Chithunzi cha netiweki yamakompyuta ya ARPA cha June 1967. Bwalo lopanda kanthu ndi kompyuta yokhala ndi mwayi wogawana, bwalo lokhala ndi mzere ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito m'modzi.
Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Pofika kumapeto kwa 1966 ndi ndalama za ARPA, adayambitsa pulojekiti yogwirizanitsa makompyuta ambiri mu dongosolo limodzi, molimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro "Β» .
Taylor anasamutsa udindo wokhudza ntchitoyo mβmanja mwa anthu oyenerera . M'chaka chotsatira, Roberts adapanga zisankho zingapo zovuta zomwe zingabwerenso muzomangamanga ndi chikhalidwe cha ARPANET ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwake, nthawi zina kwazaka zambiri. Chisankho choyamba chofunika, ngakhale sichinali chotsatira nthawi, chinali kutsimikiza kwa njira yotumizira mauthenga kuchokera pa kompyuta imodzi kupita ku ina.
vuto
Ngati kompyuta A ikufuna kutumiza uthenga ku kompyuta B, kodi uthengawo ungapezeke bwanji kuchoka ku umodzi kupita ku wina? Mwachidziwitso, mutha kulola mfundo iliyonse mu netiweki yolumikizirana kuti ilumikizane ndi mfundo ina iliyonse polumikiza nodi iliyonse ndi zingwe zakuthupi. Kuti mulankhule ndi B, kompyuta A imangotumiza uthenga pa chingwe chotuluka cholumikiza ku B. Ukonde woterewu umatchedwa ma mesh network. Komabe, pakukula kulikonse kwamanetiweki, njira iyi imakhala yosatheka chifukwa kuchuluka kwa maulumikizidwe kumachulukirachulukira pomwe kuchuluka kwa ma node (monga (n2 - n)/2 kulondola).
Chifukwa chake, njira ina yopangira njira yauthenga ndiyofunikira, yomwe, ikafika uthengawo pa node yapakatikati, ingatumize ku chandamalecho. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mβma 1960, panali njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zothetsera vutoli. Yoyamba ndi njira yosungira ndikutumiza yotumizira uthenga. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina a telegraph. Pamene uthenga unafika pa mfundo yapakatikati, unkasungidwa kwakanthawi pamenepo (kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe a tepi ya pepala) mpaka utatha kutumizidwa ku chandamalecho, kapena kumalo ena apakati omwe ali pafupi ndi chandamale.
Kenako foni inabwera ndipo panafunika njira yatsopano. Kuchedwa kwa mphindi zingapo pambuyo pa mawu aliwonse omwe adanenedwa pafoni, omwe amayenera kufotokozedwa ndikutumizidwa komwe akupita, kungapereke kumverera kwa kukambirana ndi wolankhulana yemwe ali pa Mars. M'malo mwake, foni idagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kozungulira. Woimbayo ankangoimbira foni nthawi iliyonse potumiza uthenga wapadera wosonyeza amene akufuna kuyimbira. Poyamba adachita izi polankhula ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, kenako ndikuyimba nambala, yomwe idakonzedwa ndi zida zodziwikiratu pa switchboard. Wogwiritsa ntchito kapena zida adakhazikitsa kulumikizana kwamagetsi kodzipereka pakati pa woyimbirayo ndi woyimbirayo. Pankhani yoyimba mtunda wautali, izi zitha kufuna kubwereza kangapo kulumikiza kuyimba kudzera pa masiwichi angapo. Kugwirizanako kutangokhazikitsidwa, zokambiranazo zikhoza kuyamba, ndipo kugwirizanako kunakhalabe mpaka mmodzi wa maphwandowo adasokoneza mwa kupachika.
Kuyankhulana kwa digito, komwe kunasankhidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito ARPANET kuti agwirizane ndi makompyuta omwe akugwira ntchito molingana ndi ndondomekoyi , anagwiritsa ntchito mbali zonse za telegraph ndi telefoni. Kumbali ina, mauthenga a deta ankatumizidwa m'mapaketi osiyana, monga pa telegraph, osati monga kukambirana kosalekeza pa telefoni. Komabe, mauthengawa akhoza kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku malamulo a console a zilembo zingapo kutalika, mpaka mafayilo akuluakulu a data omwe amasamutsidwa kuchokera pa kompyuta kupita ku ina. Ngati mafayilo adachedwetsedwa paulendo, palibe amene adadandaula. Koma kulumikizana kwakutali kumafuna kuyankha mwachangu, monga kuyimba foni.
Kusiyanitsa kumodzi kofunikira pakati pa ma data apakompyuta mbali imodzi, ndi foni ndi telegraph kumbali inayo, kunali kukhudzika kwa zolakwika zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi makina. Kusintha kapena kutayika pakutumiza kwa munthu m'modzi pa telegalamu, kapena kutha kwa gawo la mawu pakukambirana pafoni sikungasokoneze kulumikizana kwa anthu awiri. Koma ngati phokoso pamzere litasintha pangβono pangβono kuchoka pa 0 kupita ku 1 mu lamulo lotumizidwa ku kompyuta yakutali, lingasinthiretu tanthauzo la lamulolo. Chifukwa chake, uthenga uliwonse umayenera kuyang'aniridwa ngati pali zolakwika ndikutumizidwanso ngati zilipo. Kubwereza kotereku kukanakhala kodula kwambiri kwa mauthenga akuluakulu ndipo kungayambitse zolakwika chifukwa kumatenga nthawi yaitali kuti afalitse.
Njira yothetsera vutoli idadza kudzera muzochitika ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha zomwe zidachitika mu 1960, koma zomwe zidabwera pambuyo pake zidawonedwa koyamba ndi Larry Roberts ndi ARPA.
Msonkhano
Kumapeto kwa 1967, a Roberts anafika ku Gatlinburg, Tennessee, kuchokera kumapiri a mapiri a Great Smoky Mountains, kuti apereke chikalata chofotokoza mapulani a intaneti a ARPA. Anali akugwira ntchito mu Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, koma zambiri za polojekitiyi zinali zosadziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo njira yothetsera vuto la mayendedwe. Kupatula kufotokoza momveka bwino za midadada ndi makulidwe awo, kutchulidwa kokha kwa izi m'buku la Roberts kunali ndemanga yachidule komanso yosamveka kumapeto kwenikweni: "Zikuwoneka kuti ndikofunikira kukhalabe ndi njira yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kuti mupeze mayankho mu gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi ndi limodzi. nthawi yachiwiri yofunikira pakuchita ntchito yolumikizana. Izi ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri potengera ma netiweki, ndipo pokhapokha ngati titha kuyimba mafoni mwachangu, kusinthana kwa mauthenga ndi kukhazikika kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pa intaneti. " Mwachiwonekere, pofika nthawi imeneyo, Roberts anali asanasankhebe kusiya njira yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito ndi Tom Marrill mu 1965, ndiko kuti, kulumikiza makompyuta kudzera pa intaneti yosinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito foni.
Mwamwayi, munthu wina analipo pamsonkhano womwewo wokhala ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri lothana ndi vuto la kuwongolera ma data. Roger Scantlebury adawoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, akufika kuchokera ku British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) ndi lipoti. Scantlebury adatengera Roberts pambali pambuyo pa lipoti lake ndikumuuza za lingaliro lake. . Tekinoloje iyi idapangidwa ndi abwana ake ku NPL, Donald Davis. Ku United States, zomwe Davis adachita komanso mbiri yake sizidziwika bwino, ngakhale kumapeto kwa 1967 gulu la Davis ku NPL linali pafupifupi chaka chimodzi patsogolo pa ARPA ndi malingaliro ake.
Davis, monga apainiya ambiri oyambirira a makompyuta, anali katswiri wa sayansi pa maphunziro. Anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Imperial College London mu 1943 ali ndi zaka 19 ndipo nthawi yomweyo anavomerezedwa kukhala pulogalamu yachinsinsi ya zida za nyukiliya yotchedwa codenamed. . Kumeneko adayang'anira gulu la owerengera anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina owerengera ndi magetsi kuti apange njira zothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi nyukiliya (woyang'anira wake anali , katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Germany yemwe panthawiyo anali atayamba kale kutumiza zinsinsi za zida za nyukiliya ku USSR). Nkhondo itatha, adamva kuchokera kwa katswiri wa masamu John Womersley za ntchito yomwe anali kutsogolera ku NPL - inali kupanga makompyuta apakompyuta omwe amayenera kuchita mawerengedwe omwewo pa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri. ACE, "automatic computing engine".
Davis adalumphira pamalingaliro ndikusayina ndi NPL mwachangu momwe angathere. Popeza adathandizira pakupanga mwatsatanetsatane ndikumanga kwa kompyuta ya ACE, adakhalabe wokhudzidwa kwambiri pantchito yamakompyuta monga mtsogoleri wofufuza ku NPL. Mu 1965 anali ku US kumsonkhano wa akatswiri okhudzana ndi ntchito yake ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kuchezera malo angapo apakompyuta ogawana nthawi kuti awone zomwe zidalipo. M'malo apakompyuta aku Britain, kugawana nthawi munjira yaku America yogawana makompyuta ndi ogwiritsa ntchito angapo sikunadziwike. M'malo mwake, kugawana nthawi kunatanthawuza kugawa ntchito ya makompyuta pakati pa mapulogalamu angapo opangira ma batch (kotero, mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu imodzi idzagwira ntchito pamene ina inali yotanganidwa kuwerenga tepi). Ndiye njira iyi idzatchedwa multiprogramming.
Kuyendayenda kwa Davis kunamufikitsa ku Project MAC ku MIT, JOSS Project ku RAND Corporation ku California, ndi Dartmouth Time Sharing System ku New Hampshire. Ali m'njira yopita kunyumba, m'modzi mwa ogwira nawo ntchito adaganiza zokhala ndi msonkhano wogawana nawo kuti aphunzitse anthu aku Britain zaukadaulo watsopano womwe adaphunzira ku US. Davis adavomera, ndipo adalandira anthu ambiri otsogola m'munda wamakompyuta waku America, kuphatikiza (wopanga "Interoperable Time Sharing System" ku MIT) ndi Larry Roberts mwiniwake.
Pa semina (kapena mwinamwake mwamsanga pambuyo pake), Davis adakhudzidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti filosofi yogawana nthawi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamizere yolumikizirana pakompyuta, osati pamakompyuta okha. Makompyuta ogawana nthawi amapatsa wogwiritsa aliyense kagawo kakang'ono ka CPU kanthawi kenaka amasinthira ku wina, zomwe zimapatsa wogwiritsa aliyense chinyengo chokhala ndi kompyuta yakeyake. Momwemonso, podula uthenga uliwonse m'zidutswa zofananira, zomwe Davis anazitcha "mapaketi," njira imodzi yolumikizirana ingagawidwe pakati pa makompyuta ambiri kapena ogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta imodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kuthana ndi magawo onse otumizirana ma data omwe ma switch a foni ndi telegraph anali osayenera. Wogwiritsa ntchito potumiza mawu achidule ndikulandira mayankho achidule sangatsekerezedwe ndi kutumiza mafayilo ambiri chifukwa kusamutsa kudzagawika m'mapaketi ambiri. Chivundi chilichonse m'mauthenga akulu chotere chidzakhudza paketi imodzi, yomwe imatha kutumizidwanso mosavuta kuti uthengawo umalizike.
Davis adalongosola malingaliro ake mu pepala losasindikizidwa la 1966, "Proposal for Digital Communications Network." Panthawiyo, ma telefoni apamwamba kwambiri anali pafupi ndi makina osinthira makompyuta, ndipo Davis anaganiza zolowetsa paketi kuti isinthe mumbadwo wotsatira wa telefoni, kupanga maukonde amodzi olankhulana ndi burodibandi omwe amatha kupereka zopempha zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera pa mafoni osavuta kupita kumtunda. kupeza makompyuta. Panthawiyo, Davis adakwezedwa kukhala manejala wa NPL ndipo adapanga gulu lolumikizirana pa digito pansi pa Scantlebury kuti akwaniritse projekiti yake ndikupanga chiwonetsero chogwira ntchito.
M'chaka chomwe chikubwera ku msonkhano wa Gatlinburg, gulu la Scantlebury lidapanga tsatanetsatane wapaketi yosinthira paketi. Kulephera kwa node kungathe kupulumuka ndi njira yosinthira yomwe ingathe kuyendetsa njira zingapo zopita komwe mukupita, ndipo kulephera kwa paketi imodzi kumatha kuthana ndi kuitumizanso. Kuyerekezera ndi kusanthula kunanena kuti kukula kwa paketi yoyenera kudzakhala ma 1000 byte - ngati mupangitsa kuti ikhale yaying'ono kwambiri, ndiye kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bandwidth kwa mizere ya metadata pamutu kudzakhala kochuluka, mochuluka kwambiri - ndipo nthawi yoyankha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito idzawonjezeka. nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha mauthenga akuluakulu.
Ntchito ya Scantlebury idaphatikizanso zambiri monga mawonekedwe a phukusi ...
... ndi kuwunika momwe mapaketi amakhudzira kukula kwa network latency.
Panthawiyi, kufufuza kwa Davis ndi Scantlebury kunapangitsa kuti apeze mapepala ofufuza atsatanetsatane opangidwa ndi munthu wina wa ku America yemwe adabwera ndi lingaliro lofanana zaka zingapo iwo asanakhalepo. Koma nthawi yomweyo , katswiri wa zamagetsi ku RAND Corporation, anali asanaganizirepo nkomwe za zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ogawana nthawi. RAND inali dipatimenti yoganiza zothandizidwa ndi dipatimenti yachitetezo ku Santa Monica, California, yomwe idapangidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kuti ipereke kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali ndikuwunika zovuta zankhondo. Cholinga cha Baran chinali kuchedwetsa nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya popanga njira zolumikizirana zankhondo zodalirika kwambiri zomwe zitha kupulumuka ngakhale kuukira kwakukulu kwa zida zanyukiliya. Maukonde oterowo angapangitse kuti kumenyedwa koyambirira kwa USSR kusakhale kokongola, chifukwa zingakhale zovuta kuwononga kuthekera kwa US kumenya mfundo zingapo zovuta poyankha. Kuti achite izi, Baran adakonza dongosolo lomwe limaphwanya mauthenga omwe amawatcha kuti midadada ya mauthenga yomwe imatha kufalitsidwa modziyimira pawokha pa netiweki ya node zosafunikira kenako ndikusonkhanitsidwa kumapeto.
ARPA inali ndi mwayi wopeza malipoti a Baran a RAND, koma popeza sanali okhudzana ndi makompyuta omwe amalumikizana nawo, kufunikira kwawo kwa ARPANET sikunali koonekeratu. Roberts ndi Taylor, mwachiwonekere, sanawazindikire konse. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha msonkhano wamwayi, Scantlebury adapereka zonse kwa Roberts mu mbale yasiliva: makina osinthika opangidwa bwino, okhudzana ndi vuto lopanga makina apakompyuta olumikizirana, zolemba zochokera ku RAND, komanso dzina loti "phukusi." Ntchito ya NPL idatsimikiziranso Roberts kuti kuthamanga kwapamwamba kudzafunika kuti apereke mphamvu zabwino, kotero adakweza mapulani ake kukhala ma 50 Kbps. Kuti mupange ARPANET, gawo lofunikira lavuto lamayendedwe linathetsedwa.
Zowona, pali mtundu wina wa chiyambi cha lingaliro la kusintha kwa paketi. Pambuyo pake Roberts adanenanso kuti anali ndi malingaliro ofanana m'mutu mwake, chifukwa cha ntchito ya mnzake, Len Kleinrock, yemwe akuti adalongosola lingaliroli mu 1962, m'mawu ake audokotala pamanetiweki olumikizirana. Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri kutulutsa lingaliro lotere m'bukuli, ndipo pambali pake, sindinapeze umboni wina uliwonse wamtunduwu.
Maukonde omwe sanakhaleko
Monga tikuonera, magulu awiri anali patsogolo pa ARPA pakupanga kusintha kwa paketi, teknoloji yomwe yatsimikizira kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri moti tsopano ikugwirizanitsa pafupifupi mauthenga onse. Chifukwa chiyani ARPANET inali network yoyamba yofunika kuigwiritsa ntchito?
Zonse ndi za zidziwitso za bungwe. ARPA inalibe chilolezo chovomerezeka chopanga maukonde olumikizirana, koma panali malo ambiri ofufuzira omwe analipo ndi makompyuta awo, chikhalidwe cha "makhalidwe aulere" omwe anali osayang'aniridwa, ndi mapiri andalama. Pempho loyambirira la Taylor la 1966 lofuna ndalama zopangira ARPANET lidafuna $ 1 miliyoni, ndipo Roberts adapitilira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri chaka chilichonse kuyambira 1969 kupita mtsogolo kuti ma network ayambe kuyenda. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kwa ARPA, ndalama zoterezi zinali zosintha pang'ono, kotero palibe abwana ake omwe ankadandaula za zomwe Roberts akuchita nazo, malinga ngati zikanakhala zomangirira ku zofunikira za chitetezo cha dziko.
Baran ku RAND analibe mphamvu kapena ulamuliro wochita chilichonse. Ntchito yake inali yofufuza komanso yosanthula, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poteteza ngati ingafunike. Mu 1965, RAND adalimbikitsa dongosolo lake ku Air Force, omwe adavomereza kuti ntchitoyi inali yotheka. Koma kukhazikitsidwa kwake kunagwera pamapewa a Defense Communications Agency, ndipo sanamvetse makamaka mauthenga a digito. Baran adatsimikizira akuluakulu ake ku RAND kuti zingakhale bwino kusiya lingaliroli kusiyana ndi kulola kuti likwaniritsidwe mulimonse ndikuwononga mbiri yofalitsa mauthenga a digito.
Davis, monga mutu wa NPL, anali ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa Baran, koma bajeti yocheperapo kuposa ARPA, ndipo analibe makompyuta ochita kafukufuku opangidwa ndi anthu komanso luso. Adakwanitsa kupanga ma netiweki osinthira paketi am'deralo (padali mfundo imodzi yokha, koma ma terminals ambiri) ku NPL kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi bajeti yochepa ya $ 120 pazaka zitatu. ARPANET inawononga pafupifupi theka la ndalamazo pachaka pakugwira ntchito ndi kukonza pa node iliyonse ya netiweki, kuphatikiza ndalama zoyambira mu hardware ndi mapulogalamu. Bungwe lomwe lingathe kupanga makina akuluakulu a ku Britain osinthira paketi anali British Post Office, yomwe inkayang'anira ma telecommunications m'dzikoli, kupatulapo positi yokha. Davis anatha kukopa akuluakulu angapo otchuka ndi malingaliro ake a maukonde ogwirizana a digito padziko lonse lapansi, koma sanathe kusintha njira ya dongosolo lalikulu chotere.
Licklider, kupyolera mwa kuphatikiza kwa mwayi ndi kukonzekera, adapeza malo abwino owonjezera kutentha kumene maukonde ake a intergalactic amatha kuchita bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sitinganene kuti chirichonse kupatulapo kusintha kwa paketi kunabwera ku ndalama. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa ganizoli kunathandizanso. Kuphatikiza apo, zisankho zina zingapo zofunika zidapanga mzimu wa ARPANET. Choncho, chotsatira tiwona momwe udindo unagawidwira pakati pa makompyuta omwe adatumiza ndi kulandira mauthenga, ndi maukonde omwe adatumizira mauthengawa.
Chinanso choti muwerenge
- Janet Abbate, Kupanga intaneti (1999)
- Katie Hafner ndi Matthew Lyon, Kumene Wizards Amakhala Mochedwa (1996)
- Leonard Kleinrock, "An Early History of the Internet," IEEE Communications Magazine (August 2010)
- Arthur Norberg ndi Julie O'Neill, Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider ndi Revolution That Made Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com