Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Makompyuta apakompyuta oyamba kwambiri anali zida zapadera zomwe zidapangidwa pofuna kufufuza. Koma zitangopezeka, mabungwe adaziphatikiza mwachangu ndi chikhalidwe chawo chomwe chidalipo - momwe deta ndi njira zonse zidayimiridwa m'matumba. .
adapanga makina owerengera oyamba omwe amatha kuwerenga ndikuwerengera zibowo zamakadi amapepala a US Census kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 0. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 9, analowa m'mabizinesi akuluakulu ndi mabungwe aboma padziko lonse lapansi. Chilankhulo chawo chofala chinali khadi lokhala ndi mizati ingapo, pomwe gawo lililonse (kawirikawiri) linkaimira nambala imodzi, yomwe inkakhomeredwa mβmalo khumi oimira manambala XNUMX mpaka XNUMX.
Palibe zida zovuta zomwe zimafunikira nkhonya zolowa m'makhadi, ndipo ndondomekoyi ikhoza kugawidwa m'maofesi angapo mu bungwe lomwe linapanga deta. Pamene deta ikufunika kukonzedwa, mwachitsanzo, kuwerengera ndalama za lipoti la malonda a kotala - makhadi ofananirawo amatha kubweretsedwa kumalo osungiramo deta ndikutsatiridwa ndi makina oyenerera omwe amapanga zidziwitso zotuluka pamakhadi kapena kuzisindikiza pamapepala. . Pakatikati pa makina opangira zinthuβma tabulator ndi ma calculatorβanali ndi zida zolumikizirana zolumikizira kukhomera, kukopera, kusanja, ndi kumasulira makhadi.
IBM 285 Tabulator, makina otchuka a punch card m'ma 1930 ndi '40s.
Pofika theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1950, pafupifupi makompyuta onse ankagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya "batch processing". Kuchokera pamalingaliro a ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amagulitsa, palibe zambiri zomwe zasintha. Munabweretsa mulu wa makadi okhomeredwa kuti muwakonzere ndipo munalandira chosindikizira kapena mulu wina wa makadi okhomeredwa chifukwa cha ntchitoyo. Ndipo panthawiyi, makhadi adatembenuka kuchoka kumabowo pamapepala kupita ku zizindikiro zamagetsi ndikubwereranso, koma simunasamale kwambiri za izo. IBM inkalamulira gawo la makina opangira makadi, ndipo idakhalabe imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pamakompyuta apakompyuta, makamaka chifukwa cha ubale wake wokhazikika komanso zida zambiri zotumphukira. Iwo anangosintha ma tabulator omakina amakasitomala ndi makina owerengera mwachangu komanso osinthika kwambiri.
IBM 704 Punch Card Processing Kit Patsogolo, mtsikana akugwira ntchito ndi wowerenga.
Makina opangira makadi awa adagwira ntchito bwino kwazaka zambiri ndipo sanachepe - mosiyana. Ndipo komabe, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, akatswiri ofufuza makompyuta anayamba kunena kuti mayendedwe onsewa akuyenera kusintha - ankatsutsa kuti makompyuta ankagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. M'malo mozisiya ndi ntchito ndikubwerera kuti akatenge zotsatira, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi makinawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake pakufuna. Ku Likulu, Marx anafotokoza mmene makina a mafakitaleβomwe anthu amangoyendetsaβanaloΕ΅a mβmalo mwa zida zogwirira ntchito zimene anthu ankazilamulira mwachindunji. Komabe, makompyuta anayamba kukhalapo ngati makina. Panali pambuyo pake pamene ena mwa ogwiritsa ntchito awo anawasandutsa zida.
Ndipo kusintha kumeneku sikunachitike m'malo opangira deta monga US Census Bureau, kampani ya inshuwalansi ya MetLife, kapena United States Steel Corporation (onse omwe anali m'gulu la oyamba kugula UNIVAC, imodzi mwa makompyuta oyambirira ogulitsa malonda). Ndizokayikitsa kuti bungwe lomwe limawona kuti malipiro a sabata ndi njira yabwino komanso yodalirika angafune kuti wina asokoneze kukonza uku posewera ndi kompyuta. Phindu lokhala pansi pa kontrakitala ndikungoyesa chinachake pa kompyuta linali lomveka bwino kwa asayansi ndi mainjiniya, omwe ankafuna kuphunzira vuto, kuliyandikira kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana mpaka kufooka kwake kunapezeka, ndipo mwamsanga kusinthana pakati pawo. kuganiza ndi kuchita.
Chifukwa chake, malingaliro otere adabuka pakati pa ochita kafukufuku. Komabe, ndalama zolipirira kugwiritsa ntchito kolakwika kotereku kwa kompyuta sizinachokere kwa akuluakulu a madipatimenti awo. Chikhalidwe chatsopano (wina anganene kuti chipembedzo) cha ntchito zamakompyuta zolumikizana zidachokera ku mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa asitikali ndi mayunivesite apamwamba ku United States. Kugwirizana kopindulitsa kumeneku kunayamba mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Zida za atomiki, zida za radar, ndi zida zina zamatsenga zinaphunzitsa atsogoleri ankhondo kuti ntchito zooneka ngati zosamvetsetseka za asayansi zingakhale zofunika kwambiri kwa asilikali. Unansi wabwino umenewu unakhalapo kwa pafupifupi mbadwo umodzi ndipo kenaka unagwa mβnyengo za ndale za nkhondo ina, Vietnam. Koma panthawiyi, asayansi aku America anali ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama zambiri, anali osasokonezeka, ndipo amatha kuchita chilichonse chomwe chingagwirizane ndi chitetezo cha dziko.
Kulungamitsidwa kwa makompyuta olumikizana kunayamba ndi bomba.
Mkuntho ndi SAGE
Pa August 29, 1949, gulu lofufuza la Soviet linachita bwino pa . Patatha masiku atatu, ndege yaku US yomwe idawuluka kumpoto kwa Pacific idapeza zinthu zotulutsa ma radio mumlengalenga zomwe zidatsala pakuyesedwa. USSR inali ndi bomba, ndipo adani awo a ku America adadziwa za izo. Kusamvana pakati pa maulamuliro amphamvu awiriwa kunapitirira kwa chaka chimodzi, kuyambira pamene USSR inadula njira zopita kumadera olamulidwa ndi azungu a Berlin poyankha mapulani obwezeretsa dziko la Germany pachuma chake chakale.
Kutsekerezako kudatha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1949, motsogozedwa ndi ntchito yayikulu yomwe azungu adayambitsa kuti athandizire mzindawu kuchokera mlengalenga. Mkanganowo unachepako. Komabe, akazembe ankhondo aku America sakanatha kunyalanyaza kukhalapo kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe lingathe kukhala ndi zida zanyukiliya, makamaka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira komanso kuchuluka kwa oponya mabomba. United States inali ndi mndandanda wa malo owonera ndege omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Komabe, adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wachikale, sanafotokozere njira zakumpoto kudzera ku Canada, ndipo sanalumikizidwe ndi dongosolo lalikulu logwirizanitsa chitetezo chamlengalenga.
Kuti athetse vutoli, Air Force (nthambi yodziyimira payokha ya US kuyambira 1947) idasonkhanitsa Komiti Yopanga Zachitetezo cha Air Defense (ADSEC). Zimakumbukiridwa m'mbiri monga "Komiti ya Walley", yotchedwa tcheyamani wake, George Whalley. Anali katswiri wa sayansi ya MIT komanso msilikali wakale wa gulu lofufuza za radar la Rad Lab, lomwe linakhala Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) nkhondo itatha. Komitiyi inaphunzira za vutoli kwa chaka chimodzi, ndipo lipoti lomaliza la Valli linatulutsidwa mu October 1950.
Wina angayembekezere kuti lipoti loterolo lingakhale kuphatikizika kosasangalatsa kwa matepi ofiira, kutha ndi malingaliro osamala komanso osamala. M'malo mwake, lipotilo lidakhala gawo losangalatsa la mkangano wopangira, ndipo linali ndi dongosolo lamphamvu komanso lowopsa. Uku ndiye kuyenera kwa pulofesa wina waku MIT, , amene ankanena kuti kuphunzira za zamoyo ndi makina akhoza kuphatikizidwa kukhala mwambo umodzi . Valli ndi olemba anzake anayamba ndi kuganiza kuti chitetezo cha mpweya ndi chamoyo, osati mophiphiritsira, koma zenizeni. Malo opangira ma radar amakhala ngati ziwalo zomvera, zolumikizira ndi zoponya ndizomwe zimalumikizana ndi dziko lapansi. Amagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi wotsogolera, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chochokera m'maganizo kuti apange zisankho zofunika. Ananenanso kuti wotsogolera anthu onse sangathe kuyimitsa mazana a ndege zomwe zikubwera pamtunda wa makilomita mamiliyoni ambiri mkati mwa mphindi, kotero kuti ntchito zambiri za otsogolera ziyenera kukhala zokha.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri pazomwe adapeza ndikuti njira yabwino yosinthira wotsogolerayo ikhala kudzera pamakompyuta apakompyuta a digito omwe amatha kutenga zisankho zina za anthu: kusanthula ziwopsezo zomwe zikubwera, kulunjika zida zolimbana ndi ziwopsezozo (kuwerengera maphunziro omwe amalepheretsa ndikutumiza ku omenyera nkhondo), ndipo, mwinanso kupanga njira yabwino yoyankhira. Panthawiyo, sizinali zoonekeratu kuti makompyuta anali oyenerera kutero. Panali ndendende makompyuta atatu apakompyuta ogwira ntchito mu United States yense panthawiyo, ndipo palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe inayandikira kukwanilitsa zofunikira zodalirika za dongosolo lankhondo limene miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri imadalira. Anali othamanga kwambiri komanso osavuta kupanga manambala.
Komabe, Valli anali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti n'zotheka kupanga makompyuta enieni a digito, popeza ankadziwa za ntchitoyi ["Vortex"]. Zinayamba nthawi ya nkhondo mu labotale ya MIT servomechanism motsogozedwa ndi wophunzira wachinyamata, Jay Forrester. Cholinga chake choyamba chinali kupanga makina oyendetsa ndege omwe amatha kukonzedwanso kuti athandize mitundu yatsopano ya ndege popanda kumanganso nthawi zonse. Mnzake wina adatsimikizira Forrester kuti woyeserera wake ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti azitha kusintha magawo a woyendetsa ndikutulutsa zotulutsa za zida. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kuyesa kupanga makompyuta othamanga kwambiri kunadutsa ndipo kunadutsa cholinga choyambirira. Makina oyendetsa ndege adayiwalika ndipo nkhondo yomwe idayambitsa chitukuko idatha kalekale, ndipo komiti yoyang'anira za Ofesi ya Naval Research (ONR) idakhumudwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ntchitoyi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa bajeti komanso nthawi zonse. -kukankha tsiku lomaliza. Mu 1950, ONR inadula mozama bajeti ya Forrester ya chaka chotsatira, pofuna kutseka ntchitoyi pambuyo pake.
Kwa George Valley, komabe, Whirlwind anali vumbulutso. Kompyuta yeniyeni ya Whirlwind inali idakali kutali. Komabe, zitatha izi, kompyuta imayenera kuwonekera, yomwe sinali malingaliro chabe opanda thupi. Ndi makompyuta omwe ali ndi ziwalo zomveka komanso zosokoneza. Zamoyo. Forrester anali akuganiza kale za mapulani okulitsa ntchitoyi kukhala malo olamulira ankhondo ndi oyang'anira dziko. Kwa akatswiri apakompyuta ku ONR, omwe amakhulupirira kuti makompyuta ndi oyenera kuthetsa mavuto a masamu okha, njira iyi inkawoneka ngati yayikulu komanso yopanda nzeru. Komabe, ili linali lingaliro lomwe Valli anali kufunafuna, ndipo adawonekera pa nthawi yake kuti apulumutse Whirlwind kuti asakumbukike.
Ngakhale (kapena mwina chifukwa cha) zolinga zake zazikulu, lipoti la Valli linatsimikizira Air Force, ndipo adayambitsa pulogalamu yatsopano yofufuza ndi chitukuko kuti amvetsetse momwe angapangire dongosolo la chitetezo cha mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a digito, ndiyeno kumanga kwenikweni. Air Force idayamba kugwirizana ndi MIT kuti ipange kafukufuku wofunikira - chisankho chachilengedwe chopatsidwa mbiri ya Whirlwind ndi RLE, komanso mbiri yopambana yoteteza ndege kuyambira ku Rad Lab ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Iwo adatcha njira yatsopanoyi "Project Lincoln", ndipo adamanga Lincoln Research Laboratory yatsopano ku Hanscom Field, 25 km kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Cambridge.
Air Force idatcha projekiti yoteteza ndege pamakompyuta - projekiti yodabwitsa yankhondo yomwe imatanthawuza "malo odziyimira pawokha". Whirlwind amayenera kukhala makompyuta oyesera kuti atsimikizire kutheka kwa lingaliroli asanapangidwe kwathunthu kwa hardware ndi kutumizidwa kwake - udindowu unaperekedwa kwa IBM. Mtundu wogwirira ntchito wa kompyuta ya Whirlwind, yomwe idayenera kupangidwa ku IBM, idapatsidwa dzina losaiwalika AN/FSQ-7 ("Army-Navy Fixed Special Purpose Equipment" - zomwe zimapangitsa SAGE kuwoneka ngati yolondola kwambiri poyerekeza).
Pofika nthawi yomwe Air Force inapanga mapulani athunthu a dongosolo la SAGE mu 1954, linali ndi ma radar osiyanasiyana, malo oyendetsa ndege, zida zotetezera mpweya - zonse zoyendetsedwa kuchokera kumalo olamulira makumi awiri ndi atatu, ma bunkers akuluakulu opangidwa kuti athe kupirira mabomba. Kuti mudzaze malowa, IBM iyenera kupereka makompyuta makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, m'malo mwa makumi awiri ndi atatu omwe akanawononga asilikali mabiliyoni ambiri a madola. Izi ndichifukwa choti kampaniyo idagwiritsabe ntchito machubu opumira m'mabwalo omveka, ndipo amayaka ngati mababu a incandescent. Nyali iliyonse mwa makumi masauzande a nyale mu kompyuta yogwira ntchito ikhoza kulephera nthawi iliyonse. Mwachiwonekere sikungakhale kovomerezeka kusiya gawo lonse la ndege za dziko lino lopanda chitetezo pamene akatswiri akukonza, kotero kuti ndege yotsalira iyenera kusungidwa.
Malo owongolera a SAGE ku Grand Forks Air Force Base ku North Dakota, komwe kunali makompyuta awiri a AN/FSQ-7.
Malo olamulira aliwonse anali ndi anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito atakhala kutsogolo kwa zowonetsera ma cathode-ray, aliyense akuyang'anira gawo la airspace.
Kompyutayo imayang'anira zoopsa zilizonse zomwe zingachitike mumlengalenga ndikuzijambula ngati tinjira pazenera. Wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti yowunikira kuti awonetse zambiri panjirayo ndikupereka malamulo ku chitetezo, ndipo kompyutayo imawasandutsa uthenga wosindikizidwa wa batri ya missile yomwe ilipo kapena Air Force base.
Kulumikizana kachilombo
Poganizira momwe dongosolo la SAGE limakhalira, kuyanjana kwachindunji, zenizeni zenizeni pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi kompyuta ya digito ya CRT kudzera pamfuti zopepuka ndi zotonthoza - sizodabwitsa kuti Lincoln Laboratory idakulitsa gulu loyamba la akatswiri olumikizana ndi makompyuta. Chikhalidwe chonse cha makompyuta cha labotale chinalipo mumtundu wakutali, wochotsedwa pamikhalidwe yopangira ma batch yomwe ikukula muzamalonda. Ofufuza anagwiritsa ntchito Whirlwind ndi mbadwa zake kusunga nthawi yomwe anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta okha. Amazolowera kugwiritsa ntchito manja, maso, ndi makutu kuti azilumikizana mwachindunji kudzera pa masiwichi, makiyibodi, zowonera zowala kwambiri, ngakhale masipika, opanda zolumikizira mapepala.
Izi zachilendo ndi zazing'ono subculture kufalikira ku dziko lakunja ngati kachilombo, kudzera mwachindunji kukhudzana thupi. Ndipo ngati tilingalira kuti ndi kachilombo, ndiye kuti zero wodwala ayenera kutchedwa mnyamata wotchedwa Wesley Clark. Clark anasiya sukulu ya physics ku Berkeley mu 1949 kuti akhale katswiri pafakitale ya zida za nyukiliya. Komabe, sanaikonde ntchitoyo. Atawerenga nkhani zingapo mβmagazini a pakompyuta, anayamba kufunafuna mpata wofufuza zimene zinkaoneka ngati ntchito yatsopano komanso yosangalatsa yodzaza ndi luso losagwiritsidwa ntchito. Anaphunzira za kulemba akatswiri a makompyuta ku Lincoln Laboratory kuchokera ku malonda, ndipo mu 1951 anasamukira ku East Coast kukagwira ntchito pansi pa Forrester, yemwe anali kale wamkulu wa labotale yamakompyuta.
Wesley Clark akuwonetsa kompyuta yake ya LINC biomedical, 1962
Clark adalowa mgulu la Advanced Development Group, gawo la labotale lomwe lidawonetsa kumasuka kwa mgwirizano wankhondo ndi mayunivesite panthawiyo. Ngakhale dipatimentiyi inali gawo la chilengedwe cha Lincoln Laboratory, gululi lidakhalapo munthambi mkati mwa kuwira kwina, losiyana ndi zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku za polojekiti ya SAGE komanso omasuka kutsatira gawo lililonse la makompyuta lomwe lingamangidwe mwanjira ina. chitetezo mpweya. Cholinga chawo chachikulu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 chinali kupanga Memory Test Computer (MTC), yomwe inakonzedwa kuti iwonetsere kuthekera kwa njira yatsopano, yothandiza kwambiri komanso yodalirika yosungira mauthenga a digito. , yomwe ingalowe m'malo mwa kukumbukira kwa CRT komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Whirlwind.
Popeza MTC inalibe ogwiritsa ntchito ena kupatula omwe adayipanga, Clark anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kwa maola ambiri tsiku lililonse. Clark adachita chidwi ndi kusakaniza kwa cybernetic komwe kunali kotsogola kwa physics, physiology ndi chidziwitso chidziwitso chifukwa cha mnzake Belmont Farley, yemwe anali kuyankhulana ndi gulu la biophysicists ku RLE ku Cambridge. Clark ndi Farley adakhala nthawi yayitali ku MTC, ndikupanga mitundu ya mapulogalamu a neural network kuti aphunzire momwe machitidwe odzipangira okha. Kuchokera pazoyeserera izi Clark adayamba kupeza mfundo zina za axiomatic zamakompyuta, zomwe sanapatukeko. Makamaka, adakhulupirira kuti "kusavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga."
Mu 1955, Clark adagwirizana ndi Ken Olsen, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa MTC, kuti apange dongosolo lopanga kompyuta yatsopano yomwe ingatsegule njira ya machitidwe olamulira ankhondo. Pogwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira kwakukulu kwa maginito posungira, ndi ma transistors pamalingaliro, zitha kupangidwa kukhala zophatikizika, zodalirika komanso zamphamvu kuposa Whirlwind. Poyamba, iwo anakonza kamangidwe kamene anachitcha TX-1 (Transistorized and Experimental computer, "experimental transistor computer" - yomveka bwino kuposa AN/FSQ-7). Komabe, oyang'anira Lincoln Laboratory adakana ntchitoyi ngati yodula komanso yowopsa. Ma Transistors anali atakhala pamsika zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, ndipo makompyuta ochepa kwambiri anali atapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito transistor logic. Chifukwa chake Clark ndi Olsen adabweranso ndi mtundu wocheperako wagalimoto, TX-0, yomwe idavomerezedwa.
TX-0
Kugwira ntchito kwa makompyuta a TX-0 monga chida choyang'anira malo a asilikali, ngakhale kuti chinali chifukwa cha kulengedwa kwake, sichinali chosangalatsa kwambiri kwa Clark kusiyana ndi mwayi wopititsa patsogolo malingaliro ake pa mapangidwe a makompyuta. M'malingaliro ake, kuyanjana kwa makompyuta kunasiya kukhala chowonadi chamoyo ku Lincoln Laboratories ndipo idakhala chizolowezi chatsopano - njira yoyenera yopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, makamaka pantchito zasayansi. Anapereka mwayi wopita ku TX-0 kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ku MIT, ngakhale kuti ntchito yawo inalibe chochita ndi PVO, ndipo anawalola kugwiritsa ntchito makina owonetsera makina kuti asanthule ma electroencephalograms kuchokera ku maphunziro ogona. Ndipo palibe amene adatsutsa izi.
TX-0 idachita bwino kwambiri kotero kuti mu 1956 Lincoln Laboratories idavomereza makompyuta amtundu uliwonse wa transistor, TX-2, wokhala ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu kwamamiliyoni awiri. Ntchitoyi idzatenga zaka ziwiri kuti ithe. Zitatha izi, kachilomboka kamatuluka kunja kwa labotale. TX-2 ikamalizidwa, ma lab sadzafunikanso kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo choyambirira, kotero adagwirizana kubwereketsa TX-0 ku Cambridge ku RLE. Idaikidwa pa chipinda chachiwiri, pamwamba pa batch processing center center. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo idakhudza makompyuta ndi maprofesa pasukulu ya MIT, omwe adayamba kumenyera nthawi yomwe amatha kuwongolera makompyuta.
Zinali zoonekeratu kuti kunali kosatheka kulemba pulogalamu ya pakompyuta nthawi yoyamba. Komanso, ofufuza omwe amaphunzira ntchito yatsopano nthawi zambiri sankadziwa poyamba kuti khalidwe loyenera liyenera kukhala lotani. Ndipo kuti mupeze zotsatira kuchokera pakompyuta mumayenera kudikirira kwa maola ambiri, kapena mpaka tsiku lotsatira. Kwa ambiri opanga mapulogalamu atsopano pamsasa, kutha kukwera makwerero, kupeza cholakwika ndikuchikonza nthawi yomweyo, yesani njira yatsopano ndipo nthawi yomweyo muwone zotsatira zabwino zinali vumbulutso. Ena adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo pa TX-0 kuti agwire ntchito zazikulu zasayansi kapena uinjiniya, koma chisangalalo cholumikizana chidakopanso anthu osewerera. Wophunzira wina analemba pulogalamu yolemba malemba imene anaitcha kuti βtaipi yokwera mtengo.β Winanso adatsatira zomwezo ndikulemba "chowerengera chokwera mtengo kwambiri" chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popangira homuweki yake.
Ivan Sutherland akuwonetsa pulogalamu yake ya Sketchpad pa TX-2
Panthawiyi, Ken Olsen ndi injiniya wina wa TX-0, Harlan Anderson, atakhumudwa ndi kupita pang'onopang'ono kwa polojekiti ya TX-2, adaganiza zogulitsa makompyuta ang'onoang'ono ogwiritsira ntchito asayansi ndi mainjiniya. Anachoka ku labotale kuti akapeze Digital Equipment Corporation, akukhazikitsa ofesi pamalo omwe kale anali opanga nsalu pamtsinje wa Assabet, makilomita khumi kumadzulo kwa Lincoln. Kompyuta yawo yoyamba, PDP-1 (yotulutsidwa mu 1961), inali yofanana ndi TX-0.
TX-0 ndi Digital Equipment Corporation anayamba kufalitsa uthenga wabwino wa njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kupitirira Lincoln Laboratory. Ndipo komabe, mpaka pano, kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kameneka kamakhala komweko, kum'mawa kwa Massachusetts. Koma zimenezi zinali zitasintha.
Zomwe mungawerenge:
- Lars Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945 (2009)
- Joseph November, Biomedical Computing (2012)
- Kent C. Redmond ndi Thomas M. Smith, Kuchokera ku Whirlwind kupita ku MITER (2000)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com