Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1970, chilengedwe cha makompyuta chinachoka kuchoka ku kholo lake loyambirira la ARPANET ndikukula m'madera osiyanasiyana. Ogwiritsa ntchito a ARPANET adapeza pulogalamu yatsopano, imelo, yomwe idakhala ntchito yayikulu pa intaneti. Amalonda adatulutsa mitundu yawo ya ARPANET kuti athandize ogwiritsa ntchito malonda. Ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera ku Hawaii kupita ku Ulaya, akhala akupanga mitundu yatsopano ya maukonde kuti akwaniritse zosowa kapena zolakwika zomwe sizinayankhidwe ndi ARPANET.
Pafupifupi aliyense amene adachita nawo ntchitoyi adachoka ku cholinga choyambirira cha ARPANET chopereka mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ogawana nawo m'malo osiyanasiyana ofufuza, chilichonse chili ndi zida zake zodzipatulira. Maukonde apakompyuta makamaka adakhala njira yolumikizira anthu wina ndi mnzake kapena ndi makina akutali omwe adakhala ngati gwero kapena kutaya chidziwitso chowerengeka ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi nkhokwe kapena makina osindikiza.
Licklider ndi Robert Taylor adawoneratu zotheka izi, ngakhale ichi sichinali cholinga chomwe amayesera kukwaniritsa poyambitsa kuyesa koyamba kwa maukonde. Nkhani yawo ya 1968 "Computer monga Chida Cholumikizira" ilibe mphamvu ndi khalidwe losatha la ulosi wofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya makompyuta omwe amapezeka m'nkhani za Vannevar Bush ""kapena Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Komabe, lili ndi ndime yaulosi yonena za mmene anthu amachitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi makompyuta. Licklider ndi Taylor adafotokoza zamtsogolo momwe:
Simudzatumiza makalata kapena matelegalamu; mukungozindikiritsa anthu omwe mafayilo awo akuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi anu, ndi magawo ati a mafayilo omwe akuyenera kulumikizidwa nawo, mwinanso kudziwa chomwe chikufunika. Simudzaimbira foni nthawi zambiri; mudzafunsa netiweki kuti ilumikizane ndi zotonthoza zanu.
Netiweki ipereka mawonekedwe ndi ntchito zomwe mudzalembetse ndi ntchito zina zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito ngati pakufunika. Gulu loyamba liphatikizirapo upangiri wandalama ndi msonkho, kusankha zidziwitso kuchokera kumunda wanu, zolengeza zachikhalidwe, zamasewera ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe mumakonda, ndi zina zambiri.
(Komabe, nkhani yawo idafotokozanso momwe kusowa kwa ntchito kudzazimiririka padziko lapansi, popeza pamapeto pake anthu onse adzakhala opanga mapulogalamu omwe amathandizira zosowa za intaneti ndipo azitha kuwongolera mapulogalamu.)
Gawo loyamba komanso lofunika kwambiri la tsogolo loyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta, imelo, imafalikira ngati kachilombo ku ARPANET m'zaka za m'ma 1970, kuyamba kulanda dziko lapansi.
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe imelo idasinthira pa ARPANET, choyamba muyenera kumvetsetsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kudatenga makina apakompyuta pamaneti onse koyambirira kwa 1970s. Pamene ARPANET idapangidwa koyamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, mapulogalamu a hardware ndi olamulira pa malo aliwonse analibe chilichonse chofanana. Mfundo zambiri zimayang'ana pa machitidwe apadera, amodzi, mwachitsanzo, Multics ku MIT, TX-2 ku Lincoln Laboratory, ILLIAC IV, yomangidwa ku yunivesite ya Illinois.
Koma pofika 1973, mawonekedwe a makompyuta apakompyuta anali atapeza kufanana kwakukulu, chifukwa cha kupambana kwa Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) ndi malowedwe ake a msika wamakompyuta a sayansi (unali ubongo wa Ken Olsen ndi Harlan Anderson, kutengera chidziwitso ndi TX-2 ku Lincoln Laboratory). DEC idapanga mainframe , yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1968, idapereka nthawi yodalirika kwa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono popereka zida zingapo ndi zilankhulo zamapulogalamu zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zosavuta kusintha makinawo kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zenizeni. Izi ndi zomwe malo asayansi ndi ma laboratories ofufuza a nthawiyo ankafunikira.
Onani ma PDP angati!
BBN, yomwe inali ndi udindo wothandizira ARPANET, idapangitsa chidachi kukhala chowoneka bwino kwambiri popanga makina opangira a Tenex, omwe adawonjezera kukumbukira kwa tsamba ku PDP-10. Izi zidachepetsa kwambiri kasamalidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makinawo, popeza sikunali kofunikiranso kusintha madongosolo othamanga kuti akhale ndi kukumbukira komwe kulipo. BNN idatumiza Tenex kwaulere kumalo ena a ARPA, ndipo posakhalitsa idakhala OS yayikulu pamaneti.
Koma kodi zonsezi zikukhudzana bwanji ndi imelo? Ogwiritsa ntchito makina ogawana nthawi anali odziwa kale mauthenga a pakompyuta, popeza ambiri mwa machitidwewa anali ndi mabokosi a makalata amtundu wina pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Iwo anapereka mtundu wa makalata amkati, ndipo makalata amatha kusinthana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lomwelo. Munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wokhala ndi netiweki kutumiza makalata kuchokera ku makina ena kupita ku ena anali Ray Tomlinson, injiniya ku BBN komanso m'modzi mwa olemba a Tenex. Anali atalemba kale pulogalamu yotchedwa SNDMSG kutumiza makalata kwa wogwiritsa ntchito wina pa dongosolo lomwelo la Tenex, ndi pulogalamu yotchedwa CPYNET kutumiza mafayilo pa intaneti. Zomwe anayenera kuchita ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ake pang'ono, ndipo amatha kuona momwe angagwirizanitse mapulogalamu awiriwa kuti apange makalata ochezera pa intaneti. M'mapulogalamu am'mbuyomu, dzina lolowera lokhalo linali lofunikira kuti adziwe wolandila, kotero Tomlinson adabwera ndi lingaliro lophatikiza dzina la m'deralo ndi dzina la wolandila (wamba kapena kutali), kuwalumikiza ndi @ chizindikiro, ndikupeza imelo adilesi yapadera pa netiweki yonse (kale, chizindikiro cha @ sichinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, makamaka posonyeza mtengo: makeke 4 @ $2 iliyonse).
Ray Tomlinson m'zaka zake zakutsogolo, ndi siginecha yake @ sign kumbuyo
Tomlinson adayamba kuyesa pulogalamu yake yatsopano komweko ku 1971, ndipo mu 1972 mtundu wake wa netiweki wa SNDMSG unaphatikizidwa mu kutulutsidwa kwatsopano kwa Tenex, kulola Tenex mail kuti ikule kupitilira node imodzi ndikufalikira pamaneti onse. Kuchuluka kwa makina omwe akuyendetsa Tenex adapatsa Tomlinson's hybrid programme mwayi wofikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri a ARPANET, ndipo imelo idapambana nthawi yomweyo. Mwachangu, atsogoleri a ARPA adaphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito maimelo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. A Steven Lukasik, director of ARPA, anali wolera koyambirira, monganso Larry Roberts, akadali wamkulu wagawo la sayansi yamakompyuta. Chizoloŵezichi chinaperekedwa kwa omwe ali pansi pawo, ndipo posakhalitsa imelo inakhala imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha ARPANET.
Pulogalamu ya imelo ya Tomlinson idatulutsa zotsanzira zosiyanasiyana komanso zatsopano pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amafunafuna njira zowongolera magwiridwe antchito ake. Zambiri mwazoyambitsirana zoyambilira zinayang’ana pa kuwongolera zolakwa za woŵerenga kalatayo. Pamene makalata amadutsa malire a makompyuta amodzi, kuchuluka kwa maimelo omwe amalandiridwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mwakhama kunayamba kukula pamodzi ndi kukula kwa intaneti, ndipo njira yachikhalidwe yotumizira maimelo obwera ngati malemba osavuta sikunagwirenso ntchito. Larry Roberts mwiniwake, sanathe kupirira kuchuluka kwa mauthenga omwe akubwera, adalemba pulogalamu yake yogwira ntchito ndi bokosi lotchedwa RD. Koma pofika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1970, pulogalamu ya MSG, yolembedwa ndi John Vittal wa ku yunivesite ya Southern California, inali kutsogola ndi kutchuka kwambiri. Timatha kudzaza zokha mutu ndi magawo olandila uthenga womwe umatuluka kutengera womwe ukubwera podina batani. Komabe, inali pulogalamu ya Vital ya MSG yomwe inayambitsa mwayi wodabwitsa uwu "kuyankha" kalata mu 1975; ndipo idaphatikizidwanso pamapulogalamu a Tenex.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa zoyesayesa zotere kumafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyezo. Ndipo iyi inali nthawi yoyamba, koma osati nthawi yomaliza yomwe makompyuta ochezera a pa Intaneti amayenera kukhazikitsa miyezo mobwerezabwereza. Mosiyana ndi ma protocol oyambira a ARPANET, maimelo asanatulukidwe, panali kale zosintha zambiri zakuthengo. Mosapeŵeka, mikangano ndi mikangano ya ndale inayambika, yokhudzana ndi zolemba zazikulu zomwe zimafotokoza muyeso wa imelo, RFC 680 ndi 720. Makamaka, ogwiritsira ntchito machitidwe osakhala a Tenex adakwiyitsidwa kuti malingaliro omwe amapezeka muzokambiranawo adamangirizidwa kuzinthu za Tenex. Mkanganowu sunayambe kukula kwambiri - onse ogwiritsa ntchito ARPANET m'zaka za m'ma 1970 anali adakali ofanana, gulu laling'ono la sayansi, ndipo kusagwirizana sikunali kwakukulu. Komabe, ichi chinali chitsanzo cha nkhondo zamtsogolo.
Kupambana kosayembekezereka kwa imelo kunali chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga pulogalamu yapaintaneti m'zaka za m'ma 1970 - zosanjikiza zomwe zimachotsedwa pazambiri zapaintaneti. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu ena adaganiza zofotokozeranso "zolumikizana" zomwe zimatuluka kuchokera ku makina kupita kwina.
ALOHA
Mu 1968, Norma Abramson anafika ku yunivesite ya Hawaii kuchokera ku California kuti akakhale pulofesa wa sayansi yamagetsi ndi makompyuta. Yunivesite yake inali ndi kampasi yayikulu ku Oahu komanso kampasi ya satana ku Hilo, komanso makoleji angapo ammudzi ndi malo ofufuzira amwazikana kuzilumba za Oahu, Kauai, Maui ndi Hawaii. Pakati pawo panali makilomita mazanamazana a madzi ndi mapiri. Kampasi yayikulu inali ndi IBM 360/65 yamphamvu, koma kuyitanitsa mzere wobwereketsa kuchokera ku AT&T kuti ulumikizane ndi terminal yomwe ili pa imodzi mwa makoleji ammudzi sikunali kophweka ngati kumtunda.
Abramson anali katswiri wa machitidwe a radar ndi chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, ndipo nthawi ina ankagwira ntchito ngati injiniya wa Hughes Aircraft ku Los Angeles. Ndipo malo ake atsopano, ndi mavuto ake onse akuthupi okhudzana ndi kutumiza mawaya, adalimbikitsa Abramson kuti abwere ndi lingaliro latsopano - bwanji ngati wailesi inali njira yabwino yolumikizira makompyuta kuposa mafoni, omwe, pambuyo pake, adapangidwa kuti azinyamula. mawu osati deta?
Kuti ayese lingaliro lake ndikupanga dongosolo lomwe adatcha ALOHAnet, Abramson adalandira ndalama kuchokera kwa Bob Taylor wa ARPA. M'mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, sanali makina apakompyuta konse, koma sing'anga yolumikizira ma terminals akutali ndi njira imodzi yogawana nthawi yopangidwira kompyuta ya IBM yomwe ili ku Oahu campus. Monga ARPANET, inali ndi kompyuta yaying'ono yodzipatulira kuti ikonze mapaketi omwe adalandiridwa ndikutumizidwa ndi makina a 360/65 - Menehune, wofanana ndi IMP waku Hawaii. Komabe, ALOHAnet sinapange moyo kukhala wovuta monga ARPANET poyendetsa mapaketi pakati pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. M'malo mwake, terminal iliyonse yomwe inkafuna kutumiza uthenga imangotumiza pamlengalenga pafupipafupi.
ALOHAnet adatumizidwa kwathunthu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ndi makompyuta angapo pa intaneti
Njira yaukadaulo yoyendetsera bandwidth wamba yotereyi inali yodula m'magawo okhala ndi nthawi yowulutsa kapena ma frequency, ndikugawa gawo ku terminal iliyonse. Koma pokonza mauthenga ochokera ku mazana a ma terminals pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi, zingakhale zofunikira kuchepetsa aliyense wa iwo ku gawo laling'ono la bandwidth yomwe ilipo, ngakhale kuti ochepa okha ndi omwe angakhale akugwira ntchito. Koma m'malo mwake, Abramson adaganiza kuti asaletse ma terminals kutumiza mauthenga nthawi yomweyo. Ngati mauthenga awiri kapena angapo adutsana, kompyuta yapakati idazindikira izi kudzera pamakhodi owongolera zolakwika ndipo sanavomereze mapaketi awa. Popeza sanalandire chitsimikiziro chakuti mapaketiwo analandiridwa, otumizawo anayesa kuwatumizanso pambuyo poti nthawi yachisawawa yadutsa. Abramson anayerekeza kuti njira yosavuta yotereyi ikhoza kuthandizira mpaka mazana angapo ogwiritsira ntchito panthawi imodzi, ndipo chifukwa cha zizindikiro zambiri zodutsa, 15% ya bandwidth idzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, malinga ndi mawerengedwe ake, zidapezeka kuti pakuwonjezeka kwa maukonde, dongosolo lonselo lidzagwa m'chipwirikiti chaphokoso.
Ofesi yamtsogolo
Lingaliro la "packet broadcast" la Abramson silinapange phokoso poyamba. Koma iye anabadwa kachiwiri - patapita zaka zingapo, ndipo kale kumtunda. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center yatsopano (PARC), yomwe idatsegulidwa mu 1970 pafupi ndi Yunivesite ya Stanford, kudera lomwe posachedwapa limatchedwa "Silicon Valley." Ena mwa ma patent a Xerox a xerography anali atatsala pang'ono kutha, kotero kampaniyo idakhala pachiwopsezo chogwidwa ndi kupambana kwake chifukwa chosafuna kapena kulephera kutengera kukwera kwa mabwalo apakompyuta ndi ophatikizika. Jack Goldman, mkulu wa dipatimenti yofufuza ya Xerox, adatsimikizira mabwana akuluakulu kuti labotale yatsopano - yosiyana ndi chikoka cha likulu, nyengo yabwino, ndi malipiro abwino - idzakopa talente yofunikira kuti kampaniyo ikhale patsogolo pa chitukuko cha zomangamanga. mtsogolo.
PARC ndithudi idachita bwino kukopa luso lapamwamba la sayansi ya makompyuta, osati chifukwa cha ntchito ndi malipiro ochuluka, komanso chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa Robert Taylor, yemwe adayambitsa ntchito ya ARPANET mu 1966 monga mkulu wa ARPA's Information Processing Technology Division. , injiniya wachinyamata wolusa komanso wofuna kutchuka komanso wasayansi wamakompyuta wochokera ku Brooklyn, anali m'modzi mwa omwe adabweretsedwa ku PARC polumikizana ndi ARPA. Adalowa nawo labu mu June 1972 atagwira ntchito kwakanthawi ngati wophunzira womaliza wa ARPA, ndikupanga mawonekedwe olumikizira MIT ku netiweki. Atakhazikika ku PARC, adakhalabe "mkhalapakati" wa ARPANET - adayendayenda m'dziko lonselo, adathandizira kulumikiza mfundo zatsopano pa intaneti, komanso kukonzekera kuwonetsera kwa ARPA pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa Computer Communications wa 1972.
Mwa ma projekiti omwe adayandama mozungulira PARC pomwe Metcalf adafika panali mapulani omwe Taylor adafuna kuti alumikizane ndi makompyuta ang'onoang'ono angapo kapena mazana ambiri. Chaka ndi chaka, mtengo ndi kukula kwa makompyuta kunatsika, kumvera chifuniro chosagonjetseka . Poyang'ana zam'tsogolo, mainjiniya ku PARC adawoneratu kuti posachedwa, wogwira ntchito muofesi aliyense adzakhala ndi kompyuta yakeyake. Monga gawo la lingaliro ili, adapanga ndikumanga makompyuta a Alto, omwe adagawidwa kwa wofufuza aliyense mu labotale. Taylor, yemwe chikhulupiliro chake chothandiza pa maukonde apakompyuta chidakula kwambiri pazaka zisanu zapitazi, adafunanso kulumikiza makompyuta onsewa.
Alto. Kompyutayo yokha ili pansipa, mu kabati kukula kwa mini-firiji.
Atafika ku PARC, Metcalf adagwira ntchito yolumikiza labu la PDP-10 clone ku ARPANET, ndipo mwamsanga adadziwika kuti ndi "networker." Kotero pamene Taylor ankafuna maukonde kuchokera ku Alto, omuthandizira ake anatembenukira ku Metcalfe. Monga makompyuta a ARPANET, makompyuta a Alto ku PARC analibe chilichonse choti anganene wina ndi mnzake. Choncho, ntchito chidwi cha maukonde kachiwiri anakhala ntchito kulankhulana pakati pa anthu - mu nkhani iyi, mu mawonekedwe a laser-osindikizidwa mawu ndi zithunzi.
Lingaliro lofunikira la chosindikizira cha laser silinayambike ku PARC, koma ku Eastern Shore, ku labotale yoyambirira ya Xerox ku Webster, New York. Katswiri wa sayansi ya m'deralo Gary Starkweather anatsimikizira kuti mtengo wogwirizana wa laser ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa magetsi a ng'oma ya xerographic, monga kuwala komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula mpaka pamenepo. Mtengowo ukasinthidwa bwino, umatha kujambula chithunzi chatsatanetsatane pang'omayo, yomwe imatha kusamutsidwa ku pepala (popeza zigawo zomwe ng'omayo sizimalipidwa zimanyamula tona). Makina oterowo oyendetsedwa ndi kompyuta amatha kupanga zithunzi ndi zolemba zilizonse zomwe munthu angaganizire, m'malo mongopanganso zolemba zomwe zilipo kale, monga makina ojambulira. Komabe, malingaliro akutchire a Starkweather sanachirikizidwe ndi anzake kapena akuluakulu ake ku Webster, choncho anasamukira ku PARC mu 1971, kumene anakumana ndi omvera ambiri omwe anali ndi chidwi. Kuthekera kwa makina osindikizira a laser otulutsa zithunzi zosagwirizana ndi mfundo imodzi kunapangitsa kuti ikhale bwenzi labwino la Alto workstation, yokhala ndi zithunzi zake za pixelated monochrome. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a laser, ma pixels theka la miliyoni pazithunzi za wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusindikizidwa mwachindunji pamapepala momveka bwino.
Bitmap pa Alto. Palibe amene adawonapo izi paziwonetsero zamakompyuta m'mbuyomu.
Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, Starkweather, mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri ena angapo ochokera ku PARC, adachotsa zovuta zazikulu zaumisiri, ndipo adamanga chosindikizira cha laser pagalimoto ya workhorse Xerox 7000. Idatulutsa masamba pa liwiro lomwelo - tsamba limodzi pa sekondi imodzi - komanso ndi malingaliro a madontho 500 pa inchi. Jenereta ya zilembo yomwe imapangidwa mu chosindikizira chosindikizidwa m'mafonti okonzedweratu. Zithunzi zosasinthika (kupatulapo zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera ku mafonti) sizinali zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero maukonde sanafunikire kutumiza ma bits 25 miliyoni pa sekondi iliyonse kwa chosindikizira. Komabe, kuti mutengere chosindikiziracho, zikanafunika bandwidth yodabwitsa yapanthawizo - pomwe ma bits 50 pamphindikati anali malire a kuthekera kwa ARPANET.
M'badwo wachiwiri PARC laser chosindikizira, Dover (1976)
Alto Aloha Network
Ndiye Metcalf adadzaza bwanji liwiroli? Chifukwa chake tidabwerera ku ALOHAnet - zidapezeka kuti Metcalf amamvetsetsa kuwulutsa kwa paketi kuposa wina aliyense. Chaka chatha, m'nyengo yachilimwe, tili ku Washington ndi Steve Crocker pa bizinesi ya ARPA, Metcalfe anali kuphunzira zochitika za msonkhano wapakompyuta wa kugwa ndipo adapeza ntchito ya Abramson pa ALOHAnet. Nthawi yomweyo adazindikira luso la lingaliro loyambira, ndikuti kukhazikitsidwa kwake sikunali kokwanira. Mwa kupanga zosintha zina pa algorithm ndi malingaliro ake - mwachitsanzo, kupanga otumiza kumvetsera kaye kudikirira kuti tchanelo chichotsedwe asanayese kutumiza mauthenga, komanso kukulitsa nthawi yotumiziranso nthawi ngati njira yotsekeka - amatha kukwaniritsa bandwidth. mikwingwirima yogwiritsira ntchito ndi 90%, osati ndi 15%, monga momwe Abramson adawerengera. Metcalfe anatenga nthawi kuti apite ku Hawaii, komwe adaphatikiza malingaliro ake okhudza ALOHAnet m'mawu ake osinthidwa a udokotala pambuyo Harvard anakana Baibulo loyambirira chifukwa chosowa maziko.
Metcalfe poyamba adatcha dongosolo lake loyambitsa kuwulutsa kwa paketi ku PARC "Network ALTO ALOHA." Kenako, mu memo ya Meyi 1973, adayitchanso Ether Net, kutanthauza ether yowala, lingaliro lakuthupi lazaka za zana la XNUMX la chinthu chomwe chimanyamula ma radiation a electromagnetic. "Izi zidzalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa ma netiweki," adalemba, "ndipo ndani amadziwa njira zina zotumizira ma siginecha zomwe zingakhale zabwinoko kuposa chingwe chaukonde wowulutsa; mwinamwake idzakhala mafunde a wailesi, kapena mawaya a telefoni, kapena mphamvu, kapena ma frequency multiplex cable televizioni, kapena ma microwave, kapena zosakaniza zake.”
Chojambula kuchokera ku Metcalf's 1973 memo
Kuyambira mu June 1973, Metcalf adagwira ntchito ndi injiniya wina wa PARC, David Boggs, kumasulira lingaliro lake lachidziwitso cha netiweki yatsopano yothamanga kwambiri kukhala njira yogwirira ntchito. M'malo motumiza ma siginecha pamlengalenga ngati ALOHA, idachepetsa ma radio sipekitiramu ku chingwe cha coaxial, chomwe chidakulitsa kwambiri mphamvu poyerekeza ndi bandwidth yochepa ya wailesi ya Menehune. Sing'anga yopatsirayo yokhayo inali yopanda kanthu, ndipo sinkafuna ma routers kuti atumize mauthenga. Zinali zotsika mtengo, zimatha kulumikizana mosavuta ndi mazana a malo ogwirira ntchito - akatswiri a PARC amangoyendetsa chingwe cha coaxial kudutsa mnyumbamo ndikuwonjezera maulumikizidwe ngati pakufunika - ndipo amatha kunyamula ma bits mamiliyoni atatu pamphindikati.
Robert Metcalfe ndi David Boggs, 1980s, zaka zingapo Metcalfe atakhazikitsa 3Com kuti agulitse luso la Ethernet
Pofika chakumapeto kwa 1974, chiwonetsero chathunthu cha ofesi yam'tsogolo chinali chitachitika ku Palo Alto - gulu loyamba la makompyuta a Alto, okhala ndi mapulogalamu ojambula, maimelo ndi ma processor a mawu, chosindikizira cha Starkweeather ndi netiweki ya Efaneti. zonse. Seva yapakati yamafayilo, yomwe idasunga zomwe sizingafanane ndi Alto drive yakomweko, ndiyo yokhayo yomwe idagawidwa. PARC poyamba inapereka wolamulira wa Ethernet ngati chowonjezera cha Alto, koma pamene dongosololi linayambitsa zinaonekeratu kuti ndilo gawo lofunikira; Panali mauthenga ochulukirachulukira opita pansi, ambiri a iwo akutuluka m’chosindikizira—malipoti aukadaulo, ma memo, kapena mapepala asayansi.
Nthawi yomweyo monga chitukuko cha Alto, pulojekiti ina ya PARC idayesa kukankhira malingaliro ogawana zinthu m'njira yatsopano. PARC Online Office System (POLOS), yopangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Bill English ndi ena omwe adathawa pulojekiti ya Doug Engelbart's Online System (NLS) ku Stanford Research Institute, inali ndi netiweki ya ma microcomputer a Data General Nova. Koma m'malo mopereka makina aliwonse pazosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito, POLOS adasamutsa ntchito pakati pawo kuti akwaniritse zofuna za dongosolo lonse m'njira yabwino kwambiri. Makina amodzi amatha kupanga zithunzi zowonetsera ogwiritsa ntchito, wina amatha kukonza magalimoto a ARPANET, ndipo wachitatu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma processor a mawu. Koma zovuta ndi kugwirizanitsa ndalama za njirayi zinakhala zochulukirapo, ndipo chiwembucho chinagwera pansi pa kulemera kwake.
Pakadali pano, palibe chomwe chidawonetsa kukana kwa Taylor m'malingaliro a njira yogawana zida kuposa kukumbatira kwake polojekiti ya Alto. Alan Kay, Butler Lampson, ndi olemba ena a Alto adabweretsa mphamvu zonse zamakompyuta zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito angafunikire pakompyuta yake yodziyimira payokha pa desiki yake, yomwe sanayenera kugawana ndi aliyense. Ntchito ya maukonde sanali kupereka mwayi kwa heterogeneous ya zipangizo kompyuta, koma kufalitsa mauthenga pakati pazilumba odziimira pawokha, kapena kusunga pa gombe lakutali - kusindikiza kapena archiving yaitali.
Ngakhale imelo ndi ALOHA zidapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi ARPA, kubwera kwa Ethernet kunali chimodzi mwazizindikiro zingapo mzaka za m'ma 1970 kuti maukonde apakompyuta anali akulu kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana kuti kampani imodzi ilamulire m'munda, zomwe titha kutsatira. izo m'nkhani yotsatira.
Chinanso choti muwerenge
- Michael Hiltzik, Ogulitsa Mphezi (1999)
- James Pelty, The History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 (2007) [http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/]
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com