Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Monga tawonera mu , akatswiri opanga mawailesi ndi matelefoni pofunafuna zokulitsa zamphamvu kwambiri anapeza njira yatsopano yaumisiri imene mwamsanga inatchedwa kuti yamagetsi. Chokulitsa chamagetsi chitha kusinthidwa kukhala chosinthira digito, chomwe chimagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri kuposa msuweni wake wamagetsi, matelefoni. Chifukwa panalibe zida zamakina, chubu cha vacuum chikhoza kuyatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa mu microsecond kapena kuchepera, m'malo mwa mamilisekondi khumi kapena kupitilirapo komwe kumafunikira ndi relay.
Kuyambira 1939 mpaka 1945, makompyuta atatu adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopanozi. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti masiku omanga awo amagwirizana ndi nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Mkangano uwu - wosayerekezeka m'mbiri momwe unamangirira anthu ku galeta lankhondo - unasintha kosatha ubale pakati pa mayiko ndi pakati pa sayansi ndi zamakono, komanso kubweretsa zida zambiri zatsopano ku dziko lapansi.
Nkhani za makompyuta atatu oyambirira a makompyuta zimagwirizana ndi nkhondo. Yoyamba inali yodzipereka pakumasulira mauthenga achijeremani, ndipo idakhalabe mwachinsinsi mpaka m'ma 1970, pomwe inalibenso chidwi china kupatula mbiri. Yachiwiri yomwe owerenga ambiri adayenera kumva inali ENIAC, chowerengera chankhondo chomwe chidamalizidwa mochedwa kwambiri kuti chithandizire pankhondo. Koma apa tikuwona makina oyambirira a makina atatuwa, ubongo wa .
Atanasov
Mu 1930, Atanasov, mwana wa ku America wobadwa kuchokera , pomalizira pake anakwaniritsa maloto ake aunyamata ndipo anakhala katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi. Koma, mofanana ndi zokhumba zambiri zoterozo, zenizeni sizinali zimene iye ankayembekezera. Makamaka, monga ophunzira ambiri a uinjiniya ndi sayansi yakuthupi m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XNUMX, Atanasov anavutika ndi zolemetsa zowawa za kuwerengera kosalekeza. Zolemba zake ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin za polarization ya helium zinafuna masabata asanu ndi atatu a kuwerengera kotopetsa pogwiritsa ntchito makina owerengera desiki.
John Atanasov mu unyamata wake
Pofika mu 1935, atalandira kale udindo wa pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Iowa, Atanasov anaganiza zochitapo kanthu pa izi. Anayamba kuganiza za njira zopangira kompyuta yatsopano, yamphamvu kwambiri. Pokana njira za analogi (monga MIT differential analyzer) pazifukwa zochepetsera komanso zosalongosoka, adaganiza zopanga makina a digito omwe amakumana ndi manambala ngati milingo yosiyana m'malo mopitilira muyeso. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, ankadziwa bwino nambala ya binary ndipo amamvetsetsa kuti imagwirizana bwino ndi mawonekedwe a / off a switch ya digito kusiyana ndi manambala wamba. Kotero iye anaganiza zopanga makina a binary. Ndipo potsiriza, adaganiza kuti kuti ikhale yofulumira komanso yosinthika kwambiri, iyenera kukhala yamagetsi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito machubu a vacuum powerengera.
Atanasov adafunikanso kusankha pamavuto - ndi mawerengedwe amtundu wanji omwe kompyuta yake iyenera kukhala yoyenera? Zotsatira zake, adaganiza kuti athana ndi njira zothetsera ma equation amizere, kuwachepetsa kukhala mtundu umodzi (pogwiritsa ntchito. )—mawerengedwe omwewo amene anafala m’zolemba zake. Imathandizira mpaka ma equation makumi atatu, okhala ndi mitundu makumi atatu iliyonse. Kompyuta yotereyi imatha kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali ofunika kwa asayansi ndi mainjiniya, ndipo nthawi yomweyo sizingawoneke ngati zovuta kwambiri.
Chidutswa cha luso
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1930, teknoloji yamagetsi inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi chiyambi chake zaka 25 zapitazo. Zochitika ziwiri zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi polojekiti ya Atanasov: chowombera chowombera ndi mita yamagetsi.
Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1918, akatswiri opanga matelefoni ndi matelefoni akhala ali ndi chipangizo china chothandiza kwambiri chotchedwa switch. Chosinthira ndi njira yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika kuti ikhale momwe mudayisiya - yotsegula kapena yotseka - mpaka italandira chizindikiro chamagetsi kuti isinthe madera. Koma machubu a vacuum sakanatha kuchita izi. Iwo analibe makina chigawo chimodzi ndipo akhoza "otseguka" kapena "otsekedwa" pamene magetsi anali kapena sanali kuyenda mu dera. Mu 1, akatswiri awiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya ku Britain, William Eccles ndi Frank Jordan, adalumikiza nyali ziwiri ndi mawaya kuti apange "trigger relay" - relay yamagetsi yomwe imakhalabe yoyaka pambuyo poyatsidwa ndi mphamvu yoyamba. Eccles ndi Jordan adapanga njira yawo yolumikizirana ndi a British Admiralty kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Koma dera la Eccles-Jordan, limene pambuyo pake linadzadziŵika monga choyambitsa moto [Chingelezi. flip-flop] itha kuonedwanso ngati chipangizo chosungira manambala a binary - 0 ngati siginecha itumizidwa, ndi XNUMX mwanjira ina. Mwanjira iyi, kudzera mu n flip-flops zinali zotheka kuyimira nambala ya binary ya n bits.
Pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo poyambitsa, kutulukira kwachiwiri kwakukulu kwamagetsi kunachitika, kugundana ndi dziko la makompyuta: mamita apakompyuta. Apanso, monga nthawi zambiri zinkachitika m'mbiri yakale ya kompyuta, kunyong'onyeka kunakhala mayi wa kupanga. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo omwe amaphunzira za kutuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono amayenera kumvetsera pang'onopang'ono kapena kuthera maola ambiri akuwerenga zojambulidwa, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zomwe zadziwika kuti ayeze kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mamita amakina kapena ma electromechanical anali njira yoyesera kuti athandizire izi, koma adayenda pang'onopang'ono: sanathe kulembetsa zochitika zambiri zomwe zidachitika mkati mwa ma milliseconds.
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pothetsa vutoli chinali , amene anagwira ntchito pansi pa Ernest Rutherford ku Cavendish Laboratory ku Cambridge. Wynne-Williams anali ndi luso la zamagetsi, ndipo anali atagwiritsira ntchito kale machubu (kapena ma valve, monga momwe amatchulidwira ku Britain) kuti apange amplifiers omwe amachititsa kuti zitheke kumva zomwe zikuchitika ku particles. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1930, iye anazindikira kuti mavavu angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga kauntala, imene iye anaitcha kuti “binary scale counter”—ndiko kuti, kauntala ya binary. M'malo mwake, anali ma flip-flops omwe amatha kutumiza ma switch pa unyolo (pochita, adagwiritsa ntchito. , mitundu ya nyali yomwe ilibe chopukutira, koma mpweya, womwe ukhoza kukhalabe pamalowo pambuyo pa ionization wathunthu wa gasi).
Kauntala ya Wynne-Williams mwachangu idakhala imodzi mwama labotale ofunikira kwa aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi particle physics. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anamanga zowerengera zazing'ono kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi manambala atatu (ndiko kuti, okhoza kuwerengera mpaka asanu ndi awiri). kwa mita yomangika pang'onopang'ono, komanso kujambula zochitika zomwe zikuchitika mwachangu kuposa mita yokhala ndi zida zamakina oyenda pang'onopang'ono zingajambule.
Koma m'lingaliro, zowerengera zoterozo zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chiwerengero cha kukula kwake kapena kulondola. Awa anali, kunena mosapita m'mbali, makina oyamba owerengera a digito.
Atanasov-Berry kompyuta
Atanasov ankadziwa bwino nkhaniyi, zomwe zinamutsimikizira kuti akhoza kupanga makompyuta apakompyuta. Koma sanagwiritse ntchito zowerengera za binary kapena zopindika mwachindunji. Poyamba, pamaziko a dongosolo lowerengera, adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zowerengera zosinthidwa pang'ono - pambuyo pake, kuwonjezera ndi chiyani ngati osawerengera mobwerezabwereza? Koma pazifukwa zina sanathe kupanga madera owerengera kukhala odalirika mokwanira, ndipo adayenera kupanga mabwalo ake owonjezera ndi ochulukitsa. Sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito flip-flops kuti asunge manambala akanthawi kochepa chifukwa anali ndi bajeti yochepa komanso cholinga chofuna kusunga ma coefficients makumi atatu panthawi imodzi. Monga momwe tionere posachedwapa, mkhalidwe umenewu unali ndi zotulukapo zowopsa.
Pofika mu 1939, Atanasov anamaliza kupanga kompyuta yake. Tsopano anafunikira munthu wodziwa bwino kuti amange. Anapeza munthu woteroyo ku Iowa State Institute yomaliza maphunziro a engineering yotchedwa Clifford Berry. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, Atanasov ndi Berry anali atapanga kachitsanzo kakang'ono. Chaka chotsatira iwo anamaliza Baibulo lonse la kompyuta ndi coefficients makumi atatu. M’zaka za m’ma 1960, wolemba wina amene anakumba mbiri yawo anaitcha kuti Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), ndipo dzinalo linakhalabe. Komabe, zolakwa zonse sizikanathetsedwa. Makamaka, ABC inali ndi cholakwika cha nambala imodzi ya binary mu 10000, zomwe zingakhale zakupha pakuwerengera kwakukulu kulikonse.
Clifford Berry ndi ABC mu 1942
Komabe, ku Atanasov ndi ABC wake akhoza kupeza mizu ndi magwero a makompyuta onse amakono. Kodi sanalenge (mothandizidwa ndi Berry) kompyuta yoyamba yamagetsi yamagetsi ya binary? Kodi izi siziri mikhalidwe yofunikira ya mabiliyoni a zida zomwe zimawongolera ndi kuyendetsa chuma, magulu, ndi zikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi?
Koma tiyeni tibwerere. Ma adjectives a digito ndi binary simalo a ABC. Mwachitsanzo, Bell Complex Number Computer (CNC), yopangidwa nthawi yomweyo, inali kompyuta ya digito, ya binary, yamagetsi yomwe imatha kupanga makompyuta pa ndege yovuta. Komanso, ABC ndi CNC zinali zofanana chifukwa zinathetsa mavuto m'dera lochepa, ndipo sakanatha, mosiyana ndi makompyuta amakono, kuvomereza ndondomeko yotsatizana ya malangizo.
Chotsalira ndi "electronic". Koma ngakhale ma innards a ABC a masamu anali amagetsi, inkagwira ntchito pa liwiro la electromechanical. Popeza Atanasov ndi Berry analibe ndalama zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito vacuum chubu kusunga masauzande a manambala a binary, adagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi kuti achite izi. Ma triodes mazana angapo, omwe amawerengera masamu oyambira, adazunguliridwa ndi ng'oma zozungulira komanso makina okhomerera, pomwe zida zapakatikati zamagawo onse owerengera zidasungidwa.
Atanasov ndi Berry anachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yowerenga ndi kulemba deta pamakadi okhomedwa mofulumira kwambiri powawotcha ndi magetsi m'malo mowawombera mwamakina. Koma izi zidadzetsa mavuto ake: zida zoyaka zomwe zidayambitsa cholakwika chimodzi pa manambala 1. Komanso, ngakhale atachita bwino kwambiri, makinawo sakanatha "kukhomerera" mwachangu kuposa mzere umodzi pamphindikati, kotero ABC imatha kuwerengera kamodzi pa sekondi iliyonse ndi magawo ake makumi atatu a masamu. Kwa nthawi yonseyi, machubu otsekerawo ankakhala osagwira ntchito, mopanda chipiriro “akugwedeza zala zawo patebulo” pamene makina onsewa ankazungulira mowawa pang’onopang’ono. Atanasov ndi Berry anakwera kavalo wobiriwira bwino pangolo ya udzu. (Mtsogoleri wa polojekiti yokonzanso ABC m'zaka za m'ma 10000 adayesa kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa makinawo, poganizira nthawi yonse yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza ntchitoyo, pazigawo zisanu zowonjezera kapena zochotsera pamphindikati. Izi, ndithudi, imathamanga kuposa kompyuta yamunthu, koma si liwiro lomwelo , lomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi makompyuta amagetsi.)
Chithunzi cha ABC. Ma ng'oma amasunga zolowetsa kwakanthawi ndikutulutsa pama capacitor. The thyratron khadi kukhomerera dera ndi wowerenga makhadi analemba ndi kuwerenga zotsatira za sitepe lonse la aligorivimu (kuchotsa chimodzi cha zosintha mu dongosolo equations).
Ntchito pa ABC idayima pakati pa 1942 pomwe Atanasoff ndi Berry adasaina makina ankhondo aku US omwe akukula mwachangu, omwe amafunikira ubongo komanso matupi. Atanasov adayitanidwa ku Naval Ordnance Laboratory ku Washington kuti atsogolere gulu lomwe likupanga migodi yoyimbira. Berry anakwatiwa ndi mlembi wa Atanasov ndipo adapeza ntchito pakampani yankhondo ku California kuti asalembetsedwe kunkhondo. Atanasov anayesa kwa nthawi kuti patent chilengedwe chake ku Iowa, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Nkhondo itatha, iye anapitiriza kuchita zinthu zina ndipo sanalinso wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makompyuta. Kompyutayo inatumizidwa kumalo otayirako zinyalala mu 1948 kuti pakhale malo muofesi ya wophunzira watsopano wa kusukuluko.
Mwina Atanasov anayamba ntchito mofulumira kwambiri. Ankadalira ndalama zochepa za ku yunivesite ndipo ankangogwiritsa ntchito madola masauzande ochepa okha kuti apange ABC, choncho chuma chinaposa nkhawa zina zonse mu ntchito yake. Ngati akanadikira mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1940, akanatha kulandira thandizo la boma la chipangizo chamagetsi chokwanira. Ndipo m'bomali - logwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa, lovuta kuwongolera, losadalirika, losathamanga kwambiri - ABC sichinali chotsatsa chodalirika chaubwino wamakompyuta apakompyuta. Gulu lankhondo la ku America, mosasamala kanthu za njala yake ya makompyuta, linasiya ABC kuti ichite dzimbiri m'tawuni ya Ames, Iowa.
Makina owerengera ankhondo
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse idapanga ndikuyambitsa njira yopezera ndalama zambiri mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo, ndikuikonzekera Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. M’zaka zoŵerengeka chabe, mchitidwe wankhondo wa pamtunda ndi panyanja unasintha n’kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wapoizoni, migodi ya maginito, kufufuza zinthu m’mlengalenga ndi kuphulitsa mabomba, ndi zina zotero. Palibe mtsogoleri wandale kapena wankhondo amene angalephere kuona kusintha kofulumira kotereku. Zinali zofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti kafukufuku adayamba msanga mokwanira kuti azitha kuwongolera masikelo mbali imodzi kapena imzake.
United States inali ndi zida zambiri ndi ubongo (ambiri mwa iwo adathawa ku Germany kwa Hitler) ndipo anali otalikirana ndi nkhondo zomwe zidachitikapo kuti apulumuke komanso kulamulira komwe kumakhudza mayiko ena. Izi zinapangitsa dzikolo kuphunzira phunziro ili momveka bwino. Izi zinaonekera poona kuti chuma chambiri cha mafakitale ndi aluntha chinaperekedwa popanga chida choyamba cha atomiki. Ndalama zocheperako, koma zofunikanso kapena zazing'ono zinali ndalama zogulira ukadaulo wa radar womwe umakhala ku MIT's Rad Lab.
Chifukwa chake gawo loyambira la computing lodziwikiratu lidalandira gawo lake la ndalama zankhondo, ngakhale pamlingo wocheperako. Tawona kale mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama projekiti apakompyuta a electromechanical opangidwa ndi nkhondo. Kuthekera kwa makompyuta opangidwa ndi ma relay kunali, kunena kwake, kodziwika, popeza kusinthana kwa matelefoni ndi masauzande otumizirana mauthenga kunali kukugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri pofika nthawi imeneyo. Zida zamagetsi sizinatsimikizirebe ntchito yawo pamlingo wotere. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kompyuta yamagetsi ingakhale yosadalirika (ABC inali chitsanzo) kapena ingatenge nthawi yaitali kuti imangidwe. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwadzidzidzi kwa ndalama za boma, ntchito zamakompyuta zamakompyuta zankhondo zinali zochepa kwambiri. Atatu okha ndi omwe adayambitsidwa, ndipo awiri okha omwe adayambitsa makina ogwirira ntchito.
Ku Germany, mainjiniya opanga matelefoni Helmut Schreyer adatsimikizira mnzake Konrad Zuse kufunika kwa makina apakompyuta pamagetsi amagetsi "V3" omwe Zuse amamangira makampani opanga ndege (omwe pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti Z3). Zuse pamapeto pake adavomera kugwira ntchito yachiwiri ndi Schreyer, ndipo bungwe la Aeronautical Research Institute linapereka ndalama zopangira machubu 100 kumapeto kwa 1941. Koma amuna awiriwa anayamba kugwira ntchito yankhondo yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri ndipo ntchito yawo inachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mabomba, zomwe zinawasiya kuti asagwiritse ntchito makina awo kuti azigwira ntchito modalirika.
Zuse (kumanja) ndi Schreyer (kumanzere) akugwira ntchito pakompyuta ya electromechanical m’nyumba ya makolo a Zuse ku Berlin
Ndipo kompyuta yoyamba yamagetsi yomwe inagwira ntchito yothandiza inapangidwa mu labotale yachinsinsi ku Britain, kumene injiniya wa telecommunication anakonza njira yatsopano yopangira ma valve-based cryptanalysis. Tidzaululanso nkhaniyi nthawi ina.
Zomwe mungawerenge:
• Alice R. Burks ndi Arthur W. Burks, The First Electronic Computer: The Atansoff Story (1988)
• David Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers (1986)
• Jane Smiley, Munthu Amene Anayambitsa Kompyuta (2010)
Source: www.habr.com