Aliyense, ndithudi, akudziwa zokambirana zaposachedwa ku State Duma zokhudzana ndi RuNet yodziyimira payokha. Ambiri amvapo za izi, koma sanaganizirepo za zomwe zili komanso zomwe zikugwirizana nazo. M'nkhaniyi, ndinayesera kufotokoza chifukwa chake izi ndizofunikira komanso momwe zidzakhudzire ogwiritsa ntchito ku Russia padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwachidule, njira yochitira zinthu mubiluyi ikufotokozedwa motere:
"...bilu yoyendetsera boma pakuyenda kwa intaneti ku Russia. Makamaka, imapereka kukhazikitsidwa kwa kaundula wa ma adilesi a IP a Runet ndi "kuyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyankhulirana padziko lonse lapansi ndi zizindikiritso zapadziko lonse lapansi zapa intaneti (DNS ndi ma adilesi a IP)," komanso imaperekanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma pazolumikizana ndi mayiko. njira ndi malo osinthira magalimoto ... "
Ndikufuna kukopa chidwi chanu chapadera "Ulamuliro wa boma pa njira yolumikizirana yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso malo osinthira magalimoto" - uwu ndiye "mlatho wokokeka" pakati pa ma seva/matchanelo otumizirana mauthenga m'dziko ndi njira zofananira/ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti padziko lonse lapansi. Kapena, mwachidule, chosinthira. Werengani kuti mudziwe chomwe izi zikutanthauza.
Zoonadi, ambiri a ndale ndi FOR, muyenera kudziteteza kwa adani, ali ponseponse ndipo nthawi iliyonse akhoza kudula mwayi wopeza amphaka ndi agalu m'kalasi. Koma izi ndizotsutsana kwambiri, popeza Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse ndi yochuluka kwambiri moti Achimerika, ngakhale atafuna, sakanatha kusokoneza ntchito ya RuNet yonse, popeza ndi GLOBAL.
Zotsutsana zokha (mwa lingaliro langa) za "kulepheretsa" RuNet zitha kukhala malingaliro a 2
1. Kudzera ICANN ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lopanda phindu lolembetsedwa ku United States lomwe limagawa mayina amadomeni. Akuluakulu a ndale a ku Russia amanena kuti bungweli likulamulidwa ndi akuluakulu a ku America ndipo akhoza, mwa malamulo awo, kuchotsa madera apamwamba ru ndi ΡΡ. Koma izi sizinachitikepo m'mbiri yakale, ngakhale ndi osewera oyipa komanso ang'onoang'ono (maiko) omwe Washington sakonda. Komanso, mu 2015, dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku US, yomwe ICANN imayenera kukambirana nayo pazosankha zanzeru, idataya izi.
2. Kupyolera mu registrar Internet IP address RIPE NCC ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha la Dutch lomwe lakhala likugogomezera mobwerezabwereza kuti sililowerera ndale, koma limangosunga ma adilesi. Komanso, akaganiza zochotsa ma adilesi a IP ku Russia, izi zitha kusokoneza intaneti m'maiko ena.
Kuti mumvetse chifukwa, bwanji ndi chifukwa, mu lingaliro langa, tiyenera kuyamba ndi mbiri yochepa ya mapangidwe a Runet.
Mbiri yachidule ya RuNet
Mbiri ya intaneti ya ku Russia ikhoza kuyamba bwino mu 1990, pamene mu Januwale, ndi ndalama zochokera ku American Association for Progressive Communications kuchokera ku San Francisco, bungwe la Glasnet linapangidwa. Bungwe lapagululi lidapangidwa kuti lipereke kulumikizana kwa aphunzitsi, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, oteteza zachilengedwe ndi ena otsimikizira anthu omasuka.
1991 - 1995, kulumikizana koyamba ku World Wide Web kumawoneka, nthawi zambiri m'mabungwe ofufuza; mofananira, opereka oyamba amatuluka ndikulumikiza ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa. Kulembetsa kwa RU domain ku Kurchatov Institute, kupanga maziko amsana ogwirizanitsa ma network a RUNNet (Russian Universities Network). Kuwonekera kwa seva yoyamba.
1996 - Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) yayamba kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya "University Internet Centers", yopangidwa kwa zaka zisanu - mpaka 2001. Pulogalamuyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi Boma la Russian Federation. Kugulidwa kwa zida ndi thandizo la ndalama ku University Internet Centers ndalama zokwana $100 miliyoni zimaperekedwa ndi Soros Foundation. Izi zidakhala ngati chilimbikitso china chaukadaulo pakukula kwa intaneti ku Russia.
Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa 384 zikwi.
1997 - kutuluka kwa injini yofufuzira Yandex.ru pofufuza mu gawo la chinenero cha Chirasha.
June 28 akhoza kuonedwa ngati chinthu choyamba chodziwika m'mbiri chomwe chinalungamitsa intaneti - monga malo aulere. Kenako gawo loperekedwa kwa SORM-2(kachitidwe ka ntchito zofufuzira), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maofesala a FSB athe kunyalanyaza zofunikira za Constitution ndi malamulo apano okhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa chigamulo cha khothi kuti achepetse chinsinsi cha makalata, kumanetiweki apakompyuta.
Kusindikizidwa kwa nkhani, kafukufuku, ndemanga, komanso machitidwe osiyanasiyana otsutsana ndi SORM-2, zidapangitsa kuti zambiri za polojekiti ya SORM-2, yomwe imalola kuti nzika ziziyang'aniridwa, zapezeka kwa anthu onse.
Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito chafika pa 1,2 miliyoni.
1998 - 2000 Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito chimafikira 2 miliyoni. Zolemba zazikulu zoyambirira zapaintaneti zimawonekera, opitilira 300 opereka intaneti akugwira ntchito mdziko muno, zomangamanga zapaintaneti zikukula mwachangu, ma network otsatsa oyamba amawonekera, kuphwanya koyambirira kwaluntha, ndi zina zambiri.
Kawirikawiri, zaka za m'ma 90 zikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndizo maziko a mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha intaneti ku Russia, yomwe inalengedwa muzinthu zaufulu ndi kusowa kulamulira ndi boma, ndipo, mosasamala kanthu za mabungwe amalonda ndi achifundo. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu topology yake yamkati yamaneti ndi maseva, omwe sali ogwirizana ndi madera enaake ndipo sagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa dziko linalake. Pambuyo pake, zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti gawo la Russia likule mpaka kukula kwakukulu.
Mbiri ya kuyesa kulamulira boma
Kuopseza kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa Runet kudayamba kale mu 1999, ndiye Minister of Communications Leonid Reiman ndi Minister of Press Mikhail Lesin akufuna kuchotsa ulamuliro woyang'anira dera la RU kuchokera ku bungwe la anthu lomwe linapangidwa ku Kurchatov Institute (RosNIIros), yomwe idayika khama ndi ndalama popanga maukonde oyamba. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa nduna zotsogozedwa ndi Prime Minister (Putin) ndi ziwerengero zapaintaneti (polimbana ndi omalizawa), kuwongolera dera la RU kudachotsedwa kugulu la anthu osalamulirika.
Kuchokera m'buku la Red Web - za mbiri yakuwongolera ntchito zanzeru zapakhomo pa telecom:
Mtsogoleri wa Foundation for Effective Policy (EFP) Gleb Pavlovsky adayambitsa msonkhano wa anthu pa intaneti ndi Vladimir Putin, yemwe panthawiyo anali Prime Minister. Pavlovsky ndi katswiri wa ndale yemwe panthawiyo anali pafupi ndi Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti. FEP wake ndiye adapanga ntchito zingapo zodziwika pa intaneti - Gazeta.ru, Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, ndi zina.
Pamsonkhanowo, a Putin adauza anthu pa intaneti za malingaliro a Reiman ndi Lesin. Soldatov (mutu wa Relcom, zolemba za wolemba), yemwe panthawiyo Rykov (mlangizi wa boma paukadaulo wazidziwitso, cholemba cha wolemba) adadziwitsa kale za malingaliro awa, adakhala kutsutsa mwatsatanetsatane. Anatsutsanso Anton Nosik ("Atate wa Runet," monga atolankhani anamutcha - mtolankhani, anaima pa chiyambi cha mapangidwe Runet, pa nthawiyo anali membala wa bungwe la FEP ndi kuyang'anira ntchito monga Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru , zolemba za wolemba). Pakati pa oimira makampani a intaneti, wojambula yekha Artemy Lebedev idalimbikitsa kusintha kwa RosNIIRos, kudzudzula bungwe kuti likusunga mitengo yamtengo wapatali.
"Ngati lamulo loyang'anira ntchito zapaintaneti likhazikitsidwa ku Russia, izi zikutanthauza kugawanso katundu pamisika yapaintaneti potengera anthu omwe amalamula lamuloli." -Anton Borisovich Nosik
Mu 2000, a Putin adasaina chiphunzitso chachitetezo chazidziwitso, chomwe chinali ndi ziwopsezo monga "cholinga cha mayiko angapo kuti azilamulira ndikuphwanya zofuna za Russia pazambiri." Mkati mwa chimango cha chiphunzitsochi, ntchito inayambika pakukonzekera ndi kukonza njira zingapo: kufufuza ndi kulenga antchito, kukulitsa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa madipatimenti apadera m'madipatimenti oyenera ndi mautumiki, ndi zina zotero.
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, akuluakulu a boma la Russia ayesetsa kulanda bungwe la ku America la ICANN, lomwe likuyang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la US, kuti likhale ndi mphamvu zogawa padziko lonse madera ndi ma adilesi a IP. Komabe, nthumwi zaku US zidapereka moni lingaliro ili mozizira kwambiri.
Kenako aku Russia adasintha machenjerero ndikuyesa kulanda mphamvu kuchokera ku ICANN kudzera ku International Telecommunication Union (ITU), yomwe imayang'anira kulumikizana kwachikhalidwe ndipo imatsogozedwa ndi Malta Hamadoun Tour, womaliza maphunziro a Leningrad Institute of Communications. Mu 2011, Prime Minister wa nthawiyo Vladimir Putin adakumana ndi Tour ku Geneva ndikumuuza za kufunika kosintha ulamuliro pa kagawidwe kazinthu zapaintaneti kuchokera ku ICANN kupita ku ITU. Russia idakonza chigamulo cha ITU ndikuyamba kusonkhanitsa thandizo kuchokera ku China ndi mayiko aku Central Asia.
Pa Disembala 8, 2012, wamkulu wa nthumwi zaku America, Terry Kramer, adatcha malingalirowa kuyesa kuyambitsa kuwunika pa intaneti. Pozindikira kuti pempholi silingadutse, pa December 10, Tur ananyengerera mbali ya Russia kuti ichotse.
M'malo mwake, apa ndipamene kuyesa kwa Russia kuti apange poyambira ndikupeza mphamvu yoyendetsera intaneti padziko lonse lapansi kudalephera. Ndipo akuluakulu aku Russia asinthiratu gawo lanyumba.
Kupambana kwa Yandex
Kumapeto kwa 2008, kampani ya Yandex inayamba kukumana ndi mavuto ambiri: malo ake atsopano a deta sakanatha kukhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha mavuto a boma, mlandu unatsegulidwa kumene mtsogoleri wa kampaniyo anali nawo. Arkady Volozh, ndipo wamalonda wina anasonyeza chidwi chogula kampaniyo Alisher Usmanov. Yandex amawopa kulandidwa koyipa.
Zifukwa za kusakhutira kwa akuluakulu a boma zinafotokozedwa kwa Arkady Volozh mwa mawonekedwe azithunzi kuchokera patsamba lalikulu la Yandex.News aggregator, yomwe inatengedwa pa nkhondo ya Chirasha-Georgia. Pofuna kumveketsa bwino nkhaniyi, nduna ziwiri (Vladislav Surkov ΠΈ Konstantin Kostin) anapita ku ofesi ya Yandex, komwe adayesa kufotokozera akuluakulu kuti kusankha nkhani mu utumikiwu sikuchitidwa ndi anthu, loboti, zikugwira ntchito molingana ndi aligorivimu yapadera.
Malinga ndi kukumbukira kwa Gershenzon, mkulu wa Yandex.News, Surkov anasokoneza kulankhula kwake ndipo analoza mutu waufulu pa Yandex.News. "Awa ndi adani athu, sitikufuna izi," adatero wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa Presidential Administration. Konstantin Kostin adafuna kuti akuluakulu apatsidwe mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe.
Yandex adadabwa ndi zotsatira za zokambirana ndi akuluakulu. Koma pamapeto pake, kumenyana ndi akuluakulu a boma kunatha ndi kupatsidwa udindo wothandizana nawo ndi chizindikiro "woimira wolemba nkhani wachidwi" ndipo nthawi yomweyo adalowa nawo bungwe la Yandex. Alexander Voloshin, mtsogoleri wakale wa Ulamuliro wa Purezidenti Boris Yeltsin ndi Vladimir Putin.
Pafupifupi zochitika zomwezo, koma kumlingo wosiyanasiyana, zitha kuwoneka ngati kufinya pang'ono kwa Kaspersky Lab (ndi VKontakte (). Ndipo awa ndi milandu yokhayo yomwe imadziwika ndi wolemba.
Kuphatikiza apo, makina oletsa ndi kuwongolera Runet anali atayamba kale kukulirakulira ndipo adapeza zinthu zamakono. Malamulo apadera adakonzedwa ndi zinthu zosadziwika bwino kuti asamangoganiziridwa mwachindunji, mothandizidwa ndi chitetezo kapena polimbana ndi anthu ochita zinthu monyanyira. Kuletsa zinthu zosaloledwa, kudzera mukukulitsa mphamvu za Roskomnadzor, kwafalikira kale. Mphamvu zomwe zimachitikira "zokambirana" ndi osewera akuluakulu mu gawo ili. Chabwino, kumapeto kwa siteji iyi, milandu yeniyeni yoyang'anira yayamba kale ndi chindapusa ndi kuimbidwa milandu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba, zomwe zakhazikika pachidziwitso cha anthu monga "Zokonda ndi zolemba."
Choncho, kuti potsiriza kulamulira maukonde, amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi chinthu chimodzi chotsalira kuchita - kutengera zinachitikira China (iwo ankaganiza za izi ngakhale kale) ndi kuyamba ntchito centralizing Runet. Kwa akatswiri ambiri, izi zikuwoneka zovuta kukhazikitsa ndi "chisangalalo" chamtengo wapatali, popeza China idamanga maukonde nthawi yomweyo ndikufika kwa intaneti m'derali, ndipo ku Russia, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, idamangidwa yokha. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndikuyamba, chifukwa pali kale mgwirizano ndi Chinese ndi zochitika, kunena kwake, zimayenda ngati mtsinje wochokera kumwamba.
Ndili ndi lingaliro Akuluakulu kuti bilu iyi imangoteteza bizinesi yaku Russia (bizinesi yapafupi ndi boma, inde) ndi ntchito za boma kuchokera kumachenjerero a Amereka. Tikuyenera kuwateteza kuti asadulidwe ndikusunga deta yawo. Koma mfundo yakuti zonse zikugwira ntchito kale Pazifukwa zina, akuluakulu samalankhula pa maseva amkati (mawebusayiti onse aboma, mabizinesi aboma, mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri mkati mwa gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale, ndi zina). Kuphatikiza apo, njira yolipira yaposachedwa ya MIR idayambitsidwa pokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa anthu aku America kuletsa njira zolipirira zomwe zidadziwika kale. Ndikhulupirireni, amatetezedwa momwe ndingathere ndipo zida zapadera zotetezedwa ku ziwopsezo za cyber zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chifukwa chiyani uwu ndi msampha?
Biliyo pa intaneti yodziyimira pawokha ilola kuti ntchito iyambike popanga ma network amkati, pomwe magalimoto onse opita ku ma seva akunja amadutsa "zipata" zoyendetsedwa ndi boma.
- Othandizira pa intaneti adzayika zida zapadera zomwe zimalimbana ndi ziwopsezo za pa intaneti (ngakhale akuchita kale izi ngati gawo la Phukusi la Yarovaya).
- Kuwonetsetsa kuwongolera magalimoto onse a ogwiritsa ntchito aku Russia.
- Kupanga kaundula wa malo osinthira magalimoto, DNS ndi ma adilesi a IP.
- Kusonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kumakampani omwe akukonzekera ntchito ya Network.
Ndipo pamene "mkangano" ukupitirirabe, Ministry of Telecom ndi Mass Communications yakonzekera kale chigamulo chopereka kuletsa njira ya magalimoto a ku Russia kunja kwa RuNet kuti atiteteze ife, nzika, ku "wiretapping" ndi mayiko opanda chiyanjano. Lamulo latsopano lidzamasula manja awo ndi kuwapatsa njira zochitira izi. Chigamulochi chimanenanso kuti: "... pofika chaka cha 2020, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali m'dera la Russia pa intaneti omwe amadutsa ma seva akunja achepetse kufika pa 5%..." Kodi izi sizikukukumbutsani za Iron Curtain, koma mpaka pano kokha mu malo enieni?
Ndipo kodi mukuganiza kuti mutatha kukhazikitsa kuwongolera magalimoto akunja ndi njira zokakamiza zosunga deta pa seva ku RuNet, adzasiya zonse momwe zilili?
Zotsatira
Izi zonse zidzakhudza anthu onse ogwira ntchito ku Russia ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti aku Russia omwe sanakumanepo ndi zokonda dziko lawo.
Zowonadi komanso popanda mafanizo, boma lidzatenga ndalama m'thumba lanu kuti muchepetse kulandira chidziwitso.
Popanda kukokomeza, machitidwe a chain kuchokera kuzinthu zoterezi ndi aakulu.
Timagwiritsa ntchito mautumiki ndi zida, zomwe pafupifupi zonse zimapangidwa ndi makampani akunja; si makampani onsewa omwe angafune kubwereza zambiri pa seva zaku Russia, ndikulipira zosungirako, potero izi zidzakhudza kuchoka kwa mautumikiwa pamsika (omwe amathandizira kuti pakhale zosunga zobwezeretsera). kutayika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ku Russia sikuli kofunikira), Inde, si onse omwe adzachoke, potero amachepetsa mpikisano, zomwe pamapeto pake zidzakhudza ndondomeko yamitengo. Osanenapo kuti iwo adzawonongeka nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ma seva awo kunja.
Sizikudziwika ngati adzakhala okonzeka.
Facebook/Instagram/Reddit/Twitter/YouTube/Vimeo/Vine/WhatsApp/Viber ndi ntchito zina zodziwika bwino za zimphona zapaintaneti monga Amazon/Google/Microsoft, ndi zina zambiri kusamutsa zambiri ku maseva aku Russia, kuchuluka kwa data ndikugwira ntchito. kusamutsa kwawo , m'malingaliro anga, sikungafanane ndi ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku msika wathu tsopano, ndipo makamaka m'tsogolomu.
Zoseweretsa zambiri zimasiya kugwira ntchito kapena zimasiya mphindi 10 zilizonse zamasewera pa intaneti; ma tracker aulere sadzakhalapo ngakhale kudzera pa seva yoyimira. Simudzawoneranso makanema omwe mumakonda "popanda kulembetsa ndi ma SMS"; mudzachita mantha mutazindikira kuti makina osakira sapezanso Marvel ndi DC, chifukwa mwayi wopeza izi kunja kwatsekedwa.
Ndipo chinanso, m'malingaliro mwanga, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito wamba sangaganizire ndizovuta zolumikizana zomwe angakumane nazo. asayansi ndi ofufuza. Popeza awa ndi anthu ammudzi omwe amadalira kwambiri kumasuka kwa kulandira chidziwitso. Kupatula apo, sikudzakhala chinsinsi kwa aliyense kuti asayansi akulu kwambiri ndi nkhokwe zofufuzira zili kunja.
Atalekanitsa intaneti kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi ndikugawanso mamangidwe a netiweki mkati mwa RuNet, olamulira azitha kupita ku gawo lotsatira (kapena mofananira) - ichi ndi chilengedwe (kutengera zomwe zidachitika ku Middle Kingdom. ) ya mapulogalamu ndi zida zowongolera zokha ndikuletsa zomwe zili zosaloledwa. Ndipo ichi ndi chifaniziro cha firewall yayikulu yaku China (ulalo pansipa kuti mufotokozere)
Ndipo zonsezi ndi ndalama zathu
Zachidziwikire, chilichonse chomwe tafotokoza pamwambapa chimafuna nthawi komanso ndalama zambiri, luso ndi chidziwitso. Padzakhala mavuto okwanira ndi omaliza, ndipo ndi zomwe tingayembekezere. Kuphatikiza apo, izi ndi zolosera zachisoni. Ponena za ndalama, zilibe kanthu, pali zambiri zomwe mungachite - adzapereka msonkho wowonjezera kwa opereka intaneti ndipo musadabwe mukaona kuti mtengo wanu wakwera ndi ma ruble 100-200.
Zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi ndi malingaliro a wolemba yekha. Ngati mukukayikira umboni womwe waperekedwa, ndiye kuti mudakali ndi Google - Google zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, werengani ndikulowera mu dzenje la kalulu.
Werengani za mutuwu
Mphindi ya chisamaliro kuchokera ku UFO
Izi zitha kukhala zotsutsana, kotero musanapereke ndemanga, chonde kumbukiraninso china chake chofunikira:
Momwe mungalembe ndemanga ndikupulumuka
- Osalemba ndemanga zokhumudwitsa, osakhala zaumwini.
- Pewani kutukwana ndi khalidwe loipa (ngakhale lophimbidwa).
- Kuti munene ndemanga zomwe zikuphwanya malamulo a patsamba, gwiritsani ntchito batani la "Ripoti" (ngati liripo) kapena .
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Source: www.habr.com