Mbiri ya intaneti: Interworking

Nkhani zina pamndandanda:

• Mbiri ya relay
  • Njira ya "kusamutsa chidziwitso mwachangu", kapena chiyambi cha relay
  • Farscribe
  • Chigalvanism
  • Amalonda
  • Ndipo potsiriza, relay
  • kulankhula telegraph
  • Ingolumikizani
  • M'badwo Woyiwalika wa Makompyuta Opatsirana
  • nthawi yamagetsi
• Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
  • Mawu oyambira
  • Kolosasi
  • ENIAC
  • Kusintha kwamagetsi
• Mbiri ya transistor
  • Kupanga njira yanga kukhudza mumdima
  • Kuchokera pachimake cha nkhondo
  • Kukonzanso kangapo
• Mbiri ya intaneti
  • Reference network
  • Kuwonongeka, gawo 1
  • Kuwonongeka, gawo 2
  • Kupeza ma interactivity
  • Kukulitsa kuyanjana
  • ARPANET - kubadwa
  • ARPANET - phukusi
  • ARPANET - subnet
  • Kompyuta ngati chida cholumikizirana
  • Kuyanjana
• Nthawi Yogawikana
  • katundu factor

Mu pepala la 1968 "The Computer as a Communications Device," lolembedwa panthawi ya chitukuko cha ARPANET, J. C. R. Licklider и Robert Taylor adanena kuti kugwirizana kwa makompyuta sikudzangokhalira kupanga maukonde osiyana. Iwo adaneneratu kuti maukonde oterowo adzalumikizana kukhala "maukonde osakhazikika" omwe angaphatikize "zida zosiyanasiyana zopangira zidziwitso ndi zosungira" kukhala zolumikizana zonse. Pasanathe zaka khumi, malingaliro ongoyerekeza otere akopa chidwi chanthawi yomweyo. Pofika m’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1970, makompyuta anayamba kufalikira mofulumira kwambiri.

Kuchuluka kwa maukonde

Iwo adalowa m'ma TV, mabungwe ndi malo osiyanasiyana. ALOHAnet inali imodzi mwazinthu zatsopano zamaphunziro kuti alandire ndalama za ARPA koyambirira kwa 1970s. Zina zinaphatikizapo PRNET, yomwe imagwirizanitsa magalimoto ndi mapaketi a wailesi, ndi satellite SATNET. Maiko ena apanga njira zawo zofufuzira motsatira njira zofananira, makamaka Britain ndi France. Maukonde amderali, chifukwa chocheperako komanso mtengo wake wotsika, adachulukitsidwa mwachangu. Kuwonjezera pa Ethernet kuchokera ku Xerox PARC, munthu angapeze Octopus ku Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ku Berkeley, California; mphete ku yunivesite ya Cambridge; Mark II ku British National Physical Laboratory.

Nthawi yomweyo, mabizinesi amalonda adayamba kupereka mwayi wolipira pamapaketi achinsinsi. Izi zinatsegula msika watsopano wadziko lonse wa ntchito zamakompyuta pa intaneti. M’zaka za m’ma 1960, makampani osiyanasiyana anayambitsa mabizinesi amene amapereka mwayi wopeza malo osungiramo zinthu zachinsinsi (zazamalamulo ndi azachuma), kapena makompyuta ogawana nthawi, kwa aliyense amene ali ndi malo ochezera. Komabe, kuwapeza m'dziko lonselo kudzera pa intaneti yamafoni nthawi zonse kunali kokwera mtengo kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti maukondewa achuluke kuposa misika yakumaloko. Makampani akuluakulu ochepa (Tymshare, mwachitsanzo) adapanga maukonde awo amkati, koma ma netiweki apaketi amalonda abweretsa mtengo wowagwiritsa ntchito pamlingo woyenera.

Network yoyamba yotereyi idawonekera chifukwa cha kuchoka kwa akatswiri a ARPANET. Mu 1972, antchito angapo adachoka ku Bolt, Beranek ndi Newman (BBN), omwe anali ndi udindo wopanga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa ARPANET, kuti apange Packet Communications, Inc. Ngakhale kampaniyo idalephera, kugwedezeka kwadzidzidzi kudakhala kothandizira kuti BBN ipange ma network awo achinsinsi, Telenet. Ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ARPANET Larry Roberts pa helm, Telenet inagwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka zisanu isanagulidwe ndi GTE.

Poganizira za kuwonekera kwa maukonde osiyanasiyana otere, kodi Licklider ndi Taylor angawoneretu bwanji kutuluka kwa dongosolo limodzi logwirizana? Ngakhale zikanakhala zotheka kuchokera ku bungwe la bungwe kuti zingogwirizanitsa machitidwe onsewa ku ARPANET - zomwe sizinali zotheka - kusagwirizana kwa ndondomeko zawo kunapangitsa kuti izi zisatheke. Ndipo komabe, pamapeto pake, maukonde onsewa (ndi mbadwa zawo) adalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kukhala njira yolumikizirana padziko lonse lapansi yomwe timaidziwa kuti intaneti. Zonse sizinayambe ndi thandizo lililonse kapena dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi, koma ndi kafukufuku wosiyidwa yemwe woyang'anira wapakati wa ARPA anali kugwira ntchito. Robert Kahn.

Bob Kahn vuto

Kahn adamaliza PhD yake pakupanga ma sign amagetsi ku Princeton mu 1964 akusewera gofu pamakosi apafupi ndi sukulu yake. Atatha kugwira ntchito mwachidule monga pulofesa ku MIT, adagwira ntchito ku BBN, poyambirira ndi chikhumbo chofuna kutenga nthawi kuti adzigwiritse ntchito pamakampani kuti aphunzire momwe anthu ogwira ntchito amasankhira mavuto omwe ali oyenera kufufuza. Mwamwayi, ntchito yake ku BBN inali yokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi machitidwe a makompyuta - posakhalitsa BBN inalandira lamulo la ARPANET. Kahn adakopeka ndi ntchitoyi ndipo adapereka zambiri zomwe zachitika pokhudzana ndi zomangamanga.

Chithunzi cha Kahn kuchokera ku nyuzipepala ya 1974

"Tchuthi lake laling'ono" linakhala ntchito yazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pomwe Kahn anali katswiri wapaintaneti ku BBN pomwe akubweretsa ARPANET kugwira ntchito mokwanira. Pofika m'chaka cha 1972, anali atatopa ndi mutuwo, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, atatopa ndikuchita ndale nthawi zonse komanso kumenyana ndi atsogoleri a magulu a BBN. Chifukwa chake adavomera zomwe Larry Roberts adapereka (Roberts asananyamuke kuti apange Telenet) ndipo adakhala woyang'anira pulogalamu ku ARPA kuti atsogolere chitukuko chaukadaulo wopanga makina, ndi kuthekera kosamalira mamiliyoni a madola pakugulitsa. Anasiya ntchito pa ARPANET ndipo adaganiza zoyamba kuchokera kumalo atsopano.

Koma m’miyezi ingapo atafika ku Washington, D.C., Congress inapha ntchito yongopanga zokha. Kahn ankafuna kunyamula katundu nthawi yomweyo ndi kubwerera ku Cambridge, koma Roberts anamulimbikitsa kuti akhalebe ndikuthandizira kupanga mapulojekiti atsopano a ARPA. Kahn, atalephera kuthawa maunyolo a chidziwitso chake, adapeza kuti akuyang'anira PRNET, gulu lawayilesi lapaketi lomwe lingapereke ntchito zankhondo ndi phindu la maukonde osinthira paketi.

Pulojekiti ya PRNET, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi Stanford Research Institute (SRI), idapangidwa kuti iwonjezere maziko oyambira a ALOHANET kuti athandizire obwereza ndi masiteshoni ambiri, kuphatikiza ma vani osuntha. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo zidadziwika kwa Kahn kuti maukonde otere sangakhale othandiza, chifukwa anali makompyuta omwe mulibe makompyuta. Pamene idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1975, inali ndi kompyuta imodzi ya SRI ndi zobwereza zinayi zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa San Francisco Bay. Masiteshoni am'manja sakanatha kukwanitsa kukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa makompyuta a mainframe a 1970s. Zida zonse zofunikira zamakompyuta zidakhala mkati mwa ARPANET, zomwe zidagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol osiyanasiyana ndipo sizinathe kutanthauzira uthenga womwe walandilidwa kuchokera ku PRNET. Anadzifunsa kuti zingatheke bwanji kulumikiza network ya embryonic iyi ndi msuweni wake wokhwima kwambiri?

Kahn adatembenukira kwa mnzake wakale wakale wakale wa ARPANET kuti amuthandize yankho. Vinton Cerf anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi makompyuta monga wophunzira wa masamu ku Stanford ndipo adaganiza zobwerera ku sukulu ya sayansi ya makompyuta ku yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles (UCLA), atagwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo mu ofesi ya IBM. Anafika mu 1967 ndipo, pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake la kusekondale Steve Crocker, adalowa nawo Len Kleinrock Network Measurement Center, yomwe inali gawo la gawo la ARPANET ku UCLA. Kumeneko, iye ndi Crocker anakhala akatswiri pakupanga ndondomeko, ndi mamembala akuluakulu a gulu lothandizira maukonde, lomwe linapanga zonse zofunika Network Control Program (NCP) kutumiza mauthenga pa ARPANET ndi kutengerapo kwapamwamba kwa mafayilo ndi ma protocol akutali.

Chithunzi cha Cerf chochokera mu nyuzipepala ya 1974

Cerf adakumana ndi Kahn koyambirira kwa 1970s pomwe omaliza adafika ku UCLA kuchokera ku BBN kuyesa maukonde atanyamula. Adapanga kusokonekera kwa maukonde pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi Cerf, omwe adapanga magalimoto ochita kupanga. Monga momwe Kahn amayembekezera, maukondewo sakanatha kuthana ndi katunduyo, ndipo adalimbikitsa kusintha kuti apititse patsogolo kusanjana. M'zaka zotsatira, Cerf adapitiliza zomwe zimawoneka ngati ntchito yabwino kwambiri yamaphunziro. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo Kahn adachoka ku BBN kupita ku Washington, Cerf adapita kugombe lina kuti akakhale pulofesa wothandizira ku Stanford.

Kahn ankadziwa zambiri za makompyuta, koma analibe chidziwitso pakupanga ma protocol - mbiri yake inali yokonza zizindikiro, osati sayansi ya makompyuta. Amadziwa kuti Cerf ingakhale yabwino kuti igwirizane ndi luso lake ndipo ingakhale yofunika kwambiri poyesa kugwirizanitsa ARPANET ndi PRNET. Kahn adalumikizana naye zakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ndipo adakumana kangapo mu 1973 asanapite ku hotelo ku Palo Alto kuti akapange ntchito yawo yachidule, "A Protocol for Internetwork Packet Communications," yofalitsidwa mu Meyi 1974 mu IEEE Transactions on Communications. Kumeneko, pulojekiti inaperekedwa kwa Transmission Control Program (TCP) (posachedwa kukhala "protocol") -mwala wapangodya wa mapulogalamu a intaneti yamakono.

Chikoka chakunja

Palibe munthu m'modzi kapena mphindi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kupangidwa kwa intaneti kuposa Cerf ndi Kahn ndi ntchito yawo ya 1974. Komabe kulengedwa kwa intaneti sikunali chochitika chomwe chinachitika panthawi inayake - inali njira yomwe idachitika zaka zambiri zachitukuko. Protocol yoyambirira yofotokozedwa ndi Cerf ndi Kahn mu 1974 idasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kangapo m'zaka zotsatila. Kugwirizana koyamba pakati pa maukonde kunayesedwa kokha mu 1977; protocol inagawidwa m'magulu awiri - TCP yodziwika bwino ndi IP lero - mu 1978; ARPANET inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolinga zake zokha mu 1982 (nthawi imeneyi ya kutuluka kwa intaneti ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku 1995, pamene boma la US linachotsa chiwombankhanga pakati pa intaneti yophunzitsidwa ndi anthu ndi intaneti yamalonda). Mndandanda wa omwe adatenga nawo gawo popanga izi unakula kwambiri kuposa mayina awiriwa. M'zaka zoyambirira, bungwe lotchedwa International Network Working Group (INWG) linali bungwe lalikulu la mgwirizano.

ARPANET inalowa m'dziko lonse laukadaulo mu Okutobala 1972 pamsonkhano woyamba wapadziko lonse wokhudza kulumikizana ndi makompyuta, womwe unachitikira ku Washington Hilton ndi zopindika zake zamakono. Kuphatikiza pa anthu aku America ngati Cerf ndi Kahn, adapezekapo ndi akatswiri angapo otsogola ochokera ku Europe, makamaka. Louis Pouzin ochokera ku France ndi a Donald Davies a ku Britain. Mosonkhezeredwa ndi Larry Roberts, adaganiza zopanga gulu logwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti akambirane machitidwe osinthira paketi ndi ma protocol, ofanana ndi gulu logwiritsa ntchito maukonde lomwe linakhazikitsa ma protocol a ARPANET. Cerf, yemwe anali pulofesa posachedwapa ku Stanford, anavomera kukhala tcheyamani. Imodzi mwa mitu yawo yoyamba inali vuto lakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Ena mwa omwe adathandizira koyambirira pa zokambiranazi anali Robert Metcalfe, yemwe tidakumana naye kale ngati womanga Ethernet ku Xerox PARC. Ngakhale Metcalfe sanathe kuuza anzake, panthawi yomwe ntchito ya Cerf ndi Kahn inasindikizidwa, anali atapanga ndondomeko yake ya intaneti, PARC Universal Packet, kapena PUP.

Kufunika kwa intaneti ku Xerox kudakula pomwe intaneti ya Ethernet ku Alto idapambana. PARC inali ndi netiweki ina yapafupi ya Data General Nova minicomputers, ndipo ndithudi, panalinso ARPANET. Atsogoleri a PARC adayang'ana zamtsogolo ndipo adazindikira kuti maziko aliwonse a Xerox azikhala ndi Efaneti yake, komanso kuti mwanjira ina ayenera kulumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake (mwina kudzera mu Xerox yemwe ali mkati mwa ARPANET). Kuti athe kunamizira kuti ndi uthenga wabwinobwino, paketi ya PUP idasungidwa mkati mwa mapaketi ena amtundu uliwonse womwe ukuyenda - nenani, PARC Ethernet. Paketi ikafika pakompyuta yolowera pakati pa Ethernet ndi netiweki ina (monga ARPANET), kompyutayo imatsegula paketi ya PUP, kuwerenga adilesi yake, ndikuyikulunganso mu paketi ya ARPANET yokhala ndi mitu yoyenera, ndikuitumiza ku adilesi. .

Ngakhale Metcalf sanathe kuyankhula mwachindunji ndi zomwe adachita ku Xerox, zomwe adapeza zidalowa muzokambirana za INWG. Umboni wa chikoka chake ukuwoneka kuti mu ntchito ya 1974, Cerf ndi Kahn amavomereza zomwe adathandizira, ndipo pambuyo pake Metcalfe amatenga zolakwa zina kuti asaumirire kulemba nawo. PUP iyenera kuti idakhudzanso mapangidwe a intaneti yamakono mu 1970s pomwe Jon Postel adakankhira pachigamulo chogawaniza protocol kukhala TCP ndi IP, kuti asagwiritse ntchito protocol yovuta ya TCP pazipata pakati pa maukonde. IP (Internet Protocol) inali mtundu wosavuta wa ma adilesi, popanda malingaliro ovuta a TCP kuwonetsetsa kuti gawo lililonse laperekedwa. Xerox Network Protocol - yomwe imadziwika kuti Xerox Network Systems (XNS) - inali itasiya kale.

Chinthu chinanso chothandizira pama protocol oyambirira a intaneti chinachokera ku Ulaya, makamaka maukonde omwe anapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi Plan Calcul, pulogalamu yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi. Charles de Gaulle kukulitsa bizinesi yapakompyuta yaku France. De Gaulle wakhala akudandaula za kukula kwa ndale, malonda, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha United States ku Western Europe. Anaganiza zopanganso France kukhala mtsogoleri wadziko lapansi wodziyimira pawokha, m'malo mokhala pankhondo mu Cold War pakati pa US ndi USSR. Pokhudzana ndi makampani apakompyuta, ziwopsezo ziwiri zamphamvu paufuluwu zidawonekera m'ma 1960. Choyamba, United States inakana kupereka zilolezo zotumizira kunja makompyuta ake amphamvu kwambiri, amene France anafuna kuwagwiritsira ntchito popanga mabomba ake aatomiki. Kachiwiri, kampani yaku America General Electric inakhala mwiniwake wamkulu wa makina opanga makompyuta aku France okha, Compagnie des Machines Bull - ndipo posakhalitsa adatseka mizere ingapo yayikulu ya Bull (kampaniyo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1919 ndi waku Norway dzina lake Bull, kupanga makina omwe adagwira ntchito ndi makhadi okhomedwa - mwachindunji ngati IBM. Inasamukira ku France m'ma 1930, pambuyo pa imfa ya woyambitsa). Chifukwa chake idabadwa Plan Calcul, yopangidwa kuti itsimikizire kuthekera kwa France kupereka mphamvu zake zamakompyuta.

Kuti ayang'anire kukhazikitsidwa kwa Plan Calcul, de Gaulle adapanga délégation à l'informatique (chinachake chonga "gulu lazidziwitso"), kukanena mwachindunji kwa nduna yake yayikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1971, nthumwizi zinaika injiniya wina dzina lake Louis Pouzin kuti aziyang'anira ntchito yopanga Baibulo lachifalansa la ARPANET. Nthumwizo zimakhulupirira kuti ma packet network atenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga makompyuta mzaka zikubwerazi, ndipo ukadaulo waukadaulo mderali ukhala wofunikira kuti Plan Calcul ikhale yopambana.

Pouzin pamsonkhano mu 1976

Pouzin, womaliza maphunziro pa École Polytechnique ya Paris, sukulu yoyambirira ya uinjiniya ku France, anagwira ntchito yaunyamata ku kampani yopanga zida zamafoni ku France asanasamukire ku Bull. Kumeneko anatsimikizira olemba ntchito kuti akufunika kudziwa zambiri za chitukuko chapamwamba cha US. Chifukwa chake monga wogwira ntchito ku Bull, adathandizira kupanga Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) ku MIT kwa zaka ziwiri ndi theka, kuyambira 1963 mpaka 1965. Izi zidamupangitsa kukhala katswiri wotsogola pamakompyuta ogawana nthawi ku France konse - mwinanso ku Europe konse.

Cyclades Network Architecture

Pouzin adatcha netiweki yomwe adafunsidwa kuti apange Cyclades, pambuyo pa gulu la Cyclades la zilumba zachi Greek ku Nyanja ya Aegean. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, kompyuta iliyonse pa netiweki imeneyi inali chilumba chake. Chothandizira chachikulu cha Cyclades paukadaulo wapaintaneti chinali lingaliro zithunzi - njira yosavuta kwambiri yolumikizirana paketi. Lingaliroli linali ndi magawo awiri ogwirizana:

• Ma datagrams ndi odziyimira pawokha: Mosiyana ndi zomwe zili mu foni kapena uthenga wa ARPANET, datagram iliyonse imatha kusinthidwa paokha. Sizidalira mauthenga am'mbuyomu, kapena kuyitanitsa kwawo, kapena pa protocol yokhazikitsa kulumikizana (monga kuyimba nambala yafoni).
• Ma Datagraphs amatumizidwa kuchokera kwa wolandirayo kupita ku wolandira - udindo wonse wotumiza uthenga ku adilesi uli ndi wotumiza ndi wolandila, osati ndi netiweki, yomwe pakadali pano ili "chitoliro".

Lingaliro la datagram limawoneka ngati lampatuko kwa ogwira nawo ntchito a Pouzin ku bungwe la French Post, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), lomwe mzaka za m'ma 1970 limapanga maukonde ake potengera maulumikizidwe amafoni ndi ma terminal-to-kompyuta (osati kompyuta-to- kompyuta) kulumikizana. Izi zidachitika moyang'aniridwa ndi wina womaliza maphunziro a Ecole Polytechnique, Remi Despres. Lingaliro losiya kudalirika kwa ma transmissions mkati mwa netiweki linali lonyansa kwa PTT, popeza zaka zambiri zidakakamiza kuti telefoni ndi telegraph zikhale zodalirika momwe zingathere. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchokera kumalingaliro azachuma ndi ndale, kusamutsa kuwongolera pazogwiritsa ntchito ndi ntchito zonse kutengera makompyuta omwe ali m'mphepete mwa netiweki kunawopseza kutembenuza PTT kukhala chinthu chomwe sichingakhale chapadera komanso chosinthika. Komabe, palibe chomwe chimalimbitsa lingaliro kuposa kutsutsa mwamphamvu, kotero lingalirolo kugwirizana kwenikweni kuchokera ku PTT idangothandiza kutsimikizira Pouzin za kulondola kwa datagram yake - njira yopangira ma protocol omwe amagwira ntchito yolumikizirana kuchokera kwa gulu lina kupita ku lina.

Pouzin ndi anzake a polojekiti Cyclades mwakhama nawo INWG ndi misonkhano zosiyanasiyana kumene malingaliro kumbuyo TCP anakambidwa, ndipo sanazengereze kufotokoza maganizo awo mmene maukonde kapena maukonde ayenera kugwira ntchito. Monga Melkaf, Pouzin ndi mnzake Hubert Zimmerman adatchulidwanso mu pepala la TCP la 1974, ndipo mnzake wina, injiniya Gérard le Land, adathandiziranso Cerf kupukuta ma protocol. Pambuyo pake Cerf adakumbukira kuti "kuwongolera kuyenda Njira yotsegulira zenera la TCP inatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku zokambirana za nkhaniyi ndi Pouzin ndi anthu ake ... Ndikukumbukira Bob Metcalfe, Le Lan ndi ine titagona pa pepala lalikulu la Whatman pansi pa chipinda changa chochezera ku Palo Alto. , kuyesa kujambula zithunzi za ma protocol awa." .

"Zenera lotsetsereka" limatanthawuza momwe TCP imayendetsa kayendedwe ka data pakati pa wotumiza ndi wolandira. Zenera lapano lili ndi mapaketi onse amtundu wa data omwe wotumiza amatha kutumiza mwachangu. Mphepete yakumanja ya zenera imasunthira kumanja pomwe wolandila anena kuti akumasula malo otchinga, ndipo kumanzere kumasunthira kumanja pomwe wolandila anena kuti walandila mapaketi am'mbuyomu."

Lingaliro lachithunzichi likugwirizana bwino ndi khalidwe la mawayilesi owulutsa monga Ethernet ndi ALOHANET, omwe amatumiza mauthenga awo mumlengalenga waphokoso komanso wopanda chidwi (mosiyana ndi ARPANET yofanana ndi foni, yomwe inkafuna kutumiza mauthenga motsatizana pakati pa IMPs. pa mzere wodalirika wa AT&T kuti ugwire bwino ntchito). Zinali zomveka kukonza ma protocol otumizira ma intranet ku maukonde odalirika, m'malo mwa abale awo ovuta kwambiri, ndipo ndi zomwe Kahn ndi Cerf's TCP protocol anachita.

Ndikhoza kupitiriza za udindo wa Britain pakupanga magawo oyambirira a intaneti, koma ndibwino kuti tisalowe mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa choopa kuphonya mfundoyo - mayina awiri omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kupangidwa kwa intaneti sanali okhawo. zinali zofunika.

TCP imagonjetsa aliyense

Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani ku malingaliro oyambirirawa okhudza mgwirizano wapakati pa mayiko? Chifukwa chiyani Cerf ndi Kahn amayamikiridwa kulikonse ngati makolo a pa intaneti, koma palibe chomwe chimamveka chokhudza Pouzin ndi Zimmerman? Kuti mumvetsetse izi, ndikofunikira kuti mufufuze tsatanetsatane wazaka zoyambirira za INWG.

Mogwirizana ndi mzimu wa gulu logwira ntchito pa netiweki ya ARPA ndi Mapempho ake a Ndemanga (RFCs), INWG inapanga dongosolo lake la "manoti ogawana". Monga gawo la mchitidwewu, patatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chogwirizana, Kahn ndi Cerf adapereka TCP yoyamba ku INWG monga Note #39 mu September 1973. Izi zinali makamaka chikalata chomwecho chimene adasindikiza mu IEEE Transactions m'chaka chotsatira. Mu Epulo 1974, gulu la Cyclades lotsogozedwa ndi Hubert Zimmermann ndi Michel Elie adafalitsa zotsutsana, INWG 61. Kusiyanaku kunali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazamalonda osiyanasiyana a uinjiniya, makamaka momwe mapaketi odutsa maukonde okhala ndi mapaketi ang'onoang'ono amagawika ndikusonkhanitsidwa .

Kugawanikaku kunali kochepa, koma kufunika kovomereza mwanjira inayake kudachitika mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha mapulani owunikiranso miyezo yapaintaneti yomwe idalengezedwa ndi Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (Mtengo wa magawo CCITT) [Komiti Yapadziko Lonse Yoyang'anira Telephony ndi Telegraphy]. CCITT, division International Telecommunication Union, yomwe imagwira ntchito yokhazikika, idagwira ntchito pazaka zinayi zamisonkhano yamagulu. Zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pamsonkhano wa 1976 zinayenera kuperekedwa kumapeto kwa 1975, ndipo palibe kusintha komwe kungapangidwe pakati pa tsikulo ndi 1980. Misonkhano ya Feverish mkati mwa INWG inachititsa voti yomaliza yomwe ndondomeko yatsopanoyi, yofotokozedwa ndi oimira mabungwe ofunika kwambiri pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi - Cerf of ARPANET, Zimmerman wa Cyclades, Roger Scantlebury wa British National Physical Laboratory, ndi Alex. Mackenzie wa BBN, adapambana. Malingaliro atsopano, INWG 96, adagwera penapake pakati pa 39 ndi 61, ndipo akuwoneka kuti akukhazikitsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti zamtsogolo.

Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, kunyengerera kunali ngati kutha komaliza kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidayambika chifukwa chosowa kwa Bob Kahn pavoti ya INWG pamalingaliro atsopano. Zinapezeka kuti zotsatira za voti sizinagwirizane ndi nthawi yomwe CCITT yakhazikitsa, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, Cerf adapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri potumiza kalata ku CCITT, komwe adalongosola momwe pempholi silinagwirizane kwathunthu mu INWG. Koma malingaliro aliwonse ochokera ku INWG mwina sakanavomerezedwa, popeza oyang'anira ma telecom omwe amalamulira CCITT sanasangalale ndi maukonde opangidwa ndi datagram omwe adapangidwa ndi ofufuza apakompyuta. Iwo ankafuna kulamulira kwathunthu magalimoto pa netiweki, m'malo mopereka mphamvuzo kumakompyuta am'deralo omwe sakanatha kuwawongolera. Iwo ananyalanyaza kwathunthu nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ndipo adagwirizana kuti atenge njira yolumikizira intaneti yosiyana, yotchedwa X.25.

Chodabwitsa ndichakuti protocol ya X.25 idathandizidwa ndi bwana wakale wa Kahn, Larry Roberts. Poyamba anali mtsogoleri wa kafukufuku wamakono, koma zofuna zake zatsopano monga mtsogoleri wa bizinesi zinamufikitsa ku CCITT kuti avomereze ndondomeko zomwe kampani yake, Telenet, inali kugwiritsa ntchito kale.

Anthu a ku Ulaya, makamaka pansi pa utsogoleri wa Zimmerman, anayesanso, kutembenukira ku bungwe lina la miyezo komwe kulamulira kwa telecom sikunali kolimba - International Organization for Standardization. ISO. Zotsatira za Open System Communication Standard (KAPENA NGATI) anali ndi zabwino zina kuposa TCP/IP. Mwachitsanzo, inalibe njira yocheperako yolumikizirana ndi IP, zolepheretsa zomwe zimafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma hacks angapo otsika mtengo kuti athe kuthana ndi kuphulika kwa intaneti m'zaka za m'ma 1990 (m'ma 2010, ma network adayamba kusinthira ku Mtundu wa 6 IP protocol, yomwe imakonza mavuto okhala ndi malire a adilesi). Komabe, pazifukwa zambiri, njirayi idakokera ndikukokera pa ad infinitum, osatsogolera kupanga mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito. Makamaka, njira za ISO, ngakhale zinali zoyenerera kuti zivomerezedwe ndi machitidwe aukadaulo okhazikitsidwa, sizinali zoyenera paukadaulo womwe ukubwera. Ndipo pomwe intaneti yochokera ku TCP/IP idayamba kukula m'ma 1990, OSI idakhala yosafunika.

Tiyeni tichoke pankhondo yolimbana ndi miyezo kupita ku zinthu zamba, zogwira ntchito zomanga maukonde pansi. Azungu achita mokhulupirika kukhazikitsa kwa INWG 96 kuti agwirizanitse Cyclades ndi labotale yapadziko lonse lapansi monga gawo lopanga maukonde azidziwitso aku Europe. Koma Kahn ndi atsogoleri ena a ARPA Internet Project analibe cholinga chosokoneza sitima ya TCP chifukwa cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Kahn anali atapereka kale ndalama kuti agwiritse ntchito TCP mu ARPANET ndi PRNET, ndipo sanafune kuyambanso. Cerf anayesa kulimbikitsa thandizo la US chifukwa cha kunyengerera komwe adapangira INWG, koma pamapeto pake adasiya. Anaganizanso zosiya kupsinjika m'moyo monga pulofesa wothandizira ndipo, potsatira chitsanzo cha Kahn, adakhala woyang'anira pulogalamu ku ARPA, kusiya kuchita nawo INWG.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji chikhumbo cha ku Ulaya chinali chochepa chotere chofuna kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse? Kwenikweni, zonse ndi za maudindo osiyanasiyana amitu ya American ndi European telecoms. Anthu a ku Ulaya ankayenera kulimbana ndi kukakamizidwa nthawi zonse pa chitsanzo cha datagram kuchokera kwa akuluakulu awo a Post and Telecom (PTT), omwe amagwira ntchito ngati madipatimenti oyang'anira maboma awo. Chifukwa cha izi, adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti apeze mgwirizano m'njira zokhazikitsa miyezo. Kutsika kofulumira kwa Cyclades, komwe kunataya chidwi cha ndale mu 1975 ndi ndalama zonse mu 1978, kumapereka phunziro lachidziwitso mu mphamvu ya PTT. Pouzin anadzudzula akuluakulu aboma chifukwa cha imfa yake Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. d'Estaing adayamba kulamulira mu 1974 ndipo adasonkhanitsa boma kuchokera kwa oimira National School of Administration (ENA), wonyozedwa ndi Pouzin: ngati École Polytechnique ingafanane ndi MIT, ndiye ENA akhoza kufanana ndi Harvard Business School. Boma la d'Estaing lidapanga mfundo zake zaukadaulo wazidziwitso mozungulira lingaliro la "opambana mdziko", ndipo makina apakompyuta otere amafunikira thandizo la PTT. Pulojekiti ya Cyclades sikanalandira chithandizo chotero; m'malo mwake, mdani wa Pouzin Despres anayang'anira kulengedwa kwa X.25-based virtual network network yotchedwa Transpac.

Ku USA zonse zinali zosiyana. AT&T inalibe chikoka chandale chofanana ndi anzawo akunja ndipo sanali gawo la kayendetsedwe ka US. M'malo mwake, inali nthawi yomwe boma lidachepetsa kwambiri ndikufooketsa kampaniyo; zinali zoletsedwa kusokoneza chitukuko cha maukonde apakompyuta ndi ntchito, ndipo posakhalitsa idaphwasulidwa. ARPA inali yaufulu kupanga pulogalamu yake yapaintaneti pansi pa ambulera yoteteza ya Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo yamphamvu, popanda kukakamizidwa ndi ndale. Anathandizira kukhazikitsa kwa TCP pamakompyuta osiyanasiyana, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kukakamiza makamu onse pa ARPANET kuti asinthe ku protocol yatsopano mu 1983. Choncho, makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ambiri omwe ma node awo anali makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri. mabungwe padziko lapansi, adakhala malo a chitukuko cha TCP / IP.

Chifukwa chake, TCP/IP idakhala mwala wapangodya wa intaneti, osati intaneti yokha, chifukwa chaufulu wandale ndi zachuma wa ARPA poyerekeza ndi mabungwe ena apakompyuta. Ngakhale OSI, ARPA wakhala galu akugwedeza mchira wokwiya wa gulu la kafukufuku wapaintaneti. Kuchokera pamalo owoneka bwino a 1974, wina amatha kuwona mizere yambiri yomwe imatsogolera ku ntchito ya Cerf ndi Kahn pa TCP, ndi mgwirizano wambiri wapadziko lonse womwe ungatuluke kuchokera kwa iwo. Komabe, malinga ndi 1995, misewu yonse imatsogolera ku mphindi imodzi yofunika kwambiri, bungwe limodzi la America ndi mayina awiri otchuka.

Chinanso choti muwerenge

• Janet Abbate, Kupanga intaneti (1999)
• John Day, "The Clamor Outside as INWG Debated," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2016)
• Andrew L. Russell, Open Standards ndi Digital Age (2014)
• Andrew L. Russell ndi Valérie Schafer, "Mu Mthunzi wa ARPANET ndi Intaneti: Louis Pouzin ndi Cyclades Network mu 1970s," Technology ndi Culture (2014)

Source: www.habr.com