Kafukufukuyu akufotokoza momwe kulephera kwa dongosolo limodzi lodziyimira pawokha (AS) kumakhudzira kulumikizidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa dera linalake, makamaka pankhani yopereka chithandizo chachikulu cha intaneti (ISP) m'dzikolo. Kulumikizana kwa intaneti pa intaneti kumayendetsedwa ndi kuyanjana pakati pa machitidwe odziyimira pawokha. Pamene chiwerengero cha njira zina pakati pa ma AS chikuwonjezeka, kulolerana kwa zolakwika kumachitika ndipo kukhazikika kwa intaneti m'dziko lopatsidwa kumawonjezeka. Komabe, njira zina zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa zina, ndipo kukhala ndi njira zina zambiri momwe zingathere ndiye njira yokhayo yowonetsetsa kudalirika kwadongosolo (mwa AS).
Kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse kwa AS iliyonse, kaya ndi intaneti yaying'ono kapena chimphona chapadziko lonse lapansi chokhala ndi mamiliyoni ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito ntchito, zimatengera kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa njira zake zopita kwa opereka Tier-1. Monga lamulo, Tier-1 imatanthawuza kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imapereka ntchito zapadziko lonse za IP ndi kulumikizana ndi ena ogwira ntchito a Tier-1. Komabe, palibe udindo mkati mwa kalabu yakusankhika yomwe yapatsidwa kuti isunge kulumikizana koteroko. Msika wokhawo ukhoza kulimbikitsa makampani oterowo kuti azilumikizana mopanda malire, kupereka chithandizo chapamwamba. Kodi ichi ndi chilimbikitso chokwanira? Tiyankha funso ili pansipa mugawo la kulumikizana kwa IPv6.
Ngati ISP itataya ngakhale imodzi mwamalumikizidwe ake a Tier-1, mwina sichipezeka m'malo ena padziko lapansi.
Kuyeza Kudalirika kwa intaneti
Tangoganizani kuti AS ikukumana ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa intaneti. Tikuyang'ana yankho ku funso lotsatirali: "Ndi peresenti yanji ya AS m'dera lino yomwe ingalepheretse kulumikizana ndi ogwira ntchito a Tier-1, motero kutaya kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi"?
Njira zofufuziraN’chifukwa chiyani mungayerekezere zimenezi? Kunena zowona, pamene BGP ndi dziko la ma interdomain routing anali pakupanga mapangidwe, opanga ankaganiza kuti AS iliyonse yosadutsa idzakhala ndi osachepera awiri operekera kumtunda kuti atsimikizire kulolerana kwa zolakwika ngati mmodzi wa iwo atalephera. Komabe, zenizeni zonse ndi zosiyana kwambiri - oposa 45% a ISPs ali ndi mgwirizano umodzi wokha paulendo wopita kumtunda. Mndandanda wa maubwenzi osagwirizana pakati pa ma ISPs odutsa amachepetsanso kudalirika kwathunthu. Ndiye, kodi ma ISPs akugwa? Yankho ndi inde, ndipo zimachitika kawirikawiri. Funso loyenera pankhaniyi ndilakuti: "Ndi liti pamene ISP idzakumana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kulumikizana?" Ngati mavuto ngati amenewa akuwoneka ngati akutali kwa wina, ndi bwino kukumbukira lamulo la Murphy: "Chilichonse chomwe chingayende bwino, chidzalakwika."
Kuti titengere chitsanzo chofananacho, timayendetsa chitsanzo chomwecho kwa chaka chachitatu motsatizana. M’chaka chomwechi, sitinangobwereza kuwerengera kwa m’mbuyomu - tinakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku wathu. Njira zotsatirazi zidatsatiridwa poyesa kudalirika kwa AS:
- Pa AS iliyonse padziko lapansi, timapeza njira zina zopitira kwa ogwira ntchito a Tier-1 pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha ubale wa AS, chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati maziko a mankhwala a Qrator.Radar;
- Pogwiritsa ntchito IPIP geodatabase, tinajambula adilesi iliyonse ya IP ya AS iliyonse kudziko lomwe likugwirizana;
- Pa AS iliyonse, tinawerengera gawo la malo ake adilesi ofanana ndi dera losankhidwa. Izi zidathandizira kusefa mikhalidwe yomwe ISP ikhoza kukhalapo pakusinthana m'dziko linalake, koma osapezeka m'dera lonselo. Chitsanzo chofanizira ndi Hong Kong, komwe mazana a mamembala omwe ali ndi intaneti yayikulu kwambiri ku Asia HKIX akusinthana magalimoto ndi ziro pagawo la intaneti la Hong Kong;
- Popeza tapeza zotsatira zomveka bwino za AS m'derali, timayesa zotsatira za kulephera kotheka kwa AS pa ma AS ena ndi mayiko omwe alipo;
- Pamapeto pake, kudziko lililonse, tapeza AS yeniyeni yomwe idakhudza gawo lalikulu la ma AS ena m'derali. Ma AS akunja sangaganizidwe.
Kudalirika kwa IPv4
Pansipa mutha kuwona maiko apamwamba a 20 potengera kudalirika kwa kulekerera zolakwika pakachitika kulephera kamodzi kwa AS. Pochita izi, izi zikutanthauza kuti dzikoli lili ndi intaneti yabwino, ndipo chiwerengerocho chikuwonetsa gawo la ASs lomwe lidzataya kugwirizanitsa padziko lonse ngati AS yaikulu ikulephera.
Zowona Zamsanga:
- USA yagwetsa malo 11 kuchoka pa 7 mpaka 18;
- Bangladesh idasiya 20 apamwamba;
- Ukraine ananyamuka 8 malo 4 malo;
- Austria idatsika pa 20 yapamwamba;
- Maiko awiri abwerera ku 20 apamwamba: Italy ndi Luxembourg atatuluka mu 2017 ndi 2018 motsatana.
Kusuntha kosangalatsa kumachitika pamasanjidwe okhazikika chaka chilichonse. Chaka chatha tidalemba kuti machitidwe onse a mayiko 20 apamwamba sanasinthe kwambiri kuyambira 2017. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chaka ndi chaka timawona zochitika zabwino zapadziko lonse zakukhala odalirika komanso kupezeka kwathunthu. Kuti tifotokoze mfundoyi, timayerekeza kusintha kwapakati komanso kwapakati pazaka 4 pamlingo wonse wa IPv4 wokhazikika m'maiko onse 233.
Chiwerengero cha mayiko omwe akwanitsa kuchepetsa kudalira kwawo pa AS imodzi kufika pansi pa 10% (chizindikiro cha kulimba mtima kwakukulu) chawonjezeka ndi 5 poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha, kufika pa zigawo 2019 za dziko kuyambira September 35.
Chifukwa chake, monga momwe zimawonekera kwambiri panthawi yophunzira, tazindikira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulimba kwa maukonde padziko lonse lapansi, mu IPv4 ndi IPv6.
IPv6 kukhazikika
Takhala tikubwereza kwa zaka zingapo kuti malingaliro olakwika akuti IPv6 imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi IPv4 ndivuto lofunikira pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa IPv6.
Chaka chatha tidalemba za nkhondo zongoyang'ana zomwe zikupitilira osati IPv6 yokha, komanso IPv4, pomwe Cogent ndi Hurricane Electric samalumikizana. Chaka chino tidadabwa kupeza kuti awiri ena omwe adapikisana nawo chaka chatha, Deutsche Telekom ndi Verizon US, adakhazikitsa IPv6 bwino mu Meyi 2019. Simungapeze kutchulidwa kulikonse, koma iyi ndi sitepe yaikulu - opereka awiri akuluakulu a Tier-1 asiya kumenyana ndipo potsiriza akhazikitsa mgwirizano wa anzawo pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yomwe tonsefe timafuna chitukuko chochulukirapo.
Kuti muwonetsetse kulumikizidwa kwathunthu komanso kudalirika kwambiri, njira zopita kwa ogwira ntchito a Tier-1 ziyenera kupezeka nthawi zonse. Tidawerengeranso kuchuluka kwa ma AS m'dziko lomwe limangolumikizana pang'ono mu IPv6 chifukwa cha nkhondo zongoyerekeza. Nazi zotsatira:
Chaka chotsatira, IPv4 idakali yodalirika kwambiri kuposa IPv6. Kudalirika ndi kukhazikika kwa IPv4 mu 2019 ndi 62,924%, ndi 54,53% pa IPv6. IPv6 akadali ndi gawo lalikulu la mayiko omwe ali ndi vuto losapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa kulumikizanako pang'ono.
Poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha, tidawona kusintha kwakukulu m'maiko atatu akulu, makamaka mu gawo lolumikizana pang'ono. Chaka chatha, Venezuela inali ndi 33%, China 65% ndi UAE 25%. Ngakhale Venezuela ndi China zasintha kwambiri kulumikizana kwawo, kuthana ndi zovuta zazikulu zamaukonde olumikizidwa pang'ono, UAE yasiyidwa yopanda mphamvu mderali.
Kufikira kwa Broadband ndi zolemba za PTR
Kubwereza funso lomwe takhala tikudzifunsa kuyambira chaka chatha: "Kodi ndizowona kuti otsogolera otsogola m'dziko nthawi zonse amakhudza kudalirika kwachigawo kuposa wina aliyense kapena wina aliyense?", tapanga metric yowonjezera kuti tiphunzire mopitilira. Mwina ofunikira kwambiri (mwa makasitomala) omwe amapereka intaneti m'dera lomwe mwapatsidwa sangakhale njira yodziyimira yokha yomwe imakhala yofunika kwambiri popereka kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi.
Chaka chatha, tidatsimikiza kuti chizindikiritso cholondola kwambiri cha kufunikira kwenikweni kwa woperekera chithandizo chikhoza kutengera kusanthula kwamarekodi a PTR. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa DNS: pogwiritsa ntchito adilesi ya IP, dzina lolumikizana nalo kapena dzina lachidziwitso limatha kudziwika.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti PTR imatha kuyeza zida zinazake pamalo adilesi ya munthu aliyense. Popeza tikudziwa kale ma ASes akulu kwambiri kudziko lililonse padziko lapansi, titha kuwerengera zolemba za PTR pamanetiweki a opereka awa, ndikudziwitsa gawo lawo pakati pa zolemba zonse za PTR mderali. Ndikoyenera kupanga chodzikanira nthawi yomweyo: tidawerengera zolemba za PTR ZOKHA ndipo sitinawerengere kuchuluka kwa ma adilesi a IP opanda ma PTR ma adilesi a IP okhala ndi ma PTR.
Chifukwa chake, zotsatirazi tikulankhula za ma adilesi a IP omwe ali ndi zolemba za PTR zomwe zilipo. Si lamulo wamba kuzipanga, ndichifukwa chake ena opereka amaphatikiza ma PTR ndipo ena satero.
Tidawonetsa ma adilesi angati a IP okhala ndi ma rekodi otchulidwa a PTR omwe angachotsedwe ngati atachotsedwa/pamodzi ndi dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri (lopangidwa ndi PTR) m'dziko lotchulidwalo. Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma adilesi onse a IP omwe ali ndi chithandizo cha PTR m'derali.
Tiyeni tifanizire mayiko 20 odalirika kwambiri kuchokera pamasanjidwe a 4 IPv2019 ndi kusanja kwa PTR:
Mwachiwonekere, njira yomwe imaganizira zolemba za PTR imapereka zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, osati chapakati AS m'chigawo kusintha, koma kusakhazikika kuchuluka kwa anati AS ndi osiyana kotheratu. M'madera onse omwe ali odalirika, kuchokera pakuwona kupezeka kwa dziko lonse, chiwerengero cha ma adilesi a IP omwe ali ndi chithandizo cha PTR chomwe chidzachotsedwa chifukwa cha kugwa kwa AS ndi nthawi khumi.
Izi zitha kutanthauza kuti ISP yotsogola yadziko lonse imakhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuganiza kuti gawoli likuyimira gawo la ogwiritsa ntchito a ISP ndi makasitomala omwe adzadulidwa (ngati sizingatheke kusinthana ndi wothandizira wina) pakalephera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, mayiko sakuwonekanso ngati odalirika monga momwe amawonekera kuchokera kumalo odutsa. Timasiya kwa owerenga zomwe zingatheke poyerekezera 20 IPv4 yapamwamba ndi PTR.
Tsatanetsatane wa kusintha kwa mayiko
Monga mwachizolowezi mu gawoli, timayamba ndi kulowa kwapadera kwa AS174 - Cogent. Chaka chatha tidafotokoza momwe zimakhudzira ku Europe, komwe AS174 imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri kumayiko 5 mwa mayiko 20 apamwamba mu IPv4 Resilience Index. Chaka chino Cogent akukhalapo mu 20 yapamwamba yodalirika, komabe, ndi zosintha zina - makamaka ku Belgium ndi Spain AS174 yasinthidwa kukhala AS yovuta kwambiri. Mu 2019, ku Belgium idakhala AS6848 - Telenet, ndi Spain - AS12430 - Vodafone.
Tsopano, tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane maiko awiri omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino yolimba mtima omwe asintha kwambiri chaka chatha: Ukraine ndi United States of America.
Choyamba, Ukraine yakweza kwambiri malo ake pa IPv4 kusanja. Kuti timve zambiri, tidatembenukira kwa a Max Tulyev, membala wa bungwe la Ukraine Internet Association, kuti timve zambiri za zomwe zidachitika mdziko lake m'miyezi 12 yapitayi:
"Kusintha kwakukulu komwe tikukuwona ku Ukraine ndikutsika kwamitengo yama data. Izi zimalola makampani opindula kwambiri pa intaneti kuti apeze maulumikizidwe angapo kumtunda kunja kwa malire athu. Mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Electric ikugwira ntchito makamaka pamsika, ikupereka "mayendedwe apadziko lonse" popanda mgwirizano wachindunji chifukwa samachotsa ziganizo zoyambira kusinthanitsa - amangolengeza kondomu yamakasitomala pa IXPs zakomweko.
AS yayikulu yaku Ukraine yasintha kuchokera ku AS1299 Telia kupita ku AS3255 UARNET. Bambo Tulyev anafotokoza kuti, pokhala gulu lakale la maphunziro, UARNET tsopano yakhala yogwira ntchito, makamaka ku Western Ukraine.
Tsopano tiyeni tipite ku gawo lina la Dziko Lapansi - ku USA.
Funso lathu lalikulu ndi losavuta - tsatanetsatane wa kutsika kwa 11-notch pakulimba mtima kwa US ndi chiyani?
Mu 2018, US idakhala pa nambala 7 pomwe 4,04% ya dzikolo ingathe kutaya kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi ngati AS209 ilephera. Lipoti lathu la 2018 limapereka chidziwitso pazomwe zidasintha ku United States chaka chapitacho:
Koma nkhani yaikulu ndi zimene zinachitika ku United States. Kwa zaka ziwiri motsatizana - 2016 ndi 2017 - tazindikira Cogent's AS174 ngati yosintha masewera pamsika uno. Sizilinso choncho—mu 2018, AS 209 CenturyLink inalowa m’malo mwake, kuchititsa United States kukhala pa nambala 7 pa IPv4.”
Zotsatira za 2019 zikuwonetsa kuti United States ili pa nambala 18 pomwe mphamvu zake zolimba zidatsika mpaka 6,83% -kusintha kopitilira 2,5%, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira kutsika pa 20 pamwamba pa IPv4 resilience kusanja.
Tidalumikizana ndi woyambitsa Mkuntho wa Hurricane Electric Mike Leber chifukwa cha ndemanga zake pankhaniyi:
"Uku ndikusintha kwachilengedwe pomwe intaneti yapadziko lonse lapansi ikukula. Zomangamanga za IT m'dziko lililonse zikukula ndikusintha kuti zithandizire chuma chazidziwitso chomwe chikusintha komanso kusintha. Kuchita bwino kumapangitsa makasitomala kudziwa zambiri komanso kupeza ndalama. Mapangidwe a IT akumaloko amathandizira zokolola. Awa ndi macro-techno-economic mphamvu. "
Ndizosangalatsa nthawi zonse kusanthula zomwe zikuchitika m'chuma chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka tikawona kutsika kwakukulu kotereku kudalirika. Monga chikumbutso, chaka chatha tidawona kusinthidwa kwa Cogent's AS174 ndi CenturyLink's AS209 ku United States. Chaka chino, CenturyLink idataya udindo wake ngati AS wovuta kwambiri mdziko muno kunjira ina yoyimirira, Level3356's AS3. Izi sizosadabwitsa popeza makampani awiriwa ayimira bwino bungwe limodzi kuyambira pomwe 2017 idalanda. Kuyambira pano, kulumikizana kwa CenturyLink kumadalira kulumikizana kwa Level3. Titha kunena kuti kuchepa kwathunthu kwa kudalirika kumalumikizidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika pa netiweki ya Level3/CenturyLink kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2018, pomwe mapaketi 4 osadziwika adasokoneza intaneti kwa maola angapo kudera lalikulu la United States. . Chochitikachi chakhudza mphamvu ya CenturyLink/Level3 yopereka mwayi kwa osewera akulu kwambiri mdziko muno, omwe ena mwa iwo adasinthiratu ena opereka ma mayendedwe kapena kusiyanitsa maulumikizidwe awo kumtunda ndi kumtunda. Komabe, ngakhale zonse zili pamwambazi, Level3 idakali yofunikira kwambiri yolumikizirana ku US, kuyimitsidwa komwe kungapangitse kusowa kwapadziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi 7% ya machitidwe odziyimira pawokha am'deralo omwe amadalira paulendowu.
Italy idabwereranso pamwamba pa 20 pamalo a 17 ndi AS12874 Fastweb yomweyo, zomwe mwina ndi zotsatira zakusintha kwakukulu kwamtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zopita kwa wopereka uyu. Kupatula apo, pamodzi ndi iye mu 2017, Italy idatsika mpaka 21st, ndikusiya 20 yapamwamba.
Mu 2019, Singapore, yomwe idalowa nawo masanjidwe 20 apamwamba kwambiri chaka chatha koma idalumphira molunjika pamalo achisanu, idalandiranso ASN yatsopano. Chaka chatha tinayesetsa kufotokoza kusintha kwa zigawo za Southeast Asia. Chaka chino, AS yovuta yaku Singapore yasintha kuchoka ku AS5 SingNet ya chaka chatha kupita ku AS3758 Starnet. Ndi kusinthaku, derali lidataya malo amodzi okha, kugwera pa 4657th paudindo mu 6.
China idalumpha modabwitsa kuchokera pa 113 mu 2018 kufika pa 78 mu 2019, ndikusintha pafupifupi 5% mu mphamvu za IPv4 malinga ndi njira yathu. Mu IPv6, kulumikizana pang'ono kwa China kwatsika kuchoka pa 65,93% chaka chatha kufika kupitirira 20% chaka chino. ASN yoyamba mu IPv6 inasintha kuchoka ku AS9808 China Mobile mu 2018 kupita ku AS4134 mu 2019. Mu IPv4, AS4134, yomwe ili ndi China Telecom, yakhala yovuta kwa zaka zambiri.
Mu IPv6, nthawi yomweyo, gawo laku China la intaneti latsika ndi malo 20 pagulu lokhazikika la 2019 - kuchokera pa 10% chaka chatha kufika 23,5% mu 2019.
Mwinamwake, zonsezi zikusonyeza chinthu chimodzi chophweka - China Telecom ikukonzekera bwino zomangamanga zake, kukhalabe njira yaikulu yolumikizirana ku China ndi intaneti yakunja.
Ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zachitetezo cha cybersecurity komanso, kuchulukirachulukira kwa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuukira kwa intaneti, ndi nthawi yoti maboma onse, makampani apadera komanso aboma, koma koposa zonse, ogwiritsa ntchito wamba aziwunika mosamala maudindo awo. Zowopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulumikizidwa kwa chigawo ziyenera kufufuzidwa mosamala komanso moona mtima, kusanthula milingo yeniyeni yodalirika. Ngakhale zotsika mtengo pazachuma zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zopezeka pakachitika chiwopsezo chachikulu cha opereka chithandizo chovuta m'dziko lonselo, atero DNS. Musaiwalenso kuti dziko lakunja lidzachotsedwa ku mautumiki ndi deta yomwe ili mkati mwa dera ngati kutayika kwathunthu kwa kulumikizidwa.
Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti mpikisano wa ISP ndi misika yonyamula katundu ikusintha kuti ikhale yokhazikika komanso yolimba ku zoopsa mkati ndi kupitirira dera lomwe laperekedwa. Popanda msika wampikisano, kulephera kwa AS imodzi kungathe ndipo kudzachititsa kuti kutayika kwa ma intaneti kwa gawo lalikulu la ogwiritsa ntchito m'dziko kapena dera lonse.
Source: www.habr.com