Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Pakalipano, tayang'ana mmbuyo pa mayesero atatu oyambirira opangira makompyuta a digito: kompyuta ya Atanasoff-Berry ABC, yopangidwa ndi John Atanasoff; pulojekiti ya British Colossus, yotsogoleredwa ndi Tommy Flowers, ndi ENIAC, yopangidwa ku Moore School of University of Pennsylvania. Ma projekiti onsewa anali odziyimira pawokha. Ngakhale John Mauchly, yemwe adayambitsa ntchito ya ENIAC, ankadziwa ntchito ya Atanasov, mapangidwe a ENIAC sanafanane ndi ABC mwanjira iliyonse. Ngati panali kholo lodziwika bwino la chipangizo chamagetsi chamagetsi, chinali chowerengera chodzichepetsa cha Wynne-Williams, chipangizo choyamba chogwiritsira ntchito machubu a vacuum yosungirako digito ndikuyika Atanasoff, Maluwa, ndi Mauchly panjira yopangira makompyuta apakompyuta.
Komabe, imodzi yokha mwa makina atatuwa, ndi yomwe inathandiza pazochitika zomwe zinatsatira. ABC sinapangepo ntchito iliyonse yothandiza ndipo, mokulira, anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za izi ayiwala. Makina awiri ankhondo adatsimikizira kuti amatha kupitilira makompyuta ena onse omwe alipo, koma Colossus adakhalabe chinsinsi ngakhale atagonjetsa Germany ndi Japan. Ndi ENIAC yokha yomwe idadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chake idakhala mwini wa muyezo wamakompyuta apakompyuta. Ndipo tsopano aliyense amene akufuna kupanga chipangizo chogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito vacuum chubu akhoza kuwonetsa kupambana kwa sukulu ya Moore kuti atsimikizire. Chikaikiro chozikika m’mitima ya ochita zaumisiri amene analonjera ntchito zonse zoterozo chisanafike 1945 chinazimiririka; okayikirawo mwina anasintha maganizo awo kapena anangokhala chete.
Lipoti la EDVAC
Chotulutsidwa mu 1945, chikalatacho, kutengera luso la kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ENIAC, idakhazikitsa kamvekedwe kaukadaulo wamakompyuta pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Imatchedwa "lipoti loyamba lokonzekera pa EDVAC" [Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer], ndipo idapereka template yamapangidwe a makompyuta oyamba omwe anali osinthika m'malingaliro amakono - ndiko kuti, kuchita malangizo omwe adatengedwa kuchokera pamtima wothamanga kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale magwero enieni a malingaliro olembedwamo akadali nkhani yotsutsana, idasainidwa ndi dzina la katswiri wa masamu. (wobadwa Janos Lajos Neumann). Chizoloŵezi cha maganizo a katswiri wa masamu, pepalalo linayesanso koyamba kufotokoza mapangidwe a makompyuta kuchokera kuzinthu za makina ena; iye anayesa kulekanitsa chenicheni cha kapangidwe ka kompyuta kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana yotheka komanso mwachisawawa.
Von Neumann, wobadwira ku Hungary, adabwera ku ENIAC kudzera ku Princeton (New Jersey) ndi Los Alamos (New Mexico). Mu 1929, monga katswiri wamasamu wachinyamata yemwe adachitapo kanthu pokhazikitsa chiphunzitso, makina a quantum, ndi chiphunzitso cha masewera, adachoka ku Ulaya kukagwira ntchito ku yunivesite ya Princeton. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) yapafupi inamupatsa udindo wotsogolera. Chifukwa cha kuwuka kwa Nazism ku Europe, von Neumann adalumpha mosangalala mwayi wokhala tsidya lina la Atlantic mpaka kalekale - ndipo adakhala, pambuyo pake, m'modzi mwa othawa kwawo anzeru achiyuda ochokera ku Europe ya Hitler. Nkhondo itatha, iye anadandaula kuti: “Kukonda kwanga kwa Ulaya kuli kosiyana ndi chikhumbo, popeza kuti mbali zonse zimene ndikuzidziŵa zimandikumbutsa za dziko lothaŵira ndi mabwinja amene sabweretsa chitonthozo,” ndipo anakumbukira “kukhumudwitsidwa kwanga kotheratu ndi umunthu wa anthu a m’dzikoli. kuyambira 1933 mpaka 1938.
Atanyansidwa ndi unyamata wake wotayika wamitundumitundu, von Neumann adawongolera luntha lake lonse kuti lithandizire gulu lankhondo lomwe linali la dziko lomwe limamuteteza. Kwa zaka zisanu zotsatira, adayendayenda m'dziko lonselo, akulangiza ndi kuyankhulana za ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zida zatsopano, pamene mwanjira ina adatha kulemba nawo buku lolemba bwino la masewera a masewera. Ntchito yake yachinsinsi komanso yofunika kwambiri monga mlangizi inali udindo wake pa Manhattan Project - kuyesa kupanga bomba la atomiki - gulu lofufuza lomwe linali ku Los Alamos (New Mexico). Robert Oppenheimer adamulembera m'chilimwe cha 1943 kuti athandizire ndi masamu a polojekitiyi, ndipo kuwerengera kwake kunapangitsa kuti gulu lonselo lipite ku bomba lowombera mkati. Kuphulika kotereku, chifukwa cha zophulika zomwe zimasuntha zinthu zowonongeka mkati, zingapangitse kuti njira yodzithandizira yokhayo ipezeke. Zotsatira zake, mawerengedwe ambiri adafunikira kuti akwaniritse kuphulika kwabwino kozungulira komwe kumayendetsedwa mkati mwazovuta zomwe mukufuna - ndipo cholakwika chilichonse chingayambitse kusokonezeka kwa ma chain reaction ndi bomba la fiasco.
Von Neumann akugwira ntchito ku Los Alamos
Ku Los Alamos, panali gulu la anthu makumi awiri owerengera omwe anali ndi zowerengera pakompyuta, koma sanathe kupirira kuchuluka kwa makompyuta. Asayansi adawapatsa zida kuchokera ku IBM kuti azigwira ntchito ndi makhadi okhomedwa, koma adalepherabe. Adafuna zida zowongoleredwa kuchokera ku IBM, adazilandira mu 1944, koma adalepherabe.
Pofika nthawiyo, von Neumann anali atawonjezeranso malo ena paulendo wake wanthawi zonse wodutsa mayiko: adayendera malo aliwonse omwe ali ndi zida zamakompyuta zomwe zingakhale zothandiza ku Los Alamos. Adalemba kalata kwa Warren Weaver, wamkulu wagawo la masamu la National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), ndipo adalandira zitsogozo zingapo zabwino. Anapita ku Harvard kukayang'ana Mark I, koma anali atadzaza kale ndi ntchito ya Navy. Adalankhula ndi George Stibitz ndipo adaganiza zoyitanitsa kompyuta ya Bell ku Los Alamos, koma adasiya lingalirolo ataphunzira kuti zingatenge nthawi yayitali bwanji. Anayendera gulu lochokera ku yunivesite ya Columbia lomwe linagwirizanitsa makompyuta angapo a IBM mu makina akuluakulu opangira makina motsogozedwa ndi Wallace Eckert, koma panalibe kusintha kowoneka bwino pa makompyuta a IBM omwe ali kale ku Los Alamos.
Komabe, Weaver sanaphatikizepo ntchito imodzi pamndandanda womwe adapereka kwa von Neumann: ENIAC. Iye ankadziwadi za izi: pa udindo wake monga mkulu wa masamu ogwiritsidwa ntchito, anali ndi udindo woyang'anira ntchito zonse zapakompyuta za dziko. Weaver ndi NDRC mwina anali ndi kukaikira za kuthekera komanso nthawi ya ENIAC, koma ndizodabwitsa kuti sanatchulepo kukhalapo kwake.
Kaya chifukwa chake chinali chotani, chotsatira chake chinali chakuti von Neumann adangophunzira za ENIAC kudzera pamsonkhano wamwayi papulatifomu ya njanji. Nkhaniyi idanenedwa ndi Herman Goldstein, wolumikizana ndi labotale yoyeserera ya Moore School komwe ENIAC idamangidwa. Goldstein anakumana ndi von Neumann pa siteshoni ya njanji ya Aberdeen mu June 1944 - von Neumann amachoka chifukwa chimodzi mwazokambirana zake, zomwe anali kupereka ngati membala wa komiti ya uphungu wa sayansi ku Aberdeen Ballistic Research Laboratory. Goldstein ankadziwa mbiri ya von Neumann monga munthu wamkulu ndipo anayamba kukambirana naye. Pofuna kukopa chidwi, sakanatha kutchula ntchito yatsopano komanso yosangalatsa yomwe ikuchitika ku Philadelphia. Njira ya Von Neumann idasintha nthawi yomweyo kuchokera kwa mnzake wosasamala kupita kwa wolamulira wolimba, ndipo adapatsa Goldstein mafunso okhudzana ndi tsatanetsatane wa kompyuta yatsopanoyo. Adapeza gwero latsopano losangalatsa lamphamvu zamakompyuta ku Los Alamos.
Von Neumann adayendera koyamba Presper Eckert, John Mauchly ndi mamembala ena a gulu la ENIAC mu September 1944. Nthawi yomweyo anakonda ntchitoyi ndipo anawonjezera chinthu china pamndandanda wake wautali wa mabungwe kuti akambirane. Mbali zonse ziwiri zidapindula ndi izi. N'zosavuta kuona chifukwa chake von Neumann adakopeka ndi kuthekera kwa makompyuta othamanga kwambiri. ENIAC, kapena makina ofanana nawo, anali ndi kuthekera kothana ndi malire onse apakompyuta omwe adalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa Manhattan Project ndi ntchito zina zambiri zomwe zidalipo kapena zomwe zikuyembekezeka (komabe, Say's Law, yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano, idatsimikizira kuti kubwera kwa luso la makompyuta posachedwa lingapangitse kufunika kofanana kwa iwo) . Kwa sukulu ya Moore, kudalitsidwa kwa katswiri wodziwika ngati von Neumann kunatanthauza kutha kwa kukayikira kwawo. Komanso, chifukwa cha luntha lake komanso chidziŵitso chokulirapo m’dziko lonselo, m’lifupi mwake ndi kuzama kwake kwa chidziwitso pa nkhani ya makompyuta odziŵika bwino anali osayerekezeka.
Umu ndi momwe von Neumann adakhudzidwira mu dongosolo la Eckert ndi Mauchly lopanga wolowa m'malo wa ENIAC. Pamodzi ndi Herman Goldstein ndi katswiri wina wa masamu wa ENIAC, Arthur Burks, adayamba kujambula magawo a m'badwo wachiwiri wa makompyuta apakompyuta, ndipo anali malingaliro a gulu ili omwe von Neumann adafotokoza mwachidule mu "ndondomeko yoyamba". Makina atsopanowa amayenera kukhala amphamvu kwambiri, kukhala ndi mizere yosalala, ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, kuthana ndi chotchinga chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito ENIAC - maola ambiri okonzekera ntchito yatsopano iliyonse, pomwe kompyuta yamphamvu komanso yodula kwambiri iyi idangokhala yopanda ntchito. Okonza makina atsopano a makina opangidwa ndi electromechanical, Harvard Mark I ndi Bell Relay Computer, anapewa zimenezi mwa kulowetsa malangizo pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito tepi ya pepala yokhala ndi mabowo okhomeredwamo kotero kuti woyendetsayo akhoza kukonza pepala pamene makinawo akugwira ntchito zina. . Komabe, kulowetsa deta koteroko kungakane mwayi wothamanga wa zamagetsi; palibe pepala lomwe likanakhoza kupereka deta mofulumira monga momwe ENIAC ingalandire. ("Colossus" inkagwira ntchito ndi pepala pogwiritsa ntchito masensa a photoelectric ndipo iliyonse mwa ma modules ake asanu a makompyuta adatenga deta pa liwiro la zilembo 5000 pamphindikati, koma izi zinali zotheka chifukwa cha kupukuta kwachangu kwa tepi ya pepala. tepi inafuna kuchedwa kwa 0,5. 5000 s pa mizere XNUMX iliyonse).
Njira yothetsera vutoli, yofotokozedwa mu "ndondomeko yoyamba", inali kusuntha kusungirako malangizo kuchokera ku "chojambula chakunja" kupita ku "memory" - mawu awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pokhudzana ndi kusunga deta pakompyuta (von Neumann makamaka anagwiritsa ntchito izi ndi mawu ena zamoyo ntchito - iye anali chidwi kwambiri ntchito ya ubongo ndi njira zikuchitika mu minyewa). Lingaliro ili pambuyo pake linatchedwa "pulogalamu yosungirako." Komabe, izi zinayambitsa vuto linanso - lomwe linasokoneza Atanasov - kukwera mtengo kwa machubu apakompyuta. "First draft" inati kompyuta yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamakompyuta ingafunike kukumbukira manambala 250 a binary kuti asunge malangizo ndi data yakanthawi. Kukumbukira kwa chubu kwa kukula kumeneku kungawononge mamiliyoni a madola ndipo kudzakhala kosadalirika konse.
Njira yothetsera vutoli inaperekedwa ndi Eckert, yemwe ankagwira ntchito pa kafukufuku wa radar kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 pansi pa mgwirizano pakati pa Sukulu ya Moore ndi Rad Lab ya MIT, likulu la kafukufuku waukadaulo wa radar ku United States. Mwachindunji, Eckert anali akugwira ntchito pa radar dongosolo lotchedwa "Moving Target Indicator" (MTI), amene anathetsa vuto la "flare nthaka": phokoso lililonse pa radar chophimba chopangidwa ndi nyumba, mapiri ndi zinthu zina zoyima zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta woyendetsa kuti adzilekanitse mfundo zofunika - kukula, malo ndi liwiro la ndege zoyenda.
MTI inathetsa vuto lamoto pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotchedwa . Idasintha mafunde amagetsi a radar kukhala mafunde akumveka, kenako idatumiza mafundewo pansi pa chubu cha mercury kotero kuti phokoso lifike mbali ina ndikusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi pomwe radar idawunikiranso malo omwewo kumwamba (mizere yochedwa. kwa kufalitsa Phokoso lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi ma TV ena: zakumwa zina, makhiristo olimba komanso ngakhale mpweya (malinga ndi magwero ena, lingaliro lawo linapangidwa ndi Bell Labs physicist William Shockley, yemwe pambuyo pake). Chizindikiro chilichonse chochokera ku radar nthawi yomweyo ngati chizindikiro pa chubu chimatengedwa ngati chizindikiro chochokera ku chinthu choyima ndipo chinachotsedwa.
Eckert adazindikira kuti kugunda kwa mawu pamzere wochedwa kumatha kuonedwa ngati manambala a binary - 1 ikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mawu, 0 ikuwonetsa kusakhalapo kwake. Chubu limodzi la mercury limatha kukhala ndi mazana ambiri mwa manambalawa, iliyonse imadutsa pamzerewu kangapo pa millisecond iliyonse, kutanthauza kuti kompyuta iyenera kudikirira ma microseconds mazana angapo kuti ipeze manambala. Pachifukwa ichi, kupeza manambala otsatizana m'manja kungakhale kofulumira, chifukwa manambalawo adalekanitsidwa ndi ma microseconds ochepa chabe.
Mercury akuchedwa mizere mu British EDSAC kompyuta
Pambuyo pothetsa mavuto aakulu ndi mapangidwe a makompyuta, von Neumann adasonkhanitsa malingaliro a gulu lonse mu lipoti la "101" la "First draft" yamasamba 1945 m'chaka cha 1946 ndikugawa kwa anthu ofunika kwambiri mu polojekiti ya EDVAC ya m'badwo wachiwiri. Posakhalitsa adalowa m'magulu ena. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wa masamu Leslie Comrie anapita nalo kwawo ku Britain atapita kusukulu ya Moore mu XNUMX n’kukagawana ndi anzake. Kufalitsidwa kwa lipotili kudakwiyitsa Eckert ndi Mauchly pazifukwa ziwiri: choyamba, idapereka ulemu waukulu kwa wolemba bukuli, von Neumann. Kachiwiri, malingaliro onse akuluakulu omwe ali mu dongosololi anali osindikizidwa kuchokera ku ofesi ya patent, yomwe inasokoneza ndondomeko yawo yogulitsa makompyuta apakompyuta.
Maziko omwewo a mkwiyo wa Eckert ndi Mauchly unayambitsanso kukwiya kwa akatswiri a masamu: von Neumann, Goldstein ndi Burks. Malingaliro awo, lipotilo linali chidziwitso chatsopano chofunikira chomwe chiyenera kufalitsidwa mochuluka momwe zingathere mu mzimu wa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, bizinesi yonseyi idathandizidwa ndi boma, ndipo chifukwa chake amalipira msonkho waku America. Iwo anaipidwa ndi malonda amene Eckert ndi Mauchly ankafuna kupeza ndalama pankhondoyo. Von Neumann analemba kuti: “Sindikanavomereza ntchito ya ukatswiri pa yunivesite podziŵa kuti ndinali kulangiza gulu la zamalonda.”
Maguluwa adasiyana mu 1946: Eckert ndi Mauchly adatsegula kampani yawoyawo potengera patent yomwe idawoneka ngati yotetezeka kutengera luso la ENIAC. Poyamba adatcha kampani yawo Electronic Control Company, koma chaka chotsatira adayitchanso Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Von Neumann adabwerera ku IAS kuti apange kompyuta yochokera ku EDVAC, ndipo adalumikizana ndi Goldstein ndi Burks. Pofuna kupewa kubwereza kwa zochitika za Eckert ndi Mauchly, adaonetsetsa kuti luntha lonse la polojekiti yatsopanoyo likhale lodziwika bwino.
Von Neumann kutsogolo kwa kompyuta ya IAS, yomangidwa mu 1951.
Malo obwerera operekedwa kwa Alan Turing
Pakati pa anthu omwe adawona lipoti la EDVAC mozungulira anali katswiri wa masamu wa ku Britain Alan Turing. Turing sanali m'gulu la asayansi oyamba kupanga kapena kulingalira makompyuta odziwikiratu, zamagetsi kapena ayi, ndipo olemba ena akokomeza kwambiri ntchito yake m'mbiri yamakompyuta. Komabe, tiyenera kum’patsa ulemu chifukwa chokhala munthu woyamba kuzindikira kuti makompyuta angachite zambiri osati “kuŵerengera” chinachake mwa kungokonza manambala otsatizana. Lingaliro lake lalikulu linali lakuti chidziŵitso chokonzedwa ndi malingaliro aumunthu chikhoza kuimiridwa ndi manambala, kotero kuti mchitidwe uliwonse wamaganizo ukhoza kusandulika kukhala chiŵerengero.
Alan Turing mu 1951
Kumapeto kwa 1945, Turing adasindikiza lipoti lake lomwe, lomwe linatchula von Neumann, lotchedwa "Proposal for an Electronic Calculator", ndipo linapangidwira British National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Sanafufuze mozama kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane za kapangidwe ka kompyuta yamagetsi yomwe akufuna. Chithunzi chake chinkawonetsa malingaliro a katswiri woganiza bwino. Izo sizinapangidwe kuti zikhale ndi zida zapadera zogwirira ntchito zapamwamba, popeza zikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zoyamba zapansi; kukanakhala kukula konyansa pa symmetry yokongola ya galimotoyo. Turing sanagawirenso zokumbukira zofananira ku pulogalamu yapakompyuta - deta ndi malangizo zitha kukhalapo pamtima chifukwa anali manambala chabe. Langizo linangokhala malangizo pamene linamasuliridwa motere (pepala la Turing la 1936 "pa manambala owerengeka" linali litafufuza kale kugwirizana pakati pa deta yosasunthika ndi malangizo amphamvu. Itha kusinthidwa kukhala nambala ndikudyetsedwa ngati chothandizira ku makina a Turing apadziko lonse omwe amatha kutanthauzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina ena aliwonse a Turing). Chifukwa Turing ankadziwa kuti manambala akhoza kuimira mtundu uliwonse wa zidziwitso mwaukhondo, iye anaphatikizapo mu mndandanda wa mavuto kuthetsedwa pa kompyuta, osati kokha kumanga matebulo zida zankhondo ndi njira ya machitidwe a liniya equations, komanso yankho la puzzles ndi. maphunziro a chess.
Automatic Turing Engine (ACE) siinamangidwepo momwe idakhalira. Zinali zochedwa kwambiri ndipo zimayenera kupikisana ndi mapulojekiti apakompyuta aku Britain omwe ali ndi talente yabwino kwambiri. Ntchitoyi inayima kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo Turing anasiya kuchita nawo chidwi. Mu 1950, NPL idapanga Pilot ACE, makina ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono, ndi mapangidwe ena apakompyuta adalimbikitsidwa ndi kamangidwe ka ACE koyambirira kwa 1950s. Koma analephera kukulitsa chisonkhezero chake, ndipo mwamsanga anazimiririka n’kuiwalika.
Koma zonsezi sizichepetsa zabwino za Turing, zimangothandiza kumuyika pamalo oyenera. Kufunika kwa chikoka chake pa mbiri yamakompyuta sikuchokera pamapangidwe apakompyuta azaka za m'ma 1950, koma pazongopeka adapereka sayansi yamakompyuta yomwe idatuluka m'ma 1960. Ntchito zake zoyambirira pamalingaliro a masamu, omwe amafufuza malire a makompyuta ndi osawerengeka, adakhala zolemba zofunika kwambiri zamaphunziro atsopano.
Kusintha pang'onopang'ono
Pomwe nkhani za ENIAC ndi lipoti la EDVAC zidafalikira, sukulu ya Moore idakhala malo oyendera. Alendo ambiri adabwera kudzaphunzira pamapazi a ambuye, makamaka ochokera ku USA ndi Britain. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ofunsira, mkulu wa sukuluyo mu 1946 anayenera kukonza sukulu yachilimwe yogwiritsa ntchito makina apakompyuta, kugwira ntchito mwa kuitana. Nkhani zinakambidwa ndi ounikira onga Eckert, Mauchly, von Neumann, Burks, Goldstein, ndi Howard Aiken (wopanga makompyuta a Harvard Mark I electromechanical).
Tsopano pafupifupi aliyense ankafuna kupanga makina molingana ndi malangizo a lipoti la EDVAC (chodabwitsa n’chakuti makina oyamba kugwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu yosungidwa m’chikumbumtima anali ENIAC mwiniwake, amene mu 1948 anatembenuzidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito malangizo osungidwa m’chikumbukiro. gwirani ntchito bwino m'nyumba yake yatsopano, Aberdeen Proving Ground). Ngakhale mayina a mapangidwe atsopano apakompyuta omwe adapangidwa mu 1940s ndi 50s adakhudzidwa ndi ENIAC ndi EDVAC. Ngakhale mutapanda kuganizira za UNIVAC ndi BINAC (zolengedwa mu kampani yatsopano ya Eckert ndi Mauchly) ndi EDVAC yokha (yomaliza ku Moore School pambuyo pa oyambitsa ake adasiya), palinso AVIDAC, CSIRAC, EDSAC, FLAC, ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, ORDVAC, SEAC, SILLIAC, SWAC ndi WEIZAC. Ambiri aiwo adakopera mwachindunji kapangidwe ka IAS kofalitsidwa mwaufulu (ndi zosintha zazing'ono), kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yotseguka ya von Neumann yokhudzana ndi nzeru.
Komabe, kusintha kwamagetsi kunakula pang'onopang'ono, kusintha ndondomeko yomwe ilipo pang'onopang'ono. Makina oyamba amtundu wa EDVAC sanawonekere mpaka 1948, ndipo idangokhala projekiti yaying'ono yotsimikizira, "mwana" waku Manchester wopangidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti kukumbukira kumatha. (makompyuta ambiri anasintha kuchoka ku machubu a mercury kupita ku mtundu wina wa kukumbukira, womwenso unayamba chifukwa cha ukadaulo wa radar. Pokhapokha m'malo mwa machubu, adagwiritsa ntchito sikirini ya CRT. Katswiri waku Britain Frederick Williams anali woyamba kudziwa momwe angathetsere vutoli kukhazikika kwa kukumbukira uku, chifukwa chake ma drive adalandira dzina lake). Mu 1949, makina ena anayi adapangidwa: kukula kwathunthu kwa Manchester Mark I, EDSAC ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge, CSIRAC ku Sydney (Australia) ndi American BINAC - ngakhale yomalizayo sinayambe kugwira ntchito. Yaing'ono koma yokhazikika anapitiriza kwa zaka zisanu zotsatira.
Olemba ena afotokoza ENIAC ngati kuti idakoka chinsalu m'mbuyomu ndipo idatibweretsa nthawi yomweyo munthawi yamagetsi apakompyuta. Chifukwa cha ichi, umboni weniweni unasokonezedwa kwambiri. "Kubwera kwa all-electronic ENIAC pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo kunapangitsa kuti Mark I ikhale yosagwira ntchito (ngakhale inapitirizabe kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu pambuyo pake)," analemba motero Katherine Davis Fishman, The Computer Establishment (1982). Mawu amenewa mwachiwonekere amadzitsutsa okha mwakuti wina angaganize kuti dzanja lamanzere la Abiti Fishman silikudziwa zomwe dzanja lake lamanja likuchita. Mukhoza, ndithudi, kunena kuti izi ndi zolemba za mtolankhani wosavuta. Komabe, timapeza olemba mbiri enieni angapo akusankhanso Mark I monga mkwapulo wawo wokwapula, akulemba kuti: “Sikuti Harvard Mark I inali chabe chiwonongeko chaumisiri, sichinachite chilichonse chothandiza kwenikweni m’zaka zake khumi ndi zisanu za kugwira ntchito. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti angapo a Navy, ndipo kumeneko makinawo anali othandiza mokwanira kuti Navy ayambe kuyitanitsa makina ambiri apakompyuta a Aiken Lab." [Aspray ndi Campbell-Kelly]. Apanso, kutsutsana koonekeratu.
M'malo mwake, makompyuta otumizirana mauthenga anali ndi ubwino wawo ndipo anapitiriza kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi azibale awo apakompyuta. Makompyuta angapo atsopano a electromechanical adapangidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndipo ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 ku Japan. Makina otumizira maimelo anali osavuta kupanga, kumanga, ndi kukonza, ndipo sankafuna magetsi ndi mpweya wochuluka (kuti athetse kutentha kwakukulu kotulutsidwa ndi zikwi za vacuum chubu). ENIAC idagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 150 kW, 20 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuziziritsa.
Asitikali aku US adapitilizabe kukhala ogula kwambiri mphamvu zamakompyuta ndipo sananyalanyaze zitsanzo "zachikale" zama electromechanical. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, Asilikali anali ndi makompyuta anayi otumizirana mauthenga ndipo Navy inali ndi asanu. Ballistics Research Laboratory ku Aberdeen inali ndi mphamvu zambiri zamakompyuta padziko lonse lapansi, yokhala ndi ENIAC, zowerengera zobwereza kuchokera ku Bell ndi IBM, komanso chowunikira chakale chosiyana. Mu lipoti la September 1949, lirilonse linapatsidwa malo ake: ENIAC inagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi mawerengedwe aatali, osavuta; Chowerengera cha Bell cha Model V chinali bwino pakuwerengera zovuta chifukwa cha kutalika kwake kwa tepi yophunzitsira komanso kuthekera koyandama, ndipo IBM imatha kukonza zidziwitso zambiri zosungidwa pamakhadi okhomedwa. Panthawiyi, ntchito zina, monga kutenga mizu ya cube, zinali zosavuta kuchita pamanja (pogwiritsa ntchito ma spreadsheets ndi ma calculator apakompyuta) ndikusunga nthawi yamakina.
Chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri cha mapeto a kusintha kwa makompyuta a makompyuta sichingakhale 1945, pamene ENIAC inabadwa, koma 1954, pamene makompyuta a IBM 650 ndi 704 anawonekera. Awa sanali makompyuta oyambirira a malonda apakompyuta, koma anali oyamba, opangidwa mu mazana, ndikutsimikiza kulamulira kwa IBM pamakampani apakompyuta, kwa zaka makumi atatu. Mu terminology , makompyuta apakompyuta sanalinso chodabwitsa chachilendo cha m'ma 1940, chomwe chinalipo kokha m'maloto othamangitsidwa monga Atanasov ndi Mauchly; akhala sayansi wamba.
Imodzi mwa makompyuta ambiri a IBM 650-pankhaniyi, chitsanzo cha Texas A&M University. Kukumbukira kwa ng'oma ya maginito (pansi) kunapangitsa kuti ikhale yochedwa, komanso yotsika mtengo.
Kuchoka pachisa
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950, mayendedwe ndi mapangidwe a zida zamakompyuta za digito anali atasiyanitsidwa ndi chiyambi chake pakusintha ma analogi ndi amplifiers. Mapangidwe apakompyuta a m'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 40 adadalira kwambiri malingaliro ochokera ku ma laboratories a physics ndi radar, makamaka malingaliro ochokera kwa akatswiri opanga matelefoni ndi madipatimenti ofufuza. Tsopano makompyuta anali atalinganiza ntchito yawoyawo, ndipo akatswiri m’nkhaniyo anali kupanga malingaliro awoawo, mawu, ndi zida zothetsera mavuto awoawo.
Kompyutayo idawoneka mwanjira yake yamakono, motero yathu akufika kumapeto. Komabe, dziko la matelefoni linali ndi chinthu china chochititsa chidwi. Vacuum chubu inaposa relay pokhala opanda ziwalo zosuntha. Ndipo kutumizirana komaliza m'mbiri yathu kunali ndi mwayi wosakhalapo kwathunthu kwa ziwalo zamkati. Chotupa chowoneka ngati chosavulaza chomwe chili ndi mawaya ochepa omwe adatulukamo chatuluka chifukwa cha nthambi yatsopano yamagetsi yotchedwa "solid-state."
Ngakhale kuti machubu a vacuum anali othamanga, anali okwera mtengo, aakulu, otentha, komanso osadalirika kwenikweni. Zinali zosatheka kupanga, titi, laputopu nawo. Von Neumann analemba mu 1948 kuti "ndizokayikitsa kuti tidzatha kupitirira chiwerengero cha masinthidwe a 10 (kapena mwina zikwi makumi angapo) malinga ngati tikukakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono ndi filosofi). Kulumikizana kolimba kwa boma kunapatsa makompyuta mwayi wokankhira malire awa mobwerezabwereza, kuwaswa mobwerezabwereza; zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, masukulu, nyumba, zida zapakhomo komanso kulowa m'matumba; kuti tipange dziko lamatsenga lamatsenga lomwe likupezeka masiku ano. Ndipo kuti tipeze magwero ake, tiyenera kubweza wotchiyo zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, ndi kubwerera kumasiku osangalatsa oyambilira aukadaulo wopanda zingwe.
Zomwe mungawerenge:
- David Anderson, "Kodi Mwana wa Manchester Anabadwa ku Bletchley Park?", British Computer Society (June 4th, 2004)
- William Aspray, John von Neumann ndi Origins of Modern Computing (1990)
- Martin Campbell-Kelly ndi William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine (1996)
- Thomas Haigh, et. al., Eniac in Action (2016)
- John von Neumann, "First Draft of Report on EDVAC" (1945)
- Alan Turing, "Proposed Electronic Calculator" (1945)
Source: www.habr.com