<< Izi zisanachitike:
Kuyambira cha m’ma 1975 mpaka 1995, makompyuta anayamba kupezeka mofulumira kwambiri kuposa makompyuta. Choyamba ku USA, ndiyeno m'mayiko ena olemera, makompyuta anakhala wamba kwa mabanja olemera, ndipo anaonekera pafupifupi mabungwe onse. Komabe, ngati ogwiritsa ntchito makompyutawa akufuna kulumikiza makina awo - kusinthanitsa maimelo, kutsitsa mapulogalamu, kupeza madera kuti akambirane zomwe amakonda - analibe zosankha zambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba amatha kulumikizana ndi mautumiki monga CompuServe. Komabe, mpaka mautumiki adayambitsa ndalama zokhazikika pamwezi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, mtengo wolumikizira unkalipidwa pa ola limodzi, ndipo ndalamazo sizinali zotsika mtengo kwa aliyense. Ophunzira ena akuyunivesite ndi aphunzitsi amatha kulumikizana ndi ma netiweki osinthira paketi, koma ambiri sanathe. Pofika chaka cha 1981, makompyuta 280 okha anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ARPANET. CSNET ndi BITNET pamapeto pake zidzaphatikiza mazana a makompyuta, koma adayamba kugwira ntchito koyambirira kwa 1980s. Ndipo panthawiyo ku United States kunali mabungwe oposa 3000 kumene ophunzira amaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba, ndipo pafupifupi onse anali ndi makompyuta angapo, kuyambira ma mainframe akuluakulu mpaka ang'onoang'ono ogwira ntchito.
Madera, ma DIYers, ndi asayansi omwe alibe intaneti adatembenukira kunjira zofananira zaukadaulo kuti azilumikizana. Adabera makina akale amafoni, netiweki ya Bell, kuwasandutsa chinthu ngati telegraph, kutumiza mauthenga a digito m'malo mwa mawu, ndikutengera iwo - mauthenga ochokera pakompyuta kupita pakompyuta m'dziko lonselo komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Zolemba zonse pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
- Nthawi Yogawikana
Awa anali ena mwamakompyuta akale kwambiri [anzako a anzawo, p2p]. Mosiyana ndi CompuServe ndi machitidwe ena apakati, omwe amalumikiza makompyuta ndi kuyamwa chidziwitso kuchokera kwa iwo ngati ana a ng'ombe omwe akuyamwa mkaka, chidziwitso chinagawidwa kudzera m'maukonde ogawidwa ngati mafunde pamadzi. Ikhoza kuyamba paliponse ndi kutha kulikonse. Ndipo komabe mikangano yoopsa idabuka mkati mwawo pa ndale ndi mphamvu. Pamene intaneti idadziwika kwa anthu m'zaka za m'ma 1990, ambiri adakhulupirira kuti idzagwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma. Mwa kulola aliyense kuti agwirizane ndi aliyense, apakati ndi akuluakulu aboma omwe alamulira miyoyo yathu adzadulidwa. Padzakhala nthawi yatsopano ya demokalase yolunjika ndi misika yotseguka, pomwe aliyense ali ndi mawu ofanana komanso mwayi wofanana. Aneneri otere akanatha kupeŵa malonjezo oterowo ngati akanaphunzira za tsogolo la Usenet ndi Fidonet m’ma 1980. Mapangidwe awo aukadaulo anali athyathyathya kwambiri, koma maukonde aliwonse apakompyuta ndi gawo la anthu. Ndipo madera a anthu, ngakhale mutawakoka bwanji ndi kuwatulutsa, amakhalabe odzaza ndi zotupa.
Usenet
M'chilimwe cha 1979, moyo wa Tom Truscott unali ngati loto wachinyamata wokonda makompyuta. Anali atangomaliza kumene digiri ya sayansi ya makompyuta ku yunivesite ya Duke, anali ndi chidwi ndi chess, ndipo amaphunzira ku likulu la Bell Labs ku New Jersey. Uko kunali komwe adakhala ndi mwayi wolumikizana ndi omwe adapanga Unix, chilakolako chaposachedwa kwambiri chosesa dziko lonse la sayansi yamakompyuta.
Zoyambira za Unix, monga intaneti yokha, zili mumthunzi wa mfundo zaku America zamatelefoni. и a Bell Labs chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 adaganiza zopanga mtundu wosinthika komanso wosasinthika wa Multics system ku MIT, yomwe adathandizira kupanga ngati opanga mapulogalamu. OS yatsopanoyo idagunda mwachangu m'ma laboratories, kutchuka chifukwa cha zofunikira zake za Hardware (zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziziyenda ngakhale pamakina otsika mtengo) komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Komabe, AT&T sinathe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino izi. Pansi pa mgwirizano wa 1956 ndi Unduna wa Zachilungamo ku US, AT&T idafunikira kupereka laisensi umisiri wonse wopanda telefoni pamitengo yabwino komanso osachita bizinesi ina iliyonse kupatulapo kulumikizana.
Chifukwa chake AT&T idayamba kupereka ziphaso ku Unix ku mayunivesite kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pamaphunziro abwino kwambiri. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso zoyambira kupeza ma code code adayamba kupanga ndikugulitsa mitundu yawo ya Unix, makamaka Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, yomwe idapangidwa pampando wapamwamba wa University of California. OS yatsopanoyo idasesa mwachangu gulu la ophunzira. Mosiyana ndi ma OS ena otchuka monga DEC TENEX / TOPS-20, imatha kuyenda pa hardware kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, ndipo ambiri mwa makompyutawa anali otsika mtengo kwambiri. Berkeley adagawa pulogalamuyi pamtengo wochepa, kuphatikiza pamtengo wotsika wa laisensi yochokera ku AT&T. Tsoka ilo, sindinapeze manambala enieni.
Zinkawoneka kwa Truscott kuti ndiye anali gwero la zinthu zonse. Anakhala m'chilimwe monga wophunzira wa Ken Thompson, kuyambira tsiku lililonse ndi masewera angapo a volleyball, kenako akugwira ntchito masana, akugawana pizza ndi mafano ake, ndiyeno atakhala mochedwa kulemba Unix code ku C. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, iye sanatero. 'ndikufuna kusiya kuyanjana ndi dziko lino, kotero atangobwerera ku Duke University kugwa, adaganiza momwe angagwirizanitse kompyuta ya PDP 11/70 kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya sayansi ya makompyuta kupita ku amayi ku Murray Hill pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yolembedwa. ndi mnzake wakale, Mike Lesk. Pulogalamuyi inkatchedwa uucp - Unix to Unix copy - ndipo inali imodzi mwa mapulogalamu a "uu" omwe akuphatikizidwa mu Unix OS version 7 yotulutsidwa kumene. Mwachindunji, uucp amalola mafayilo kukopera pakati pa makompyuta awiri olumikizidwa kudzera pa modemu, kulola Truscott kusinthanitsa maimelo ndi Thompson ndi Ritchie.
Tom Truscott
Jim Ellis, wophunzira wina womaliza maphunziro ku Truscott Institute, adayika mtundu watsopano wa Unix 7 pakompyuta ya Duke University. Komabe, zosinthazi sizinabweretse zabwino zokha, komanso zoyipa. Pulogalamu ya USENIX, yofalitsidwa ndi gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito Unix ndipo idapangidwa kuti itumize uthenga kwa onse ogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake ya Unix, yasiya kugwira ntchito mu mtundu watsopano. Truscott ndi Ellis adaganiza zosintha m'malo mwake ndi pulogalamu yatsopano yogwirizana ndi System 7, perekani zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri, ndikubwezeretsanso mtundu womwe wasinthidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti alandire kutchuka ndi ulemu.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Truscott anali kugwiritsa ntchito uucp kuti alankhule ndi makina a Unix ku yunivesite ya North Carolina, makilomita a 15 kum'mwera chakumadzulo ku Chapel Hill, ndikukambirana ndi wophunzira kumeneko, Steve Belovin.
Sizikudziwika momwe Truscott ndi Belovin adakumana, koma ndizotheka kuti adagwirizana kwambiri pa chess. Onse adachita nawo mpikisano wapachaka wa Association for Computer Systems, ngakhale sizinali nthawi imodzi.
Belovin adapanganso pulogalamu yake yofalitsa nkhani, yomwe, chochititsa chidwi, inali ndi lingaliro la magulu a nkhani, logawidwa mu mitu yomwe munthu angalembetse - m'malo mwa njira imodzi yomwe nkhani zonse zidatayidwa. Belovin, Truscott, ndi Ellis adaganiza zophatikizana ndikulemba zofalitsa zapaintaneti ndi magulu ankhani zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito uucp kufalitsa nkhani pamakompyuta osiyanasiyana. Ankafuna kugawa nkhani zokhudzana ndi Unix kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a USENIX, choncho adatcha dongosolo lawo Usenet.
Yunivesite ya Duke imagwira ntchito ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ma autodial ndi uucp kuti ilumikizane ndi ma node onse pa intaneti pafupipafupi, kutengera zosintha, ndikudyetsa nkhani kwa mamembala ena pa intaneti. Belovin adalemba khodi yoyambirira, koma idathamanga pamalemba a zipolopolo ndipo chifukwa chake idachedwa kwambiri. Kenako Stephen Daniel, wophunzira wina womaliza maphunziro pa Yunivesite ya Duke, analembanso pulogalamuyo m’Baibulo la C. Daniel linadzadziwika kuti A News. Ellis adalimbikitsa pulogalamuyi mu Januwale 1980 pamsonkhano wa Usenix ku Boulder, Colorado, ndipo adapereka makope makumi asanu ndi atatu omwe adabwera nawo. Pamsonkhano wotsatira wa Usenix, womwe unachitikira m'chilimwe, okonza ake anali ataphatikiza kale A News mu pulogalamu ya mapulogalamu yomwe inagawidwa kwa onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito.
Opanga adalongosola dongosololi ngati "ARPANET ya munthu wosauka." Simungaganize za Duke ngati yunivesite yachiwiri, koma panthawiyo inalibe mtundu waukadaulo padziko lonse lapansi wa sayansi yamakompyuta zomwe zikanamulola kuti alowe nawo pa intaneti yapakompyuta yaku America. Koma simunafune chilolezo kuti mulowetse Usenet-zomwe munkafuna zinali Unix system, modemu, komanso kuthekera kolipirira foni yanu kuti mumve nkhani pafupipafupi. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, pafupifupi mabungwe onse omwe amapereka maphunziro apamwamba amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikirazi.
Makampani apadera adalumikizananso ndi Usenet, zomwe zidathandizira kufalikira kwa intaneti. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) yavomera kukhala mkhalapakati pakati pa Duke University ndi University of California, Berkeley, kuchepetsa mtengo wa mafoni akutali ndi mabilu a data pakati pa magombe. Chifukwa chake, Berkeley ku West Coast inakhala malo achiwiri a Usenet, akugwirizanitsa maunivesite ku yunivesite ya California ku San Francisco ndi San Diego, komanso mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo Sytek, imodzi mwa makampani oyambirira mu bizinesi ya LAN. Berkeley nayenso anali kunyumba kwa ARPANET node, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kukhazikitsa mauthenga pakati pa Usenet ndi ARPANET (pambuyo pa pulogalamu ya kusinthana kwa nkhani inalembedwanso ndi Mark Horton ndi Matt Glickman, akutcha B News). Ma node a ARPANET adayamba kukoka zomwe zili ku Usenet ndi mosemphanitsa, ngakhale kuti malamulo a ARPA amaletsa kulumikizana ndi maukonde ena. Maukondewo adakula mwachangu, kuchokera ku ma node khumi ndi asanu omwe amakonza magawo khumi patsiku mu 1980, mpaka ma node 600 ndi ma post 120 mu 1983, kenako ma node 5000 ndi ma post 1000 mu 1987.
Poyamba, omwe adawapanga adawona Usenet ngati njira yoti mamembala a gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito Unix alankhule ndikukambirana za chitukuko cha OS iyi. Kuti achite izi, adapanga magulu awiri, net.general ndi net.v7bugs (omaliza adakambirana za zovuta ndi mtundu watsopano). Komabe, iwo anasiya dongosolo momasuka expandable. Aliyense akhoza kupanga gulu latsopano mu "ukonde" wotsogolera, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga anayamba kuwonjezera mitu yosakhala yaukadaulo, monga net.jokes. Monga momwe aliyense angatumizire chilichonse, olandira amatha kunyalanyaza magulu omwe asankha. Mwachitsanzo, dongosololi likhoza kulumikiza ku Usenet ndikupempha deta ya gulu la net.v7bugs lokha, kunyalanyaza zina. Mosiyana ndi ARPANET yokonzedwa bwino, Usenet adadzipangira yekha ndipo adakula mwachisawawa popanda kuyang'aniridwa kuchokera pamwamba.
Komabe, m'malo ademokalase ochita kupanga, dongosolo laulamuliro linawonekera mwachangu. Gulu lina la node lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu chogwirizanitsa ndi magalimoto akuluakulu anayamba kuonedwa ngati "msana" wa dongosolo. Njirayi idayamba mwachilengedwe. Chifukwa kutumizirana kulikonse kwa deta kuchokera ku mfundo imodzi kupita ku ina kumawonjezera latency kwa mauthenga, node iliyonse yatsopano yolowa pa netiweki imafuna kulankhulana ndi mfundo yomwe inali kale ndi maulumikizidwe ambiri, kuti achepetse chiwerengero cha "hops" chofunikira kufalitsa mauthenga pa netiweki. Pakati pa chigawocho panali mabungwe a maphunziro ndi akampani, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kompyuta iliyonse ya m’deralo inkayendetsedwa ndi munthu wopulupudza amene mofunitsitsa anatenga ntchito yosayamika yoyang’anira chirichonse chodutsa pakompyuta. Amenewa anali Gary Murakami wa Bell Laboratories ku Indian Hills ku Illinois, kapena Jean Spafford wa Georgia Institute of Technology.
Chiwonetsero chofunikira kwambiri champhamvu pakati pa oyang'anira ma node pamsanawu chidabwera mu 1987, pomwe adakankhiranso kukonzanso kwa gulu lazofalitsa, ndikuyambitsa magawo asanu ndi awiri atsopano. Panali magawo monga comp for computer topics, and rec for entertainment. Mitu yayikulu idakonzedwa mwadongosolo pansi pa "akuluakulu asanu ndi awiri" - mwachitsanzo, gulu comp.lang.c pokambirana chilankhulo cha C, ndi rec.games.board pokambirana zamasewera a board. Gulu la zigawenga, amene ankaona kusintha kulanda kulanda bungwe "Spine Clique", analenga nthambi yawo ya utsogoleri, bukhu lalikulu limene anali alt, ndi lokwera awo ofanana. Zinaphatikizapo mitu yomwe inkaonedwa kuti ndi yosayenera kwa Big Seven - mwachitsanzo, kugonana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (alt.sex.pictures), komanso mitundu yonse ya midzi yodabwitsa yomwe ma admins sanawakonde (mwachitsanzo, alt.gourmand; ma admins amakonda gulu lopanda vuto la rec.food.recipes).
Pofika nthawiyi, pulogalamu yothandizira Usenet inali itakula kupitirira kugawidwa kwa malemba osavuta kuphatikizapo kuthandizira mafayilo a binary (omwe amatchulidwa chifukwa anali ndi manambala a binary osasintha). Kaŵirikaŵiri, mafaelowo anali ndi magemu apakompyuta achinyengo, zithunzi ndi mafilimu olaula, zojambulidwa zojambulidwa m’makonsati ndi zinthu zina zosaloledwa. Magulu omwe ali mu utsogoleri wa alt.binaries anali pakati pa omwe amatsekedwa kawirikawiri pa ma seva a Usenet chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwawo kwa mtengo wapatali (zithunzi ndi mavidiyo zinatenga bandwidth ndi malo osungiramo zambiri kuposa malemba) ndi malamulo otsutsana.
Koma ngakhale panali mikangano yonseyi, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, Usenet anali atakhala malo omwe akatswiri apakompyuta angapeze midzi yapadziko lonse ya anthu amalingaliro ofanana. Mu 1991 yekha, Tim Berners-Lee adalengeza kulengedwa kwa Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse mu gulu la alt.hypertext; Linus Torvalds adafunsa kuti afotokoze pulojekiti yake yatsopano ya Linux mu gulu la comp.os.minix; Peter Adkison, chifukwa cha nkhani ya kampani yake yamasewera yomwe adayika ku gulu la rec.games.design, anakumana ndi Richard Garfield. Kugwirizana kwawo kudapangitsa kuti pakhale masewera otchuka amakadi Magic: The Gathering.
Zithunzi za FidoNet
Komabe, ngakhale pamene ARPANET ya munthu wosauka inafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, anthu okonda makompyuta aang’ono, omwe anali ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi koleji imene inali yotsika kwambiri, sanathenso kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a pakompyuta. Unix OS, yomwe inali njira yotsika mtengo komanso yosangalatsa malinga ndi mfundo zamaphunziro, sinapezeke kwa eni makompyuta okhala ndi ma 8-bit microprocessors omwe amayendetsa CP/M OS, omwe sangachite pang'ono kupatula kupereka ntchito ndi ma drive. Komabe, posakhalitsa anayamba kuyesa kwawo kosavuta kuti apange maukonde otsika mtengo kwambiri, ndipo zonse zinayamba ndi kupanga matabwa.
Ndizotheka kuti chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa lingaliro komanso kuchuluka kwa okonda makompyuta omwe analipo panthawiyo, (BBS) akanatha kupangidwa kangapo. Koma malinga ndi mwambo, ukulu umadziwika ndi ntchitoyi и kuchokera ku Chicago, zomwe adayambitsa panthawiyi . Christensen ndi Suess anali akatswiri apakompyuta, onse azaka 30, ndipo onse anapita ku gulu linalake la makompyuta. Anali atakonzekera kale kupanga seva yawo ku kalabu yamakompyuta, komwe mamembala amakalabu amatha kutsitsa nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya modem yosinthira mafayilo yomwe Christensen adalembera CP/M, nyumba yofanana ndi uucp. Koma chipale chofewa chimene chinawatsekereza m’nyumba kwa masiku angapo chinawalimbikitsa kuti ayambe kukonza. Christensen ankagwira ntchito makamaka pa mapulogalamu, ndipo Suess ankagwira ntchito pa hardware. Makamaka, Sewess adapanga chiwembu chomwe chimangoyambitsanso kompyuta kuti igwiritse ntchito pulogalamu ya BBS nthawi iliyonse ikazindikira foni yomwe ikubwera. Kuthyolako kunali kofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti dongosololi lili m'malo oyenera kulandira foni iyi - izi zinali zovuta za hardware ndi mapulogalamu apanyumba masiku amenewo. Anachitcha kuti CBBS, makina owonetsera mauthenga apakompyuta, koma pambuyo pake ambiri oyendetsa makina (kapena ma sysops) adasiya C mwachidule ndikutcha ntchito yawo BBS. Poyamba, ma BBS ankatchedwanso RCP/M, ndiko kuti, kutali CP/M (kutali CP/M). Iwo anafotokoza tsatanetsatane wa ubongo wawo m'magazini otchuka a makompyuta a Byte, ndipo posakhalitsa anatsatiridwa ndi gulu la otsanzira.
Chipangizo chatsopano - Hayes Modem - chalemeretsa mawonekedwe a BBS. Dennis Hayes anali wokonda makompyuta wina yemwe anali wofunitsitsa kuwonjezera modemu pamakina ake atsopano. Koma zitsanzo zamalonda zomwe zinalipo zidagwera m'magulu awiri okha: zida zopangira ogula mabizinesi, motero zokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa okonda kunyumba, ndi . Kuti mulankhule ndi munthu pogwiritsa ntchito modemu yamayimbidwe, mumayenera kufikira munthu pafoni kapena kuyankha foni, kenako ndikuyimitsa modemuyo kuti izitha kulumikizana ndi modemu kumbali ina. Sizinali zotheka kupanga foni yotuluka kapena yobwera mwanjira imeneyi. Chifukwa chake mu 1977, Hayes adapanga, kupanga, ndikuyamba kugulitsa modemu yakeyake 300-bit-per-sekondi yomwe amatha kuyiyika mu kompyuta yake. Mu BBS yawo, Christensen ndi Sewess adagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwamitundu yoyambirira ya modemu ya Hayes. Komabe, chopanga choyamba cha Hayes chinali Smartmodem ya 1981, yomwe idabwera mwanjira ina, inali ndi microprocessor yake, ndipo idalumikizidwa ndi kompyuta kudzera padoko la serial. Idagulitsidwa $299, yomwe inali yotsika mtengo kwambiri kwa okonda masewera omwe nthawi zambiri amawononga madola mazana angapo pamakompyuta awo akunyumba.
Hayes Smartmodem ya 300
Mmodzi wa iwo anali , ndipo ndi iye amene adayambitsa ntchitoyi yomwe idakhala ngati Usenet ya BBS. Anagwira ntchito ngati pulogalamu ya Phoenix Software ku San Francisco, ndipo mu 1983 adaganiza zolemba pulogalamu yakeyake ya BBS, osati ya CP/M, koma ya OS yatsopano komanso yabwino kwambiri yamakompyuta - Microsoft DOS. Anamutcha dzina lakuti Fido [dzina lodziwika bwino la galu], potengera kompyuta yomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kuntchito, yotchedwa chifukwa inali ndi mishmash yowopsya ya zigawo zosiyanasiyana. John Madill, wogulitsa ku ComputerLand ku Baltimore, adamva za Fido ndipo adayitana Jennings m'dziko lonselo kuti amufunse thandizo pakusintha pulogalamu yake kuti ikhale pa kompyuta yake ya DEC Rainbow 100. Awiriwo anayamba kugwira ntchito pa mapulogalamuwa pamodzi, ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi. kenako Anaphatikizidwa ndi wina wokonda Rainbow, Ben Baker wochokera ku St. Atatuwa adawononga ndalama zambiri poyimbirana maulendo ataliatali kwinaku akulowa mgalimoto zawo usiku kuti azicheza.
Pazokambirana zonsezi pa ma BBS osiyanasiyana, lingaliro linayamba kuonekera m'mutu wa Jennings - amatha kupanga maukonde onse a BBS omwe amasinthanitsa mauthenga usiku, pamene mtengo wa kulankhulana kwakutali unali wotsika. Lingaliro ili silinali lachilendo - ambiri okonda zokonda anali akuganiza zamtunduwu wa mauthenga pakati pa ma BBS kuyambira pepala la Byte lolemba Christensen ndi Sewess. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ankaganiza kuti kuti ndondomekoyi igwire ntchito, munthu ayenera choyamba kukwaniritsa kuchulukitsitsa kwa BBS ndi kupanga malamulo ovuta kuti atsimikizire kuti mafoni onse amakhalabe am'deralo, ndiko kuti, otsika mtengo, ngakhale atanyamula mauthenga kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kupita kumphepete mwa nyanja. Komabe, Jennings anachita mawerengedwe mwamsanga ndipo anazindikira kuti ndi liwiro la modemu kuchuluka (modemu ankachita masewera kale ntchito pa liwiro la 1200 bps) ndi kuchepetsa tariff mtunda wautali, zidule zimenezi sanalinso zofunika. Ngakhale ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa magalimoto a mauthenga, zinali zotheka kusamutsa malemba pakati pa machitidwe kwa ndalama zochepa chabe usiku.
Tom Jennings, yemwe adachokera ku zolemba za 2002
Kenako anawonjezera pulogalamu ina kwa Fido. Kuyambira XNUMX mpaka XNUMX koloko m'mawa, Fido idatsekedwa ndipo FidoNet idakhazikitsidwa. Iye anali kuyang'ana mndandanda wa mauthenga omwe amatuluka mu fayilo ya mndandanda wa alendo. Uthenga uliwonse umene unkatuluka unali ndi nambala ya wolandira, ndipo pamndandanda uliwonse unkatchula munthu amene walandira alendowo—Fido BBS—omwe anali ndi nambala yafoni pafupi nawo. Ngati mauthenga otuluka adapezeka, FidoNet adasinthana kuyimba mafoni a BBS omwe amafanana nawo kuchokera pamndandanda wama node ndikuwasamutsira ku pulogalamu ya FidoNet, yomwe imadikirira kuyimba kuchokera mbali imeneyo. Mwadzidzidzi Madill, Jennings, ndi Baker adatha kugwirira ntchito limodzi mosavuta komanso mosavuta, ngakhale pamtengo wochedwa kuyankha. Sanalandire mauthenga masana, mauthenga ankatumizidwa usiku.
Izi zisanachitike, anthu okonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi sankakumana ndi anthu ena ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amakhala kumadera ena, monga momwe amatchulira ma BBS amderalo kwaulere. Koma ngati BBS iyi idalumikizidwa ndi FidoNet, ndiye kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mwadzidzidzi amatha kusinthana maimelo ndi anthu ena mdziko lonse. Chiwembucho nthawi yomweyo chinakhala chodziwika kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito FidoNet chinayamba kukula mofulumira, ndipo mkati mwa chaka chinafika ku 200. Pankhani imeneyi, Jennings anali kuipiraipira posunga mfundo zake. Kotero pa FidoCon yoyamba ku St. Louis, Jennings ndi Baker anakumana ndi Ken Kaplan, wokonda wina wa DEC Rainbow yemwe posachedwapa adzalandira udindo waukulu wa utsogoleri ku FidoNet. Iwo anatulukira njira yatsopano imene inagaŵa kumpoto kwa America m’zigawo zing’onozing’ono, iliyonse yokhala ndi ma node akumaloko. Pamagawo ang'onoang'ono, gawo limodzi loyang'anira lidatenga udindo woyang'anira mndandanda wamanodi amderalo, kuvomereza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto obwera pagawo lake laling'ono, ndikutumiza mauthenga kumagawo oyenerera amderalo. Pamwamba pa nsonga za ma subnets panali madera omwe anaphimba kontinenti yonse. Nthawi yomweyo, dongosololi lidasungabe mndandanda umodzi wapadziko lonse lapansi wama node omwe anali ndi manambala amafoni a makompyuta onse olumikizidwa ndi FidoNet padziko lapansi, kotero kuti node iliyonse imatha kuyimbira wina aliyense kuti apereke mauthenga.
Zomangamanga zatsopanozi zinapangitsa kuti dongosololi lipitirize kukula, ndipo pofika 1986 lidakula mpaka 1000, ndipo pofika 1989 mpaka 5000 100. Iliyonse mwa mfundozi (yomwe inali BBS) inali ndi pafupifupi XNUMX ogwiritsa ntchito. Mapulogalamu awiri otchuka kwambiri anali kusinthanitsa kwa imelo kosavuta komwe Jennings anamanga mu FidoNet, ndi Echomail, yopangidwa ndi Jeff Rush, sysop ya BBS yochokera ku Dallas. Echomail inali yofanana ndi magulu a nkhani a Usenet, ndipo inalola ogwiritsa ntchito masauzande a FidoNet kuchita zokambirana zapagulu pamitu yosiyanasiyana. Ehi, monga momwe magulu a anthu amatchulidwira, anali ndi mayina amodzi, mosiyana ndi machitidwe a hierarchical a Usenet, kuchokera ku AD & D kupita ku MILHISTORY ndi ZYMURGY (kupanga mowa kunyumba).
Malingaliro anzeru a Jennings adatsamira ku chipwirikiti, ndipo adafuna kupanga nsanja yopanda ndale yoyendetsedwa ndiukadaulo wokha:
Ndinauza ogwiritsa ntchito kuti akhoza kuchita chilichonse chomwe akufuna. Ndakhala motere kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu tsopano ndipo sindinakhalepo ndi vuto lililonse ndi chithandizo cha BBS. Anthu okhawo omwe ali ndi zizolowezi za fascist omwe amafuna kusunga zonse pansi pawo ali ndi mavuto. Ndikuganiza kuti ngati mufotokoza momveka bwino kuti oimba foni akutsata malamulowo - ndimadana ndi kunena kuti - ngati oimba adziwa zomwe zili, ndiye kuti akhoza kumenyana ndi abulu.
Komabe, monga ndi Usenet, dongosolo la Hierarchical la FidoNet linalola ma sysops kuti apeze mphamvu zambiri kuposa ena, ndipo mphekesera zinayamba kufalikira za cabal yamphamvu (nthawi ino yochokera ku St. Louis) yomwe inkafuna kulamulira maukonde kuchokera kwa anthu. Ambiri anali ndi mantha kuti Kaplan kapena ena ozungulira iye angayesere malonda dongosolo ndi kuyamba kulipiritsa ndalama ntchito FidoNet. Kukayikira kunali kolimba kwambiri pa International FidoNet Association (IFNA), bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe Kaplan adayambitsa kuti alipire gawo la mtengo wosungira dongosolo (makamaka mafoni akutali). Mu 1989, kukayikira uku kumawoneka ngati kukwaniritsidwa pamene gulu la atsogoleri a IFNA lidathamangitsa referendum kuti sysop iliyonse ya FidoNet ikhale membala wa IFNA, ndikupanga bungwe kukhala bungwe lolamulira la maukonde ndi udindo wa malamulo ndi malamulo ake onse. . Lingalirolo linalephera ndipo IFNA inasowa. Inde, kusakhalapo kwa dongosolo lolamulira lophiphiritsira sikunatanthauze kuti panalibe mphamvu zenizeni pa intaneti; Oyang'anira mndandanda wa zigawo za zigawo adayambitsa malamulo awo osagwirizana.
Mthunzi wa intaneti
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kupita mtsogolo, FidoNet ndi Usenet pang'onopang'ono adayamba kubisa mthunzi wa intaneti. Pofika theka lachiwiri la zaka khumi zotsatira iwo anali kwathunthu kudyedwa ndi izo.
Usenet adalumikizana ndi mawebusayiti a intaneti kudzera mukupanga NNTP-Network News Transfer Protocol-kumayambiriro kwa 1986. Adapangidwa ndi ophunzira angapo a University of California (m'modzi wochokera kunthambi ya San Diego, wina waku Berkeley). NNTP inalola makamu a TCP/IP pa intaneti kupanga maseva ankhani ogwirizana ndi Usenet. M'zaka zochepa, magalimoto ambiri a Usenet anali atadutsa kale m'malo awa, m'malo modutsa uucp pa intaneti yabwino yakale yamafoni. Maukonde odziyimira pawokha a uucp adafota pang'onopang'ono, ndipo Usenet idangokhala pulogalamu ina yomwe ikuyenda pamwamba pa TCP/IP. Kusinthasintha kodabwitsa kwa mamangidwe amitundu yambiri ya intaneti kunapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuti itenge maukonde opangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kamodzi.
Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 panali zipata zingapo pakati pa FidoNet ndi intaneti zomwe zimalola maukonde kusinthanitsa mauthenga, FidoNet sinali ntchito imodzi, kotero magalimoto ake sanasamukire ku intaneti monga momwe Usenet anachitira. M'malo mwake, anthu omwe sanali amaphunziro atayamba kuyang'ana intaneti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ma BBS adatengeka pang'onopang'ono ndi intaneti kapena adasowa. Ma BBS amalonda pang'onopang'ono adagwera m'gulu loyamba. Makompyuta ang'onoang'ono awa a CompuServes adapereka mwayi kwa BBS kwa chindapusa cha mwezi uliwonse kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masauzande ambiri, ndipo anali ndi ma modemu angapo oti azitha kuyimba mafoni angapo obwera nthawi imodzi. Kubwera kwa intaneti yamalonda, mabizinesiwa adalumikiza BBS yawo kugawo lapafupi la intaneti ndipo adayamba kupereka mwayi kwa makasitomala awo ngati gawo la zolembetsa. Pamene masamba ndi mautumiki ambiri adawonekera pa Webusaiti Yapadziko Lonse yomwe ikukula, ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa adalembetsa ku ma BBS enaake, motero ma BBS awa amalonda pang'onopang'ono adakhala opereka chithandizo pa intaneti, ma ISP. Ma BBES ambiri osachita masewerawa adakhala matauni abodza pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akufuna kuti azitha kulumikizana ndi intaneti amasamutsidwa kwa othandizira amderalo komanso othandizira mabungwe akulu ngati America Online.
Zonsezi ndi zabwino komanso zabwino, koma kodi intaneti idakhala yayikulu bwanji? Kodi dongosolo la maphunziro lodziwika bwino lomwe lakhala likufalikira kudzera m'mayunivesite apamwamba kwa zaka zambiri, pamene machitidwe monga Minitel, CompuServe, ndi Usenet adakopa mamiliyoni a ogwiritsa ntchito, mwadzidzidzi anaphulika kutsogolo ndikufalikira ngati udzu, kumeza chirichonse chomwe chinabwera patsogolo pake? Kodi Intaneti inakhala bwanji mphamvu imene inathetsa nthawi ya kugawikana?
Chinanso choti muwerenge ndikuwonera
- Ronda Hauben ndi Michael Hauben, Netizens: Pa Mbiri ndi Zotsatira za Usenet ndi intaneti, (pa intaneti 1994, sindikiza 1997)
- Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community (1993)
- Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
- Jason Scott, BBS: The Documentary (2005)
Source: www.habr.com