Nchiyani chikuchitika?
Mutu wa zochitika zachinyengo zochitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ziphaso zosainira pakompyuta walandira chidwi chambiri posachedwapa. Ofalitsa nkhani m'dzikolo apanga chizolowezi chofotokozera nthawi ndi nthawi nkhani zowopsa za milandu yogwiritsa ntchito siginecha yamagetsi molakwika. Mlandu wofala kwambiri m'derali ndikulembetsa bungwe lalamulo kapena wochita bizinesi payekha m'dzina la nzika yaku Russia yosakayikira. Njira ina yotchuka yachinyengo ndi kusamutsa umwini wa nyumba (pamene wina akugulitsa nyumba yanu m'dzina lanu, popanda kudziwa kwanu).
Koma tisatengeke ndi kufotokoza zinthu zosaloledwa zomwe zingachitike ndi siginecha ya digito, kuopera kuti tingapatse achiwembu malingaliro opanga. Tiyeni m’malo mwake tiyese kumvetsetsa chifukwa chimene vutoli lafala kwambiri ndi zimene liyenera kuchitidwa kuti lithetsedwe. Kuti tichite izi, tifunika kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe maulamuliro a certification ali, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso ngati ali owopsa monga momwe amasonyezedwera m'manyuzipepala komanso ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi.
Kodi ma signature amachokera kuti?
Kotero, ndiwe wogwiritsa ntchito. Mufunika satifiketi ya siginecha yamagetsi. Zilibe kanthu kuti cholinga chake ndi chiyani kapena udindo wanu ndi wotani (kampani, munthu payekha, kapena umwini wekha)—njira yopezera satifiketi ndiyokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, mumalumikizana ndi oyang'anira certification kuti mugule satifiketi yosayina pakompyuta.
Ulamuliro wa certification ndi kampani yomwe malamulo aku Russia amaikapo zofunikira zingapo.
Kuti avomerezedwe kupereka masiginecha oyenerera pakompyuta, akuluakulu opereka ziphaso ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zolumikizana. Njira yovomerezekayi imafuna kutsata zofunikira zingapo zomwe sizingakwaniritse kampani iliyonse.
Makamaka, CA iyenera kukhala ndi layisensi yopatsa ufulu wopanga, kupanga, ndi kugawa zida za encryption (cryptographic), zidziwitso, ndi njira zolumikizirana. Layisensiyi imaperekedwa ndi a FSB pambuyo poti wopemphayo wachita macheke ambiri.
Ogwira ntchito ku Certification Center ayenera kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba pankhani yaukadaulo wazidziwitso kapena chitetezo chazidziwitso.
Lamuloli limakakamizanso ma CA kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi udindo pa "zowonongeka zomwe zachitika kwa anthu ena chifukwa chodalira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu satifiketi yotsimikizira siginecha yamagetsi yoperekedwa ndi CA, kapena zidziwitso zomwe zili mu kaundula wa satifiketi zomwe zimasungidwa ndi CA" mu kuchuluka kwa ma ruble osachepera 30 miliyoni.
Monga mukuonera, si zophweka.
Pakali pano pali ma CA pafupifupi 500 mdziko muno omwe ali ndi chilolezo chopereka siginecha zamagetsi zoyenereradi (EQES). Izi zikuphatikiza osati ma certification achinsinsi okha komanso ma CA ogwirizana ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma (kuphatikiza Federal Tax Service, Russian Federation, ndi zina zotero), mabanki, ndi nsanja zamalonda, kuphatikiza aboma.
Satifiketi ya siginecha yamagetsi imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma encryption algorithms otsimikiziridwa ndi Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Zimalola mabungwe ovomerezeka ndi anthu pawokha kusinthanitsa zikalata zofunika zamalamulo pakompyuta. Malinga ndi data ya CA, ambiri (95%) a siginecha zamagetsi amaperekedwa ku mabungwe ovomerezeka, pomwe zotsalazo zimaperekedwa kwa anthu.
Mukalumikizana ndi Certification Authority, zotsatirazi zimachitika:
- CA imatsimikizira kuti munthu amene adafunsira satifiketi ya siginecha yamagetsi ndi ndani;
Pokhapokha pambuyo potsimikizira chizindikiritso ndikutsimikizira zolemba zonse pomwe CA imatulutsa ndikupereka satifiketi, yomwe imaphatikizapo zambiri za mwini satifiketiyo ndi kiyi yake yotsimikizira anthu; - CA imayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka moyo wa satifiketi: imatsimikizira kutulutsidwa kwake, kuyimitsidwa (kuphatikiza ndi pempho la eni ake), kukonzanso, ndi kutha ntchito.
- Ntchito ina ya CA ndi utumiki. Kungopereka satifiketi sikokwanira. Ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse amafuna kukambirana kwamitundu yonse pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito siginecha, komanso upangiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ndikusankha mitundu ya satifiketi. Ma CA akulu, monga a Delovaya Set, amapereka chithandizo chaukadaulo, kupanga mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, kukonza bizinesi, kuyang'anira kusintha kwa malo ofunsira satifiketi, ndi zina zambiri. Pamene akupikisana wina ndi mzake, ma CA amayesetsa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zawo za IT, kupanga malowa.
Cossack ndi chomera!
Tiyeni tiwone mfundo 1 ya njira yomwe tatchulayi yopezera siginecha yamagetsi. Kodi “kutsimikizira kuti” ndi ndani” wa munthu amene akufunsira satifiketi? Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu amene satifiketiyo idaperekedwa m'dzina lake adziwonekera yekha ku ofesi ya CA kapena pamalo operekera omwe ali ndi mgwirizano waubwenzi ndi CA ndikupereka zikalata zoyambirira. Makamaka, pasipoti yaku Russia. Nthawi zina, zikafika pamasainidwe a mabungwe ovomerezeka ndi amalonda pawokha, njira yotsimikizira imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo imafuna zolemba zina.
Ndi munthawi iyi - poyambira, chikalata chosainira chisanatulutsidwe - kuti vuto lalikulu lagona. Ndipo mawu ofunika apa ndi "pasipoti."
Kuchucha kwa data kwamunthu mdziko muno kwafika pamakampani. Pali zida zapaintaneti zomwe mutha kupeza ma pasipoti ovomerezeka aku Russia ndi ndalama zochepa kapena osalipira. Ndipo m'dziko lathu, olemedwa ndi cholowa cha pambuyo pa Soviet "ndiwonetseni zikalata zanu," zojambula za pasipoti zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa nzika kulikonse-osati kumabanki ndi mabungwe ena azachuma, komanso m'mahotela, masukulu, mayunivesite, maofesi a ndege ndi matikiti a sitima, malo osamalira ana, malo ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni a m'manja - kulikonse komwe kumafuna pasipoti yogwira ntchito - mwa kuyankhula kwina, pafupifupi kulikonse. Ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo wapa digito, njira yayikuluyi yopezera zidziwitso zamunthu idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achifwamba.
Komanso zofala kwambiri ndi "ntchito" zoba deta ya anthu enieni.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali gulu lonse la otchedwa "osankhidwa" -anthu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala aang'ono, osauka kwambiri, osaphunzira bwino, kapena otsika mwamwayi-omwe ochita chinyengo amalonjeza kuti adzalandira mphotho yocheperako kuti akawonekere ku malo opangira ziphaso kapena popereka pasipoti yawo ndikusainira m'dzina lawo, mwachitsanzo, ngati wotsogolera kampani. Mosafunikira kunena kuti, munthu woteroyo ndiye kuti alibe kulumikizana kulikonse ndi zomwe kampaniyo imachita ndipo sangapereke thandizo lenileni pakufufuza chinyengocho chikadziwika.
Chifukwa chake, kusanthula pasipoti sikuli vuto. Koma wotsimikizira amafuna pasipoti yoyambirira. Kodi zimenezo zingatheke bwanji, woŵerenga watcheru angafunse? Kuti tipewe vutoli, pali mabungwe opereka zinthu mopanda chilungamo. Ngakhale kuti amasankha movutikira, zigawenga nthawi ndi nthawi zimapatsidwa udindo wopereka ndalamazo kenako nkuyamba kuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo ndi zigawenga za nzika zake.
Zinthu ziwirizi zikuphatikizidwa zimatipatsa vuto lonse lazovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito siginecha zamagetsi zomwe tili nazo tsopano.
Pali chitetezo mu manambala?
Gulu lonse la anthu ochita chinyengo, kunena kwenikweni, likusefedwa ndi akuluakulu a ziphaso. CA iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zake zachitetezo. Aliyense amene akufunsira siginecha amawunikiridwa bwino pagawo lotsimikizira. Aliyense amene akufuna kugwirira ntchito limodzi ngati malo operekera ma CA enaake amawunikidwanso bwino pagawo la mgwirizano wa mgwirizano komanso pambuyo pake, panthawi yakuchita bizinesi.
Sizingatheke mwanjira ina, popeza chiphaso chosakhulupirika chikuwopseza CA kutsekedwa - malamulo a m'derali ndi okhwima.
Koma ndizosatheka kukumbatira kukula kwake, ndipo mfundo zina zopanda chilungamo zomwe zimaperekedwabe "zikulowa" m'mabungwe ogwirizana ndi CA. Ndipo "wosankhidwayo" sangakhale ndi chifukwa chokanira chiphaso nkomwe, popeza akugwiritsa ntchito ku CA mwalamulo.
Komanso, ngati siginecha yachinyengo m'dzina la munthu wina yavumbulidwa, akuluakulu opereka ziphaso okha ndi omwe angathetse vutoli. Pachifukwa ichi, olamulira a certification amachotsa chiphaso cha siginecha, amafufuza mkati, kutsata mndandanda wonse wopereka satifiketi, ndipo atha kupatsa khothi zikalata zofunika pazachinyengo pakupereka kiyi ya siginecha yamagetsi. Zida zokha zochokera ku bungwe la certification zingathandize bwalo lamilandu kuthetsa mlanduwo mokomera wovulalayo: munthu amene siginecha idaperekedwa mwachinyengo.
Komabe, kusaphunzira kwa digito sikuthandizanso kwa omwe akuzunzidwa pano. Sikuti aliyense amayesetsa kuteteza zofuna zawo. Kupatula apo, zochita zosaloledwa zokhudzana ndi siginecha za digito ziyenera kutsutsidwa kukhothi. Ndipo oyang'anira ziphaso ndiwothandizira kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Kupha ma UC onse?
Ndipo kotero, m'dziko lathu, adaganiza zosintha njira zogwirira ntchito ndi zofunikira za malo opangira ziphaso. Gulu la nduna ndi maseneta adapanga chikalata chofananira, chomwe chidaperekedwa kale ndi State Duma pakuwerenga kwake koyamba pa Novembara 7, 2019.
Chikalatacho chikufuna kusintha kwakukulu kwadongosolo la satifiketi ya siginecha yamagetsi. Makamaka, ikunena kuti mabungwe azovomerezeka ndi eni eni okha azitha kupeza masiginecha oyenerera amagetsi (EQES) kuchokera ku Federal Tax Service, pomwe mabungwe azachuma azitha kuwapeza ku Central Bank. Akuluakulu a Certification (CAs) ovomerezeka ndi Ministry of Communications and Mass Media, omwe pakali pano amatulutsa EQES, azitha kuzipereka kwa anthu okha.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zofunikira za ma CA zoterezi zimakonzedwa kuti zikhale zomangika kwambiri. Katundu wocheperako wa mabungwe ovomerezeka akuyenera kukwezedwa kuchokera ku ma ruble 7 miliyoni mpaka ma ruble 1 biliyoni, ndipo chitetezo chocheperako chandalama chiyenera kukulitsidwa kuchoka pa ma ruble 30 miliyoni mpaka ma ruble 200 miliyoni. Ngati bungwe la certification lili ndi nthambi zosachepera magawo awiri mwa atatu a zigawo za Russia, ndalama zocheperako zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala ma ruble 500 miliyoni.
Nthawi yovomerezeka kwa maulamuliro a certification ikuchepetsedwa kuchoka pazaka zisanu mpaka zitatu. Zilango zoyang'anira zidzaperekedwa pakuphwanya luso ndi akuluakulu a ziphaso.
Zonsezi ziyenera kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha chinyengo chokhudzana ndi siginecha zamagetsi, olemba bilu amakhulupirira.
Chotsatira chake nchiyani?
Monga zikuwonekeratu, bilu yatsopanoyi siikhudzanso nkhani yakugwiritsa ntchito molakwa zikalata za nzika zaku Russia komanso kuba kwa data. Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndani amene apereka siginecha—CA kapena Federal Tax Service—chidziwitso cha wosayinayo chidzafunikabe kutsimikiziridwa, ndipo biluyo ilibe zatsopano pankhaniyi. Ngati bungwe lopereka zinthu mopanda chilungamo lidagwiritsa ntchito njira zaupandu kwa CA wokhazikika, chingawaletse chiyani kuti asachite zomwezo ku CA ya boma?
Bilu yomwe ilipo pano sikunena kuti ndani adzakhala ndi udindo wopereka siginecha yowonjezera yamagetsi ngati siginechayo idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachinyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale Code Criminal ilibe nkhani yoyenera yomwe ingalole kuti munthu akhale ndi mlandu wopereka satifiketi yosainira pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zabedwa.
Nkhani ina ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa malo operekera ziphaso za boma, zomwe mosakayikira zidzabuka pansi pa malamulo atsopanowa ndipo zipangitsa kuti ntchito zoperekedwa kwa anthu pawokha komanso mabungwe azovomerezeka azichedwa komanso zovuta.
Biluyo sikhudza ntchito za ma CA. Sizikudziwika ngati madipatimenti othandizira makasitomala adzakhazikitsidwa ku ma CA akuluakulu aboma omwe akufunsidwa, izi zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, ndalama zomwe zidzafunikire, komanso ndani amene angagwire ntchito zamakasitomala pomwe zomangamanga zikupangidwa. Mwachionekere, kutha kwa mpikisano m’derali kukhoza kudzetsa bata m’makampani.
Chotsatira chake ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wa CA ndi mabungwe a boma, kuchulukitsitsa kwa mabungwewa ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito zonse zoyendetsera zolemba zamagetsi, kusowa kwa chithandizo cha ogwiritsira ntchito pazochitika zachinyengo, komanso kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa msika wamakono wa CA pamodzi ndi zomangamanga zomwe zilipo (izi ndi pafupifupi ntchito za 15,000 m'dziko lonselo).
Ndani adzavutika? Anthu omwewo omwe akuvutika kale-ogwiritsa ntchito komanso akuluakulu opereka ziphaso-adzavutika chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa biluyi.
Mabizinesi omwe akuyenda bwino pakuba deta yanu apitilizabe kuyenda bwino. Kodi si nthawi yoti mabungwe azamalamulo ndi okonza malamulo athetse vutoli ndikuthana ndi zovuta zazaka za digito? Mwayi wakuba deta yaumwini ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwachigawenga kwawonjezeka kwambiri pazaka 10-15 zapitazi. Mlingo wa maphunziro aupandu wawonjezekanso. Izi ziyenera kuthetsedwa popereka zilango zokhwima pazachinthu chilichonse chosaloledwa ndi data yamunthu ena, makampani ndi antchito awo, komanso anthu pawokha. Ndipo kuti athane ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ziphaso za siginecha zamagetsi, ndikofunikira kulemba malamulo omwe angakhazikitse udindo, kuphatikiza zilango zaupandu, pazochita zotere. Iyi si bilu yomwe imangogawanso kayendetsedwe kazachuma, kusokoneza njira kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo pamapeto pake sikupereka chitetezo kwa aliyense.
Source: www.habr.com
