatha kutanthauziridwa ngati "umodzi wazinthu zatsopano zanzeru". M'malo mwake, pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi takhala tikuwona izi ngati kusintha kwa zinthu zambiri zomwe zapezedwa ndi zopeka, zomwe zidalekanitsidwa kale ndi nthawi yayikulu, kukhala njira yopitilira yaukadaulo wasayansi ndiukadaulo. Ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa siteji ya pambuyo pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzadziwonetsera yokha ngati m'malo mwa maonekedwe otsatizana a zopanga zatsopano (zofukufuku, zopangidwa) ndi mibadwo yawo yopitilira.
M'lingaliro limeneli, pamlingo wina tikhoza kulankhula za mapangidwe (ndiko mapangidwe, osati kulengedwa) kwa luntha lochita kupanga. Momwemonso, tinene kuti, kupanga chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira kumatha kutchedwa "moyo wochita kupanga," ndipo moyo wokhawo potengera kubereka kosalekeza kwa kaphatikizidwe ka organic kumatha kutchedwa "kaphatikizidwe kopanga." Kawirikawiri, kusintha kulikonse kwachisinthiko kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuonetsetsa kuti njira zoyambira zachisinthiko zam'mbuyo zikugwira ntchito m'njira zatsopano, zosadziwika. Moyo ndi njira yopanda mankhwala yopangiranso kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala; luntha ndi njira yosakhala yachilengedwe yowonetsetsa kuti moyo umakhala. Kupitiliza lingaliro ili, tinganene kuti dongosolo la post-social lidzakhala njira "yopanda nzeru" yotsimikizira ntchito zanzeru zaumunthu. Osati m'lingaliro la "zopusa", koma m'mawonekedwe osakhudzana ndi zochita za anthu anzeru.
Kutengera lingaliro lachisinthiko-laudindo, munthu atha kuganiza za tsogolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu (maelementi a sociosystem). Monga momwe bioprocesses sichinalowe m'malo mwa machitidwe a mankhwala, koma, kwenikweni, imayimira mndandanda wovuta kwambiri wa iwo, monga momwe ntchito ya anthu sinaphatikizire chikhalidwe chachilengedwe (chofunikira) cha munthu, kotero dongosolo la post-social silidzangoganizira chabe. m’malo mwa nzeru za anthu, koma sizidzauposa. Dongosolo la post-social lidzagwira ntchito pamaziko a luntha la anthu ndikuwonetsetsa ntchito zake.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa machitidwe osinthira ku machitidwe atsopano a chisinthiko (zamoyo, chikhalidwe) monga njira yowonetsera dziko lonse lapansi, tikhoza kusonyeza mfundo zina za kusintha komwe kukubwera ku chisinthiko cha pambuyo pa chikhalidwe cha anthu. (1) Chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosolo lapitalo pakupanga latsopano - munthu ndi umunthu, pambuyo pa kusintha kwa chisinthiko kupita ku siteji yatsopano, adzasunga mfundo zazikulu za bungwe lawo lachitukuko. (2) Chikhalidwe chosawonongeka cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha post-social - kusintha sikudzawonetsedwa mu kuwononga mapangidwe a dongosolo lachisinthiko lamakono, koma kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa msinkhu watsopano. (3) Kuphatikizidwa kwathunthu kwa zinthu zachisinthiko cham'mbuyomo pakugwira ntchito kwa wotsatira - anthu adzaonetsetsa kuti ndondomeko yopititsira patsogolo ya chilengedwe mu post-social system, kusunga chikhalidwe chawo. (4) Kusatheka kupanga mfundo za dongosolo latsopano lachisinthiko malinga ndi zakale - tilibe ndipo sitidzakhala ndi chinenero kapena malingaliro ofotokozera pambuyo pa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Post social system and information network
Mitundu yonse yolongosoledwa yaumodzi, yowonetsa kusintha kwachisinthiko komwe kukubwera, ikugwirizana mwanjira ina ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndiukadaulo, kapena ndendende ndi chitukuko cha maukonde azidziwitso. Ukatswiri waukadaulo wa Vinge ukuwonetsa mwachindunji kulengedwa kwa luntha lochita kupanga, luntha lotha kutengera mbali zonse za zochita za anthu. Chithunzi chofotokozera mathamangitsidwe a chisinthiko cha mapulaneti chimafika pamalo amodzi pomwe kusintha kwakusintha pafupipafupi, kuchuluka kwazinthu zatsopano kumakhala kopanda malire, zomwe ndizomvekanso kuyanjana ndi mtundu wina waukadaulo wamaukadaulo. Kugwirizana kwachuma ndi ndale - kuphatikiza kwa ntchito zopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kuyanjana kwa mphindi zopanga zisankho ndikuwunika zotsatira zake - ndizotsatira zachindunji za chitukuko chamakampani azidziwitso.
Kusanthula kwa kusintha kwachisinthiko m'mbuyomu kumatiuza kuti dongosolo la pambuyo pa chikhalidwe cha anthu liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazinthu zofunikira za chikhalidwe cha anthu - malingaliro aumwini ogwirizanitsidwa ndi maubwenzi osagwirizana ndi anthu (osapanga). Ndiko kuti, monga momwe moyo ulili chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala ndi njira zopanda mankhwala (kudzera mu kubalana), ndipo kulingalira ndi chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira kuberekana kwa moyo ndi njira zopanda zamoyo (pakupanga), kotero dongosolo la post-social system. ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira kupanga kwanzeru ndi njira zosagwirizana ndi anthu. Chitsanzo cha dongosolo loterolo m'dziko lamakono ndilo, ndithudi, maukonde odziwa zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ndendende ngati fanizo - kuti adutse mfundo imodzi, imayenera kupulumukabe zovuta zingapo kuti isinthe kukhala chinthu chodzidalira, chomwe nthawi zina chimatchedwa ukonde wa semantic.
Chiphunzitso cha Dziko Lonse cha Choonadi
Kukambilana mfundo zotheka za bungwe la dongosolo pambuyo chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwa maukonde zamakono zamakono, kuwonjezera maganizo chisinthiko, m'pofunika kukonza mfundo nzeru ndi zomveka maziko, makamaka za ubale pakati ontology ndi zomveka choonadi.
Mu filosofi yamakono, pali mfundo zingapo zotsutsana za choonadi: mtolankhani, wolamulira, pragmatic, wamba, wogwirizana ndi ena, kuphatikizapo deflationary, omwe amakana kufunikira kwa lingaliro la "choonadi". Ndizovuta kulingalira izi ngati zosinthika, zomwe zitha kutha pakupambana kwa chiphunzitso chimodzi. M'malo mwake, tiyenera kumvetsetsa mfundo ya mgwirizano wa choonadi, yomwe ingapangidwe motere: Chowonadi cha chiganizo chikhoza kunenedwa kokha mkati mwa malire a machitidwe ambiri otsekedwa, amene m’nkhani yakuti “"Ndinati ndimuimbire dziko lomveka. Ndizodziwikiratu kwa aliyense wa ife kuti pofuna kutsimikizira chowonadi cha chiganizo chomwe talankhula, chomwe chimanena za zochitika zina mu zenizeni zaumwini, mu ontology yathu, palibe kutchulidwa kwa chiphunzitso chilichonse cha chowonadi chofunikira: chiganizocho ndi. zoona chifukwa chokhazikika mu ontology yathu, m'dziko lathu lomveka bwino . N'zoonekeratu kuti palinso supra-munthu zomveka maiko, onse ontologies anthu olumikizidwa ndi ntchito imodzi kapena ina - sayansi, chipembedzo, luso, etc. Ndipo n'zoonekeratu kuti aliyense wa maiko omveka amenewa choonadi cha ziganizo analembedwa mwachindunji. - molingana ndi momwe amaphatikizidwira muzochitika zinazake. Ndizomwe zimachitika mkati mwa ontology inayake yomwe imatsimikizira njira zokonzera ndi kupanga ziganizo zowona: m'maiko ena njira yaulamuliro imakhalapo (m'chipembedzo), m'malo ena imakhala yogwirizana (mu sayansi), m'malo ena ndi yachilendo. (mu makhalidwe, ndale).
Chifukwa chake, ngati sitikufuna kuchepetsa maukonde a semantic kuti afotokoze gawo limodzi lokha (titi, zenizeni zenizeni), ndiye kuti tiyenera kupitilirapo kuti sichingakhale ndi lingaliro limodzi, mfundo imodzi yowona - maukonde. ziyenera kumangidwa pa mfundo yofanana yodutsana, koma maiko omveka omwe sangachepetsedwe, kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika zonse zomwe zingatheke.
Ontology ya ntchito
Ndipo apa tikuchoka ku filosofi yachisinthiko kupita ku chisinthiko cha intaneti, kuchokera kuzinthu zongopeka kupita ku zovuta zothandizira pa intaneti.
Mavuto akuluakulu omanga maukonde a semantic amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulima kwachilengedwe, filosofi yasayansi ndi okonza ake, ndiko kuti, poyesa kupanga ontology yokhayo yolondola yomwe ikuwonetsa zomwe zimatchedwa cholinga chenicheni. Ndipo zikuwonekeratu kuti chowonadi cha ziganizo mu ontology iyi chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi malamulo ofanana, malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe chonse cha choonadi (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatanthawuza chiphunzitso cha mtolankhani, popeza tikukamba za kulemberana kwa ziganizo ku "chowonadi chenicheni" ).
Apa funso liyenera kufunsidwa: Kodi ontology iyenera kufotokoza chiyani, chifukwa chiyani "chowonadi chenichenicho" chomwe chiyenera kufananirana nacho? Ndi zinthu zosawerengeka zomwe zimatchedwa dziko, kapena ntchito inayake mkati mwa zinthu zopanda malire? Zomwe zimatisangalatsa ife: zenizeni mwazonse kapena maubale okhazikika a zochitika ndi zinthu motsatizana zochita zomwe cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zotsatira zenizeni? Poyankha mafunsowa, tiyenera kunena kuti ontology ndi yomveka ngati yomaliza komanso yofanana ndi ontology ya zochitika (zochita). Chifukwa chake, sizomveka kunena za ontology imodzi: zochitika zambiri monga momwe ziliri. Palibe chifukwa chopangira ontology; ikuyenera kudziwidwa ndikukhazikitsa ntchitoyo yokha.
Inde, zikuwonekeratu kuti ngati tikukamba za ontology ya zinthu zakuthambo, ontology of navigation, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zofanana ndi zochitika zonse zomwe sizikulunjika pa kusintha malo. Koma ngati titembenukira kumadera omwe zinthu zilibe kugwirizana kokhazikika kwa ma spatio-temporal coordinates ndipo sizigwirizana ndi zenizeni zenizeni, ndiye kuti ontologies amachulukitsa popanda zoletsa: tikhoza kuphika mbale, kumanga nyumba, kupanga njira yophunzitsira, lembani pulogalamu ya chipani cha ndale, kulumikiza mawu mu ndakatulo m'njira zambiri zopanda malire, ndipo njira iliyonse ndi ontology yosiyana. Ndi kumvetsetsa kwa ma ontologies (monga njira zojambulira zochitika zinazake), atha ndipo akuyenera kupangidwa muzochitika izi. Kumene, malinga ngati tikulankhula za ntchito mwachindunji pa kompyuta kapena olembedwa pa izo. Ndipo posachedwa sipadzakhalanso enanso; zomwe sizikhala "digitized" siziyenera kukhala ndi chidwi kwa ife.
Ontology monga chotsatira chachikulu cha ntchito
Ntchito iliyonse imakhala ndi zochitika zomwe zimakhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa zinthu za gawo lokhazikika. Wosewera (pambuyo pake tidzamutcha wogwiritsa ntchito) mobwerezabwereza - kaya alemba nkhani yasayansi, amadzaza tebulo ndi deta, amalemba ndandanda ya ntchito - amachita ntchito zokhazikika, zomwe zimatsogolera kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito. zotsatira zokhazikika. Ndipo mu chotsatira ichi amawona tanthauzo la ntchito yake. Koma ngati muyang'ana pa malo omwe si ogwiritsira ntchito kwanuko, koma mwadongosolo padziko lonse lapansi, ndiye kuti phindu lalikulu la ntchito ya katswiri aliyense silili m'nkhani yotsatira, koma mu njira yolembera, mu ontology ya ntchito. Ndiko kuti, mfundo yachiwiri yofunikira ya semantic network (pambuyo pomaliza "payenera kukhala chiwerengero chopanda malire cha ontologies; ntchito zambiri, monga ma ontologies ambiri") iyenera kukhala lingaliro: Tanthauzo la ntchito iliyonse silinapezeke pomaliza, koma mu maphunziro a ontology olembedwa panthawi yake.
Zoonadi, chinthucho chokha, tinene, nkhani, ili ndi ontology - izo, kwenikweni, ndi ontology yomwe ili m'malemba, koma mu mawonekedwe oundana oterowo mankhwalawa ndi ovuta kusanthula ontologically. Ndi pa mwala uwu - chokhazikika chomaliza cha ntchito - kuti njira ya semantic imathyola mano ake. Koma zidziwike kuti ndi zotheka kuzindikira semantics (ontology) ya mawu pokhapokha ngati muli ndi maphunziro a ontology palembali. Ndizovuta ngakhale kuti munthu amvetsetse mawu omwe ali ndi ontology yosiyana pang'ono (yomwe ili ndi mawu osinthika, gridi yamalingaliro), ndi zina zambiri za pulogalamu. Komabe, monga momwe zikuwonekera kuchokera ku njira yomwe ikufunsidwa, palibe chifukwa chosanthula semantics ya malembawo: ngati tikuyang'anizana ndi ntchito yozindikiritsa ontology inayake, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chosanthula chinthu chokhazikika, tiyenera kutembenukira. molunjika ku ntchito yokhayo, yomwe idawonekera.
Katswiri wa ontology
M'malo mwake, izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kupanga pulogalamu yomwe nthawi imodzi ingakhale chida chogwirira ntchito kwa katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito komanso katswiri wa ontological yemwe amalemba zochita zake zonse. Wogwiritsa safunikira kuchita china chilichonse kuposa kungogwira ntchito: pangani autilaini ya zomwe zalembedwa, sinthani, fufuzani magwero, tchulani mawu, ikani m'magawo oyenera, pangani mawu am'munsi ndi ndemanga, konzekerani index ndi thesaurus, ndi zina zambiri. , ndi zina zotero. Chowonjezera chachikulu ndikulemba mawu atsopano ndikuwalumikiza ku ontology pogwiritsa ntchito menyu yankhaniyo. Ngakhale katswiri aliyense angasangalale ndi "katundu" wowonjezerawu. Ndiye kuti, ntchitoyo ndi yeniyeni: tiyenera kupanga chida kwa katswiri m'munda uliwonse kuti iye sakanakhoza kukana, chida chomwe sichimangokulolani kuti mugwire ntchito zonse zokhazikika zogwirira ntchito ndi mitundu yonse yazidziwitso (kusonkhanitsa, kukonza, kukonza), komanso kumadzipangira mwadongosolo ntchito, kupanga ontology ya ntchitoyi, ndikuwongolera "zochitika" zikachuluka. .
Universe wa zinthu ndi cluster ontologies
Zikuwonekeratu kuti njira yofotokozedwa yomanga maukonde a semantic idzakhala yothandiza pokhapokha ngati mfundo yachitatu ikwaniritsidwa: kuyanjana kwa mapulogalamu a ontologies onse opangidwa, ndiko kuti, kuonetsetsa kulumikizana kwawo mwadongosolo. Zachidziwikire, wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense, katswiri aliyense amapanga ontology yake ndikugwira ntchito m'malo ake, koma kugwirizana kwa ontologia payekha malinga ndi deta komanso malinga ndi malingaliro a bungwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chimodzi. chilengedwe cha zinthu (data).
Kuyerekeza kwadzidzidzi kwa ontologies payekha kudzalola, pozindikira zopingasa zawo, kupanga mitu cluster ontologies - zinthu zomwe sizinali zamunthu payekhapayekha. Kuyanjana kwa ontology payekha ndi gulu limodzi kumathandizira kwambiri ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito, kuwongolera ndikuwongolera.
Kusiyanitsa kwa zinthu
Chofunikira chofunikira pa netiweki ya semantic chiyenera kukhala kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu ndizosiyana, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kuzindikira kulumikizana kwa ma ontologia. Mwachitsanzo, malemba aliwonse ayenera kukhala mu dongosolo mu kope limodzi - ndiye ulalo uliwonse kwa icho, mawu aliwonse amalembedwa: wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutsata kuphatikizika kwa zolembazo ndi zidutswa zake m'magulu ena kapena ma ontologies ake. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi "kopi imodzi" sitikutanthauza kuisunga pa seva imodzi, koma kupatsa chizindikiritso chapadera ku chinthu chomwe sichidalira malo ake. Ndiko kuti, mfundo ya finiteness ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapadera ndi kuchulukana komanso kusagwirizana kwa bungwe lawo mu ontology iyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
Usercentrism
Chotsatira chofunikira kwambiri pakukonza maukonde a semantic molingana ndi chiwembu chomwe chakonzedwa chidzakhala kukana sitecentrism - mawonekedwe okhazikika pa intaneti. Maonekedwe ndi kupezeka kwa chinthu pa netiweki kumatanthauza kokha ndikuchipatsa chodziwikitsa chapadera ndikuphatikizidwa mu ontology imodzi (mwachitsanzo, ontology ya munthu amene adayika chinthucho). Chinthu, mwachitsanzo, malemba, sayenera kukhala ndi adiresi pa intaneti - sichimangiriridwa ndi tsamba kapena tsamba. Njira yokhayo yopezera zolemba ndikuziwonetsa mumsakatuli wa wogwiritsa ntchito mutazipeza mu ontology (mwina ngati chinthu chodziyimira pawokha, kapena ulalo kapena mawu). Maukonde amakhala okhawo ogwiritsira ntchito: pamaso ndi kunja kwa kugwirizana kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, timangokhala ndi chilengedwe chonse cha zinthu ndi ma ontologia ambiri opangidwa pa chilengedwe ichi, ndipo pokhapokha kugwirizana kumene chilengedwe chimapangidwira mogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a ontology - ndithudi, ndi mwayi wosintha momasuka "mfundo", kusintha malo a ma ontologia ena, oyandikana nawo kapena akutali. Ntchito yayikulu ya msakatuli sikuwonetsa zomwe zili, koma kulumikiza ku ontologies (magulu) ndikuyenda mkati mwawo.
Services ndi katundu mu maukonde amenewa adzaoneka mu mawonekedwe osiyana zinthu, poyamba m'gulu ontologies eni. Ngati ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito ikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa chinthu china, ndiye kuti chikupezeka mu dongosolo, chidzangoperekedwa. (M'malo mwake, kutsatsa kwanthawi zonse kumagwira ntchito molingana ndi dongosololi - ngati mukuyang'ana china chake, simudzasiyidwa popanda zopereka.) Kumbali ina, kufunikira kwa chinthu chatsopano (ntchito, chopangidwa) chitha kuwululidwa ndi kusanthula ma cluster ontologies.
Mwachilengedwe, pamaneti ogwiritsira ntchito, chinthu chomwe chikufunsidwa chidzawonetsedwa mu msakatuli wa wogwiritsa ntchito ngati widget yomangidwa. Kuti muwone zoperekedwa zonse (zogulitsa zonse za wopanga kapena zolemba zonse za wolemba), wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kusinthana ndi ontology ya ogulitsa, yomwe imawonetsa mwadongosolo zinthu zonse zomwe zimapezeka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito akunja. Chabwino, zikuwonekeratu kuti maukonde nthawi yomweyo amapereka mwayi wodziwa bwino za ontologies za opanga masango, komanso, zomwe ziri zosangalatsa komanso zofunika kwambiri, ndi chidziwitso chokhudza khalidwe la ogwiritsa ntchito ena m'gululi.
Pomaliza
Chifukwa chake, maukonde azidziwitso zam'tsogolo amawonetsedwa ngati chilengedwe cha zinthu zapadera zokhala ndi ma ontologia omwe adamangidwa pa iwo, ophatikizidwa kukhala ma cluster ontologies. Chinthu chimafotokozedwa ndi kupezeka pa netiweki kwa wogwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha ngati chikuphatikizidwa mu imodzi kapena zambiri za ontologia. Ontologies amapangidwa makamaka basi poika ntchito wosuta. Kufikira pa netiweki kumakonzedwa ngati kukhalapo / zochitika za wogwiritsa ntchito mu ontology yake ndi kuthekera kokulitsa ndikusunthira kuzinthu zina. Ndipo mwina, dongosolo lofotokozedwa silingatchulidwenso kuti ndi intaneti - tikuchita ndi dziko linalake, ndi chilengedwe chongoperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mwanjira ya ontology yawo - zenizeni zenizeni.
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Pomaliza, ndikufuna kutsindika kuti ngakhale filosofi kapena luso lapadera lomwe likubwera silikugwirizana ndi vuto la zomwe zimatchedwa luntha lochita kupanga. Kuthetsa mavuto enaake ogwiritsidwa ntchito sikudzatsogolera kukupanga zomwe zitha kutchedwa luntha. Ndipo chinthu chatsopano chomwe chidzapanga maziko a magwiridwe antchito a gawo lotsatira lachisinthiko sichidzakhalanso nzeru - ngakhale zopanga kapena zachilengedwe. M’malo mwake, kungakhale kolondola kunena kuti kudzakhala luntha kumlingo umene tingamvetse ndi nzeru zathu zaumunthu.
Pogwira ntchito popanga machitidwe azidziwitso akumaloko, munthu ayenera kuwaona ngati zida zaukadaulo osaganizira zanzeru, zamalingaliro komanso, makamaka, zamakhalidwe, zokongola komanso zowopsa padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale onse aumunthu ndi akatswiri aukadaulo mosakayikira adzachita izi, kulingalira kwawo sikungafulumizitse kapena kuchedwetsa njira yachilengedwe yothetsa mavuto aukadaulo. Kumvetsetsa kwanzeru za kayendetsedwe ka chisinthiko cha Padziko Lonse komanso zomwe zili mukusintha kwaulamuliro komwe kukubwera kudzabwera ndi kusintha komweku.
Kusintha komweko kudzakhala kwaukadaulo. Koma sizichitika chifukwa cha chisankho chanzeru chapadera. Ndipo molingana ndi zisankho zonse. Kugonjetsa misa yovuta. Luntha liziphatikizana mu hardware. Koma osati nzeru zapadera. Ndipo osati pa chipangizo china. Ndipo sadzakhalanso luntha.
PS Kuyesa kukhazikitsa polojekitiyi (zosankha pambuyo poyesa koyamba).
Mabuku
1. Vernor Vinge. Umodzi waukadaulo,
2. A. D. Panov. Kumaliza kwa kuzungulira kwa mapulaneti kwa chisinthiko? Sayansi Yafilosofi, No. 3–4: 42–49; 31–50, 2005.
3. Boldachev A.V. . St. Petersburg, 2008.
4. Boldachev A.V. . St. Petersburg, 2008.
5. Boldachev A.V. Zatsopano. , St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. Yunivesite, 2007. - 256 p.
Source: www.habr.com