Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, maziko a zomwe timadziwa lero monga "Intaneti" anali atakhazikitsidwa - ndondomeko zake zazikulu zidapangidwa ndikuyesedwa m'munda - koma dongosololi lidatsekedwa, pansi pa ulamuliro wathunthu wa bungwe limodzi, US. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo. Izi zidzasintha posachedwa - dongosololi lidzakulitsidwa ku madipatimenti onse a sayansi yamakompyuta a mabungwe osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito CSNET. Maukondewo apitilira kukula m'magulu amaphunziro asanatsegulidwe kwathunthu pazamalonda wamba mu 1990s.
Koma kuti intaneti ikhala likulu la dziko la digito lomwe likubwera, "gulu lazidziwitso" lodziwika bwino, silinali lodziwikiratu m'ma 1980. Ngakhale kwa anthu amene anamva za icho, icho chinangokhala kuyesa kotsimikizirika kwasayansi. Koma dziko lonse lapansi silinayime, likugwira mpweya wake, kuyembekezera kufika kwake. M'malo mwake, zosankha zosiyanasiyana zidapikisana ndi ndalama ndi chidwi kuti apereke mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti kwa anthu ambiri.
Personal Computing
Cha m'ma 1975, kupita patsogolo kopanga zida za semiconductor kudapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu watsopano wamakompyuta. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, mainjiniya adapeza momwe angakhazikitsire mfundo zoyambira pakompyuta imodzi - microprocessor. Makampani monga Intel ayamba kupereka kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri pa tchipisi kuti m'malo mwa kukumbukira maginito am'mibadwo yam'mbuyomu yamakompyuta. Chotsatira chake, mbali zofunika kwambiri ndi zodula za makompyuta zinagwera pansi pa chikoka cha lamulo la Moore, lomwe m'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira nthawi zonse zidatsika mtengo wa tchipisi ta purosesa ndi kukumbukira. Pofika pakati pa zaka khumi, njirayi inali itachepetsa kale mtengo wa zigawozi kotero kuti membala wa gulu lapakati la ku America akhoza kulingalira kugula ndi kusonkhanitsa makompyuta awoawo. Makina oterowo anayamba kutchedwa ma microcomputer (kapena kuti makompyuta aumwini).
Panali kulimbana koopsa kwa ufulu wotchedwa kompyuta yoyamba yaumwini. Ena amawona kuti LINC ya Wes Clark kapena Lincoln Labs 'TX-0 ndi yotere - pambuyo pake, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu m'modzi. Ngati tisiya mafunso okhudza ukulu, ndiye kuti munthu aliyense wosankhidwa kukhala woyamba, ngati tipenda mbiri yakale ya zochitika, amayenera kutaya kwa ngwazi imodzi yodziwika bwino. Palibe makina ena omwe adakwaniritsa chothandizira chomwe MITS Altair 8800 idatulutsa pakuphulika kwa kutchuka kwa ma microcomputer kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.
Altair 8800 atayima pa module yowonjezera yokhala ndi 8" drive
Altair idakhala kristalo wa mbewu kwa gulu lamagetsi. Anapangitsa anthu okonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti munthu azitha kupanga makompyuta awo pamtengo wokwanira, ndipo anthu okonda masewerawa anayamba kupanga magulu kuti akambirane makina awo atsopano, monga Homebrew Computer Club ku Menlo Park. Ma cell a hobbyist awa adayambitsa mafunde amphamvu kwambiri a ma microcomputer amalonda, kutengera makina opangidwa mochuluka omwe sanafune luso lamagetsi, monga Apple II ndi Radio Shack TRS-80.
Pofika 1984, 8% ya mabanja aku US anali ndi makompyuta awoawo, omwe anali pafupifupi . Pakadali pano, mabizinesi anali kupeza makompyuta awoawo pamlingo wa mazana masauzande a mayunitsi pachaka - makamaka IBM 5150s ndi ma clones awo. Pagawo lokwera mtengo kwambiri la ogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi, panali msika wokulirapo wa malo ogwirira ntchito kuchokera ku Silicon Graphics ndi Sun Microsystems, makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri okhala ndi zowonetsera zapamwamba komanso zida zolumikizirana ndi intaneti zomwe cholinga chake chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi, mainjiniya, ndi akatswiri ena aukadaulo.
Makina oterowo sakanaitanidwa kudziko lamakono la ARPANET. Komabe, ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito ankafuna kupeza mwayi wogwirizanitsa makompyuta ndi mauthenga omwe akatswiri a maganizo akhala akulimbidwa m'manyuzipepala otchuka kuyambira pepala la Taylor ndi Licklider la 1968 la "Computer monga Chida Cholankhulana" ndi ena ngakhale kale. Kalelo mu 1966, wasayansi John McCarthy analonjeza m’magazini yotchedwa Scientific American kuti “umisiri umene wasonyezedwa kale ndi wokwanira kuganiza kuti zipangizo zamakompyuta zikuonekera m’nyumba iliyonse, zolumikizidwa ndi makompyuta a anthu onse patelefoni.” Ananenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi kachitidwe kotere ndikosatheka kutchula, koma anapereka zitsanzo zingapo: “Aliyense adzakhala ndi mwayi wopita ku Library of Congress, komanso wamtundu wabwino kuposa zomwe oyang'anira mabuku ali nazo tsopano. Malipoti athunthu a zomwe zikuchitika posachedwa apezeka, kaya ndi baseball scores, Los Angeles smog index, kapena kufotokozera kwa msonkhano wa 178th wa Korean Armistice Commission. Misonkho ya ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza azingoŵerengera zokha mwa kudziunjikira mosalekeza mbiri ya ndalama zomwe amapeza, kuchotsera, zopereka ndi ndalama zimene wawononga.”
Zolemba zomwe zili m'mabuku odziwika bwino zimafotokoza kuthekera kwa imelo, masewera a digito, ndi mitundu yonse ya mautumiki kuyambira pazalamulo ndi zamankhwala mpaka kugula pa intaneti. Koma kodi zonsezi zidzawoneka bwanji? Mayankho ambiri anali otalikirana ndi choonadi. Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo, nthawi imeneyo ikuwoneka ngati galasi losweka. Ntchito zonse ndi malingaliro omwe adadziwika pa intaneti yamalonda ya 1990s-ndi zina zambiri-zidatulukira m'ma 1980, koma mzidutswa, zomwazika m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Kupatulapo zina, machitidwewa sanadutse ndipo adayima padera. Panalibe njira yoti ogwiritsa ntchito makina azilumikizana kapena kulumikizana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ina, kotero kuyesa kutengera ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri munjira iliyonse kunali kwakukulu. .
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona gawo limodzi la omwe atenga nawo gawo pakulanda malo atsopano a digito - makampani omwe akugulitsa mwayi wogawana nawo, kuyesa kulowa mumsika watsopano ndi mawu okongola.
katundu factor
Mu 1892, Samuel Insall, wothandizira , anapita kumadzulo kukatsogolera gawo latsopano la ufumu wamagetsi wa Edison, Chicago Edison Company. Pamalo awa, adaphatikiza mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kasamalidwe kazinthu zamakono, makamaka lingaliro la katundu wa katundu-owerengedwa ngati katundu wapakati pamagetsi ogawidwa ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Kukwera kwa katundu, kumakhala bwino, popeza kupatuka kulikonse kuchokera ku chiŵerengero choyenera cha 1/1 kumayimira kuwononga - ndalama zochulukirapo zomwe zimafunika kuti zithe kunyamula katundu wambiri, koma zimakhala zopanda ntchito panthawi ya ndondomeko. Insal adaganiza zodzaza mipata yofunikira popanga makalasi atsopano a ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana (kapena nyengo zosiyanasiyana), ngakhale zitatanthauza kugulitsa magetsi pamtengo wotsika. M'masiku oyambirira a magetsi, ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuyatsa nyumba, ndipo nthawi zambiri, madzulo. Chifukwa chake, Insal idayamba kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pakupanga mafakitale, ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake tsiku ndi tsiku. Izi zidasiya mipata m'mawa ndi madzulo, kotero adatsimikizira njira yopita ku Chicago kuti isinthe magalimoto ake kukhala magetsi. Mwanjira imeneyi, Insal adakulitsa mtengo wa ndalama zake zomwe adagulitsa, ngakhale nthawi zina amagulitsa magetsi pamtengo wotsika.
Insall mu 1926, pamene chithunzi chake chinawonetsedwa pachikuto cha magazini ya Time
Mfundo zomwezi zimagwiranso ntchito pakuyika ndalama pamakompyuta pafupifupi zaka zana pambuyo pake - ndipo chinali chikhumbo chowongolera katundu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchotsera pa nthawi yomwe sali pachiwopsezo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito ziwiri zatsopano zapaintaneti zamakompyuta, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pafupifupi nthawi imodzi m'chilimwe. ya 1979: CompuServe ndi The Source.
Zotsatira
Mu 1969, kampani yatsopano ya Inshuwalansi ya Golden United Life ku Columbus, Ohio inaphatikizanso gawo lina, Compu-Serv Network. Woyambitsa Golden United ankafuna kupanga kampani yapamwamba kwambiri, yapamwamba kwambiri yokhala ndi makompyuta, choncho adalemba ganyu wophunzira wamaphunziro a sayansi ya makompyuta, John Goltz, kuti atsogolere ntchitoyi. Komabe, manejala wogulitsa ku DEC adalankhula ndi Goltz kuti agule PDP-10, makina okwera mtengo omwe luso lawo lamakompyuta limaposa zomwe Golden United ikufunika. Lingaliro la Compu-Serv linali losintha cholakwika ichi kukhala mwayi pogulitsa mphamvu zochulukirapo zamakompyuta kwa makasitomala omwe amatha kuyimba mu PDP-10 kuchokera kumalo akutali. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, chitsanzo ichi chogawana nthawi ndi malonda a ntchito zamakompyuta chinali kukulirakulira, ndipo Golden United inkafuna chidutswa cha pie. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, kampaniyo inagawanika kukhala bungwe lake, lomwe linatchedwanso CompuServe, ndipo linapanga makina ake osinthira paketi kuti apereke mwayi wopezeka pakompyuta ku Columbus.
Sikuti msika wapadziko lonse lapansi udapatsa kampani mwayi wopeza makasitomala ambiri, idakulitsanso kufunikira kwa nthawi yamakompyuta, ndikuyifalitsa kumadera anayi. Komabe, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mapeto a tsiku la ntchito ku California ndi kuyamba kwa tsiku la ntchito ku East Coast, osanenapo za sabata. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa CompuServe Jeff Wilkins adawona mwayi wothetsera vutoli ndi kuchuluka kwa makompyuta apanyumba, popeza ambiri a eni ake amathera madzulo ndi Loweruka ndi Lamlungu pazinthu zawo zamagetsi. Nanga bwanji mutawapatsa mwayi wopeza maimelo, ma boardboard, ndi masewera pamakompyuta a CompuServe pamtengo wotsitsidwa madzulo ndi kumapeto kwa sabata ($ 5 / ola, motsutsana ndi $ 12 / ola panthawi yantchito)? [mu ndalama zamakono izi ndi $24 ndi $58 motsatana].
Wilkins adayambitsa ntchito yoyeserera, ndikuyitcha MicroNET (makamaka kutalikirana ndi mtundu waukulu wa CompuServe), ndipo itangoyamba pang'onopang'ono, idakula pang'onopang'ono kukhala projekiti yopambana kwambiri. Chifukwa cha netiweki yapadziko lonse ya CompuServe, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amatha kungoyimba nambala yakumaloko kuti alowe mu MicroNET ndikupewa mabilu oyimba mtunda wautali, ngakhale makompyuta enieni omwe amalumikizana nawo anali ku Ohio. Pamene kuyesaku kumawoneka kopambana, Wilkins adasiya mtundu wa MicroNET ndikuutumiza ku mtundu wa CompuServe. Kampaniyo posakhalitsa idayamba kupereka ntchito zopangidwira ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ang'onoang'ono, monga masewera ndi mapulogalamu ena omwe angagulidwe pa intaneti.
Komabe, nsanja zoyankhulirana zidakhala ntchito zodziwika kwambiri ndi malire. Pazokambirana zanthawi yayitali komanso kutumiza zomwe zili, panali mabwalo omwe mitu yawo idachokera ku mabuku kupita kumankhwala, kuchokera ku matabwa kupita ku nyimbo za pop. CompuServe nthawi zambiri amasiya mabwalo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito okha, ndipo kuwongolera ndi kuyang'anira zidayendetsedwa ndi ena mwa iwo, omwe adatenga gawo la "sysops." Njira ina yayikulu yotumizira mauthenga inali CB Simulator, yomwe Sandy Trevor, m'modzi mwa owongolera a CompuServe, adayiphatikiza kumapeto kwa sabata limodzi. Idatchulidwa kutengera zomwe zidadziwika panthawiyo zawayilesi ya amateur (gulu la nzika, CB), ndipo idalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala pamacheza anthawi yeniyeni pamakanema odzipereka - chitsanzo chofanana ndi mapulogalamu olankhulira omwe amapezeka pamakina ambiri ogawana nthawi. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri adakhala maola ambiri mu CB Simulator akucheza, kupanga abwenzi komanso kupeza okonda.
Gwero
Kutentha pazidendene za MicroNET kunali ntchito ina yapaintaneti ya ma microcomputer, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa patangotha masiku asanu ndi atatu pambuyo pake, mu July 1979. Ndipotu, cholinga chake chinali pafupi ndi omvera omwe ali ndi ntchito ya Geoff Wilkins, ngakhale kuti idakula mosiyana. chiwembu china. William von Meister, mwana wa anthu osamukira ku Germany amene bambo ake anathandiza kukonza maulendo apandege pakati pa Germany ndi United States, anali katswiri wazamalonda. Anayambitsa bizinesi yatsopano atangotaya chidwi ndi yakaleyo kapena mwamsanga pamene ogwiritsidwa ntchito okhumudwa anasiya kumuthandiza. Zingakhale zovuta kulingalira munthu wosiyana kwambiri ndi Wilkins. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, kupambana kwake kwakukulu kunali Telepost, njira yotumizira mauthenga pakompyuta yomwe inatumiza mauthenga pakompyuta kudutsa dziko lonse kupita ku switchboard yapafupi ndikuyenda mtunda wotsiriza monga makalata a tsiku lotsatira; dongosolo la TDX, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kukhathamiritsa njira zama foni, kuchepetsa mtengo wamayitanidwe akutali amakampani akulu.
Atataya chidwi ndi TDX, von Meister adakhala wokondwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi ntchito yatsopano, Infocast, yomwe amafuna kuyambitsa ku McClean, Virginia. Kumeneku kunali kukulitsa lingaliro la Telepost, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito positi kuti ipereke uthenga mtunda womaliza, idzagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a FM sideband (ukadaulo uwu umatumiza dzina la wayilesi, dzina la ojambula ndi mutu wanyimbo kumawayilesi amakono) perekani deta ya digito ku ma terminals apakompyuta. Makamaka, adakonza zopereka izi kwa mabizinesi omwe amagawidwa kwambiri omwe anali ndi malo ambiri omwe amafunikira zosintha pafupipafupi kuchokera ku ofesi yayikulu - mabanki, makampani a inshuwaransi, masitolo ogulitsa zakudya.
Bill von Meister
Zomwe von Meister amafunadi kupanga, komabe, inali njira yapadziko lonse yoperekera zidziwitso kunyumba kudzera m'malo ofikira mamiliyoni, osati masauzande, a anthu. Komabe, ndi chinthu chimodzi kukopa ogulitsa kuti awononge $ 1000 pa cholandila chapadera cha wailesi ya FM ndi terminal, ndipo chinanso kufunsa ogula azinsinsi kuti achite zomwezo. Choncho von Meister anapita kukafunafuna njira zina zobweretsera nkhani, zanyengo ndi zinthu zina m’nyumba; ndipo anapeza njira imeneyi m’makompyuta ambirimbiri ang’onoang’ono omwe anali kukulirakulira m’maofesi ndi m’nyumba za ku America, akumawonekera m’nyumba zokhala ndi matelefoni kale. Anagwirizana ndi Jack Taub, wamalonda wolemera komanso wogwirizana kwambiri yemwe ankakonda lingaliroli kotero kuti ankafuna kuyikapo ndalama. Taub ndi von Meister poyamba adatcha ntchito yawo yatsopano CompuCom, monga momwe makampani apakompyuta amasiku ano adadula ndi mawu achingwe, koma kenako adapeza dzina lodziwika bwino komanso lodziwika bwino - The Source.
Vuto lalikulu lomwe adakumana nalo linali kusowa kwa zida zaukadaulo zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa lingaliroli. Kuti apeze, adachita mgwirizano ndi makampani awiri omwe zida zawo zophatikizidwa zinali zofanana ndi za CompuServe. Iwo anali ndi makompyuta ogawana nthawi komanso ma data network network. Zida zonsezi zinali zopanda ntchito madzulo ndi kumapeto kwa sabata. Mphamvu zamakompyuta zidaperekedwa ndi Dialcom, yomwe imayang'anira mtsinje wa Potomac ku Silver Spring, Maryland. Izo, monga CompuServe, inayamba mu 1970 monga wopereka makompyuta ogawana nthawi, ngakhale kuti kumapeto kwa zaka khumi anali kupereka mautumiki ena osiyanasiyana. Mwa njira, zinali chifukwa cha terminal ya Dialcom pomwe ndidayamba kudziwa makompyuta , tcheyamani wamtsogolo wa board of directors ndi wamkulu wamkulu wa Google. Zomangamanga zoyankhulirana zidaperekedwa ndi Telenet, netiweki yosinthira paketi yomwe idachokera kukampani kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi. , BBN. Polipira mwayi wotsitsidwa wa ntchito za Dialcom ndi Telenet panthawi yopuma, Taub ndi von Meister adatha kupereka mwayi wopeza The Source kwa $2,75 pa ola limodzi usiku ndi Loweruka ndi Lamlungu ndikulipira $100 (ndiyo $13 pa ola limodzi ndi $480 kubweza. mu madola amasiku ano).
Kupatula njira yolipira, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa The Source ndi CompuServe kunali kuyembekezera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lawo. Ntchito zoyambilira kuchokera ku CompuServe zidaphatikiza maimelo, ma forum, CB, ndi kugawana mapulogalamu. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito adzipangira okha madera awo ndikudzipangira okha zida zawo zapamwamba pamwamba pa zida ndi mapulogalamu - monga momwe amachitira makampani ogawana nthawi. Taub ndi von Meister analibe chidziwitso ndi machitidwe otere. Ndondomeko yawo yamalonda idakhazikitsidwa pakupereka chidziwitso chochuluka kwa ogula akatswiri apamwamba: nkhokwe ya New York Times, nkhani zochokera ku United Press International, chidziwitso cha katundu kuchokera ku Dow Jones, mtengo wa ndege, ndemanga za malo odyera am'deralo, mitengo ya vinyo. Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali chakuti ogwiritsa ntchito The Source adalandilidwa ndi mndandanda wazosankha zomwe zilipo, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito a CompuServe adalandilidwa ndi mzere wolamula.
Mogwirizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa Wilkins ndi von Meister, kukhazikitsidwa kwa The Source kunali chochitika chachikulu monga kukhazikitsidwa kwachete kwa MicroNET. Isaac Asimov anaitanidwa ku chochitika choyamba kuti iye yekha kulengeza mmene kufika kwa sayansi yopeka anakhala mfundo za sayansi. Ndipo, mofanana ndi von Meister, udindo wake ku The Source sunakhalitse. Kampaniyo nthawi yomweyo idakumana ndi mavuto azachuma chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza. Taub ndi mchimwene wake anali ndi gawo lalikulu lokwanira mubizinesiyo kuti achotse von Meister m'menemo, ndipo mu Okutobala 1979, patangotha miyezi yowerengeka chipani chokhazikitsa, adachita zomwezo.
Kuchepa kwa Njira Zogawana Nthawi
Kampani yaposachedwa kwambiri yolowera mumsika wamakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito load factor logic ndi General Electric Information Services (GEIS), gawo la chimphona chopanga magetsi. GEIS inakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, pamene GE anali kuyesabe kupikisana ndi ena pakupanga makompyuta, monga njira yoyesera kuchotsa IBM pa malo ake akuluakulu pa malonda a makompyuta. GE anayesa kutsimikizira makasitomala kuti m'malo mogula makompyuta ku IBM, atha kubwereka makompyuta kuchokera ku GE. Khamali silinakhudze gawo la msika wa IBM, koma kampaniyo idapanga ndalama zokwanira kuti ipitilizebe kuyikapo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1980, panthawi yomwe GEIS inali kale ndi netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso malo awiri akuluakulu apakompyuta ku Cleveland, Ohio, ndi ku Europe.
Mu 1984, wina ku GEIS adawona momwe The Source ndi CompuServe zikukula bwino (zotsirizirazo zinali kale ndi oposa 100 ogwiritsa ntchito panthawiyo), ndipo adadza ndi njira yopangira deta kuti azigwira ntchito kunja kwa maola akuluakulu a bizinesi. Kuti apange zopereka zawo, adalemba ntchito wakale wakale wa CompuServe Bill Lowden. Lowden, atakwiyitsidwa ndi momwe oyang'anira malonda amakampani adayamba kuyesera kulowa mubizinesi yowoneka bwino ya ogula, adasiya kampaniyo ndi gulu la anzawo kuti ayese kupanga ntchito yawoyawo pa intaneti ku Atlanta, ndikuyitcha Georgia Online. Iwo anayesa kutembenuza kusowa kwawo kwa maukonde amtundu wa data kukhala mwayi popereka mautumiki ogwirizana ndi msika wamba, monga kutsatsa kwapadera ndi chidziwitso cha zochitika, koma kampaniyo inalephera, kotero Lowden adakondwera ndi zopereka kuchokera ku GEIS.
Louden adatcha ntchito yatsopanoyi GEnie. genie - genie] - ichi chinali chiyambi cha General Electric Network for Information Exchange [GG's information exchange network]. Idapereka ntchito zonse zomwe zidapangidwa panthawiyo The Source and CompuServe - chat (CB simulator), board board, nkhani, nyengo ndi zambiri zamasewera.
GEnie inali ntchito yaposachedwa kwambiri yamakompyuta yomwe idatuluka kuchokera kumakampani ogawana nthawi komanso malingaliro azinthu. Pamene chiwerengero cha makompyuta ang'onoang'ono chinawonjezeka kufika mamiliyoni, ntchito za digito za msika waukulu zinayamba pang'onopang'ono kukhala bizinesi yokongola mwa iwo okha, ndipo sinalinso njira yowonjezera ndalama zomwe zilipo kale. M'masiku oyambilira, The Source ndi CompuServe anali makampani ang'onoang'ono omwe anali olembetsa masauzande angapo mu 1980. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, mamiliyoni olembetsa anali kulipira chindapusa pamwezi ku US - ndipo CompuServe inali patsogolo pamsikawu, itatengera mpikisano wake wakale, The Source. Njira yomweyi yapangitsa kuti kugawana nthawi kusakhale kosangalatsa kwa mabizinesi - bwanji kulipira zolumikizirana ndi mwayi wopeza kompyuta yakutali ya munthu wina pomwe zakhala zosavuta kukonzekeretsa ofesi yanu ndi makina amphamvu? Ndipo mpaka pakubwera njira za fiber optic, zomwe zidatsitsa kwambiri mtengo wamalumikizidwe, lingaliro ili silinasinthe njira yake kuti isiyane.
Komabe, msika uwu sunali wamakampani omwe amapereka mwayi wogawana nthawi. M'malo moyamba ndi mainframes akuluakulu ndikupeza njira zowakankhira ku malire awo, makampani ena anayamba ndi zipangizo zomwe zinali kale m'nyumba za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndikuyang'ana njira zolumikizira makompyuta.
Chinanso choti muwerenge
- Michael A. Banks, Pa Njira Yopita Pawebusaiti (2008)
- Jimmy Maher, "Net Before the Web," filfre.net (2017)
Source: www.habr.com