Mbiri yankhondo yolimbana ndi censorship: momwe njira yolumikizira yowunikira yopangidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku MIT ndi Stanford imagwirira ntchito

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2010, gulu limodzi la akatswiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Stanford, yunivesite ya Massachusetts, The Tor Project ndi SRI International anapereka zotsatira za maphunziro awo. kafukufuku njira zothanirana ndi censorship pa intaneti.

Asayansi anasanthula njira zolambalalitsa zotsekereza zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo ndipo anakonza njira yawoyawo, yotchedwa flash proxy. Lero tikambirana za chiyambi chake ndi mbiri ya chitukuko.

Mau oyamba

Intaneti inayamba ngati maukonde otseguka kwa mitundu yonse ya deta, koma patapita nthawi, mayiko ambiri anayamba kusefa magalimoto. Mayiko ena amaletsa masamba enaake, monga YouTube kapena Facebook, pomwe ena amaletsa kupeza zomwe zili ndi zida zina. Ma blockages amtundu umodzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ku Europe.

Ogwiritsa ntchito m'madera omwe kutsekereza kumagwiritsidwa ntchito amayesa kuzilambalala pogwiritsa ntchito ma proxies osiyanasiyana. Pali mayendedwe angapo opangira makina otere; imodzi mwaukadaulo, Tor, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchitoyo.

Nthawi zambiri, opanga ma projekiti odutsa otsekereza amakumana ndi ntchito zitatu zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa:

1. Rendezvous protocol. Protocol ya rendezvous imalola ogwiritsa ntchito m'dziko lotsekedwa kutumiza ndi kulandira zidziwitso zochepa kuti akhazikitse kulumikizana ndi projekiti - ngati Tor, mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsa ntchito rendezvous kugawa adilesi ya IP ya Tor relays (milatho). Ma protocol oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto otsika kwambiri ndipo sizosavuta kuletsa.
2. Kupanga woyimira. Machitidwe ogonjetsera kutsekereza amafuna ma proxies kunja kwa dera omwe ali ndi intaneti yosefedwa kuti atumize magalimoto kuchokera kwa kasitomala kupita kuzinthu zomwe mukufuna ndikubwerera. Okonza block amatha kuyankha poletsa ogwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira ma adilesi a IP a ma seva ovomerezeka ndikuwatsekereza. Kuthana nazo Kuukira kwa Sibyl ntchito ya proxy iyenera kutha kupanga ma proxies atsopano nthawi zonse. Kupanga kofulumira kwa ma proxies atsopano ndiye chinsinsi chachikulu cha njira yomwe ofufuza apanga.
3. Kubisa. Wothandizira akalandira adilesi ya projekiti yosatsekeredwa, iyenera kubisala kulumikizana kwake ndi iyo kuti gawolo lisatsekedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira magalimoto. Iyenera kubisika ngati magalimoto "okhazikika", monga kusinthana kwa data ndi malo ogulitsira pa intaneti, masewera a pa intaneti, ndi zina zambiri.

Mu ntchito yawo, asayansi adapereka njira yatsopano yopangira ma proxies mwachangu.

Kodi ntchito

Lingaliro lofunikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti angapo kupanga ma proxies ambiri okhala ndi moyo waufupi osapitilira mphindi zochepa.

Kuti tichite izi, mawebusayiti ang'onoang'ono akupangidwa omwe ali ndi anthu odzipereka - monga masamba apanyumba a ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amakhala kunja kwa chigawocho ndi kutsekeka kwa intaneti. Masambawa sakukhudzana kwenikweni ndi zinthu zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito akufuna kuzipeza.

Baji yaying'ono imayikidwa pamalo oterowo, omwe ndi mawonekedwe osavuta opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito JavaScript. Chitsanzo cha code iyi:

<iframe src="//crypto.stanford.edu/flashproxy/embed.html" width="80" height="15" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>

Izi ndi momwe baji imawonekera:

Msakatuli wochokera kumalo omwe ali kunja kwa dera lotsekedwa akafika pamalo oterowo ndi baji, amayamba kutumiza magalimoto kuderali ndi kubwerera. Ndiye kuti, msakatuli wa mlendo wa webusayiti amakhala woyimira kwakanthawi. Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akachoka pamalowo, woyimirayo amawonongeka osasiyapo.

Zotsatira zake, ndizotheka kupeza magwiridwe antchito okwanira kuthandizira njira ya Tor.

Kuphatikiza pa Tor Relay ndi kasitomala, wogwiritsa ntchito adzafunika zinthu zina zitatu. Wotchedwa wotsogolera, yemwe amalandira zopempha kuchokera kwa kasitomala ndikugwirizanitsa ndi wothandizira. Kulankhulana kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mapulagini oyendera pa kasitomala (apa Mtundu wa Chrome) ndi kusintha kwa Tor-relay kuchokera ku WebSockets kupita ku TCP yoyera.

Chigawo chodziwika bwino chogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu ichi chikuwoneka motere:

1. Makasitomala amayendetsa Tor, kasitomala woyimira-flash (osatsegula pulogalamu yowonjezera), ndikutumiza pempho lolembetsa kwa wotsogolera pogwiritsa ntchito rendezvous protocol. Pulagi imayamba kumvera kulumikizana kwakutali.
2. Proxy ya Flash imawonekera pa intaneti ndipo imalumikizana ndi wotsogolera ndi pempho lolumikizana ndi kasitomala.
3. Wothandizira amabwezera kulembetsa, kupititsa deta yolumikizira ku projekiti ya flash.
4. Wothandizirayo amalumikizana ndi kasitomala yemwe deta yake idatumizidwako.
5. Wothandizirayo amalumikizana ndi pulogalamu yowonjezera yoyendetsa ndi Tor relay ndikuyamba kusinthanitsa deta pakati pa kasitomala ndi wotumizira.

Chodabwitsa cha kamangidwe kameneka ndikuti kasitomala samadziwa pasadakhale komwe adzafunika kulumikizana. M'malo mwake, pulogalamu yowonjezera yoyendetsa imavomereza adilesi yabodza kuti zisaphwanye zofunikira zama protocol. Adilesiyi imanyalanyazidwa ndipo ngalande imapangidwa kumalo ena omalizira - Tor relay.

Pomaliza

Pulojekiti ya projekiti ya flash idapangidwa kwa zaka zingapo ndipo mu 2017 opanga adasiya kuichirikiza. Khodi ya polojekiti ikupezeka pa izi. Ma proxies a Flash asinthidwa ndi zida zatsopano zotchingira. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi polojekiti ya Snowflake, yomangidwa pa mfundo zofanana.

Source: www.habr.com