Pogwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki achinsinsi a microwave mu "njira yopitilira 890", FCC ikhoza kuyembekeza kuti ikhoza kukankhira maukonde onse achinsinsi pakona yake yamsika ndikuyiwala za iwo. Komabe, mwamsanga zinaonekeratu kuti zimenezi sizingatheke.
Anthu atsopano ndi mabungwe adatulukira akukankhira kusintha kwazomwe zilipo kale. Iwo anakonza njira zambiri zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito kapena kugulitsa ntchito zamatelefoni, ndipo ananena kuti makampani omwe analipo kale omwe adalanda malowa akulepheretsa kukula. FCC idayankha ndikudula pang'onopang'ono kulamulira kwa AT&T, kulola omwe akupikisana nawo m'malo osiyanasiyana pamsika wamatelefoni.
Poyankha, AT&T idachitapo kanthu ndikupanga mawu omwe amayenera kutsutsa kapena kuchepetsa kukopa kwa omwe akupikisana nawo atsopano: adadzipereka kuti akambirane poyera zotsutsa zomwe FCC idachita, ndikuyika mitengo yatsopano yomwe idachepetsa phindu lomwe lingakhalepo mpaka ziro. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a kampaniyo, izi zinali zongochitika mwachilengedwe pakuwopseza kwatsopano kwampikisano, koma kuchokera kunja adakhala umboni wofunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kuti athetse wolamulira wachinyengo. Owongolera omwe amaumirira kuti apange mpikisano pamatelefoni sakanalimbikitsa nkhondo yolamulira pakati pamakampani omwe amphamvu angapambane. M'malo mwake, amafuna kupanga ndikuthandizira njira zina zazitali za AT&T. Kuyesa kwa AT&T kuti atuluke mumsampha wozungulira adasokoneza kampaniyo.
Ziwopsezo zatsopano zabwera kuchokera m'mbali zonse ndi pakati pa netiweki ya AT&T, ndikuchotsa ulamuliro wa kampani pazida zolumikizira makasitomala ake amalumikizana ndi mizere yake ndi mizere yakutali yomwe imalumikiza US kukhala foni imodzi. Chiwopsezo chilichonse chinayamba ndi milandu yomwe idaperekedwa ndi makampani awiri ang'onoang'ono komanso owoneka ngati osafunikira: Carter Electronics ndi Microwave Communications, Incorporated (MCI), motsatana. Komabe, FCC sinangoganiza zokomera makampani achichepere, komanso idaganiza zomasulira milandu yawo mwachidziwitso ngati ikukwaniritsa zosowa za gulu latsopano la opikisana nawo omwe AT&T ayenera kuvomereza ndikulemekeza.
Ndipo komabe, kuchokera pamawonekedwe azamalamulo, pang'ono zasintha kuyambira pomwe mlandu wa Hush-a-Phone udagamulidwa mu 1950s. Panthawiyo, FCC idakana mwamphamvu zofunsira kuchokera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo abwino kuposa Carter kapena MCI. Lamulo lomwelo la Communications Act la 1934 lomwe lidapanga FCC yokhayo idayendetsabe ntchito zake m'ma 1960 ndi '70s. Kusintha kwa mfundo za FCC sikunabwere kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano za Congress, koma kuchokera ku kusintha kwa filosofi yandale mu bungwe lomwelo. Ndipo kusintha kumeneku kunayamba chifukwa cha kubwera kwa makompyuta apakompyuta. Kusakanizidwa komwe kukubwera kwa makompyuta ndi maukonde olumikizirana kwathandizira kupanga mikhalidwe yoti itukuke.
Gulu lachidziwitso
Kwa zaka zambiri, FCC yakhala ikuwona udindo wawo waukulu wopititsa patsogolo mwayi wopezeka komanso kugwira ntchito mwachilungamo munjira yokhazikika komanso yofananira yolumikizirana. Komabe, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 60, ogwira ntchito ku komiti anayamba kupanga masomphenya osiyana a ntchito yawo-anayamba kuganizira kwambiri za kukulitsa luso lamakono pamsika wamakono komanso wosiyanasiyana. Zambiri mwazosinthazi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa msika watsopano, ngakhale wocheperako, wopereka chidziwitso.
Makampani opanga zidziwitso poyamba analibe chilichonse chofanana ndi bizinesi yamatelefoni. Inabadwira m'mabungwe a mautumiki-makampani omwe amakonza deta kwa makasitomala awo ndikuwatumizira zotsatira; lingaliro ili lisanachitike makompyuta amakono ndi zaka makumi angapo. Mwachitsanzo, IBM yakhala ikupereka zosintha zama data kuyambira 1930s kwa makasitomala omwe samatha kubwereka makina awo owerengera. Mu 1957, monga gawo la mgwirizano wodana ndi kudalirana ndi Unduna wa Zachilungamo ku United States, adasintha bizinesiyo kukhala gulu lina la Service Bureau Corporation, lomwe kenako limagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta amakono amagetsi. Momwemonso, Automatic Data Processing (ADP) idayamba ngati bizinesi yokonza deta kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, isanasamukire ku makompyuta kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950. Koma m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ma desiki oyamba odziwa zambiri pa intaneti adayamba kuwonekera, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana ndi makompyuta akutali kudzera pa terminal patelefoni yobwereketsa mwachinsinsi. Chodziwika kwambiri mwa iwo chinali dongosolo la SABER, lochokera ku SAGE, lomwe linapangitsa kuti zitheke kusunga matikiti ku American Airlines pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a IBM.
Monga momwe zidachitikira ndi machitidwe ogawana koyamba, mukakhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito angapo omwe amalumikizana ndi kompyuta imodzi, inali gawo laling'ono kwambiri kuti asalole kuti azilankhulana. Inali njira yatsopanoyi yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ngati makalata otumizira makalata yomwe inawafikitsa ku FCC.
Mu 1964, Bunker-Ramo, kampani yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi kontrakitala wa dipatimenti ya chitetezo, idaganiza zosintha zidziwitso zake pogula Teleregister. Zina mwa madera omwe adachitapo panali ntchito yotchedwa Telequote, yomwe yakhala ikupereka zidziwitso zamalonda pama foni kuyambira 1928. Komabe, Teleregister inalibe layisensi yolumikizirana. Idadalira Western Union kuti ilumikizane ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndi data center.
Telequote III terminal kuchokera ku Bunker-Ramo. Itha kuwonetsa zambiri zama stock pakufunsira, ndikupereka zambiri zamsika.
Njira yopambana ya Telequote m'zaka za m'ma 1960, Telequote III, idalola ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito chotchinga chokhala ndi chophimba chaching'ono cha CRT ndi mitengo yamafunso yosungidwa pakompyuta yakutali ya Telequote. Mu 1965, Bunker-Ramo adayambitsa m'badwo wake wotsatira, Telequote IV, ndi chinthu china chomwe chimalola ogulitsa kugulitsa ndikugulitsa maoda kwa wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito ma terminal. Komabe, Western Union inakana kupanga mizere yake kuti ipezeke pazifukwa zotere. Ananenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kutumiza mauthenga pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kungasinthe mzere wowoneka ngati wachinsinsi kukhala ntchito yotumizirana mauthenga pagulu (mofanana ndi ma telegraph a WU), chifukwa chake FCC iyenera kuwongolera oyendetsa ntchitoyo (Bunker-Ramo).
FCC idasankha kusandutsa mkanganowu kukhala mwayi woyankha funso lalikulu: Kodi gawo lomwe likukulirakulira la ntchito zapaintaneti likuyenera kutsatiridwa bwanji motsutsana ndi malamulo amatelefoni? Kafukufukuyu tsopano akutchedwa "kufufuza pakompyuta." Zotsatira zomaliza za kafukufukuyu sizofunika kwambiri kwa ife pakadali pano monga momwe zimakhudzira malingaliro a ogwira ntchito ku FCC. Malire ndi matanthauzo omwe adakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali adawoneka ngati akukonzedwanso kapena kusiyidwa, ndipo kugwedezeka uku kunakonzekeretsa malingaliro a FCC ku zovuta zamtsogolo. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, njira zamakono zoyankhulirana zakhala zikutuluka nthawi ndi nthawi. Aliyense wa iwo anayamba paokha ndipo anapeza khalidwe lake ndi malamulo ake malamulo: telegraphy, telephony, wailesi, TV. Koma pakubwera makompyuta, mizere yosiyanayi yachitukuko inayamba kusonkhana m’chizimezime chongoyerekezera, n’kukhala gulu lachidziwitso lolumikizana.
Osati FCC yokha, koma anzeru onse anali kuyembekezera kusintha kwakukulu kubwera. Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Daniel Bell analemba za "gulu la pambuyo pa mafakitale", katswiri woyang'anira Peter Drucker analankhula za "ogwira ntchito zachidziwitso" ndi "nthawi yosiya". Mabuku, mapepala asayansi ndi misonkhano pamutu wa dziko likudzalo lozikidwa pa chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso, osati pakupanga zinthu zakuthupi, zinayenda ngati mtsinje mu theka lachiwiri la 1960s. Olemba mapepalawa nthawi zambiri ankanena za kubwera kwa makompyuta othamanga kwambiri komanso njira zatsopano zotumizira ndi kukonza deta mu maukonde olankhulana zomwe zidzatheke m'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi.
Ena mwa makomishinala atsopano a FCC osankhidwa ndi Purezidenti Kennedy ndi Johnson adasuntha okha m'magulu anzeru awa. Kenneth Cox ndi Nicholas Johnson adatenga nawo gawo pamwambo wosiyirana wa Brooklyn Institute wonena za “Computer, Communications and the Public Interest,” omwe tcheyamani wawo adawona kuti “njira yolumikizirana yapadziko lonse kapena yachigawo yolumikiza malo owonera mavidiyo ndi makompyuta m'mayunivesite kupita ku nyumba ndi makalasi ammudzi... Nzika zitha kukhalabe ophunzira "kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kumanda." Pambuyo pake Johnson adalemba buku lonena za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuti asinthe kanema wawayilesi kukhala njira yolumikizirana, yotchedwa.".
Kupatulapo mafunde anzeru awa omwe anali kutenga njira zoyankhulirana m'njira zatsopano, bambo m'modzi anali ndi chidwi chokhazikitsa malamulo panjira yatsopano ndipo adathandizira kwambiri kusintha malingaliro a FCC. Bernard Strasburg anali m'gulu labungwe la FCC, sitepe imodzi pansi pa ma commissioner asanu ndi awiri osankhidwa ndi ndale. Ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe makamaka anali FCC adagawidwa m'mabungwe kutengera madera aukadaulo omwe amawongolera. Ma komisheniwa adadalira ukatswiri wa zamalamulo ndi luso laofesiyi kuti akhazikitse malamulowo. Dera laudindo wa Bureau of Public Communications Systems, komwe Strasbourg inali yake, linali logwirizana ndi matelefoni a waya ndi telegraph, ndipo makamaka anali AT&T ndi Western Union.
Strasburg adalowa nawo Public Communications Bureau pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo adakhala tcheyamani pofika 1963, ndikuchita gawo lalikulu pakuyesa kwa FCC kufooketsa ulamuliro wa AT&T mzaka makumi otsatira. Kusakhulupirirana kwake ndi AT&T kudachokera pamlandu wotsutsa wotsutsa womwe udaperekedwa ndi Dipatimenti Yachilungamo motsutsana ndi kampaniyo mu 1949. Monga tanenera, vuto panthawiyo linali loti Western Electric, gawo lopanga la AT&T, likukweza mitengo kuti lilole AT&T kuti iwonjezere phindu lake. Pa kafukufukuyu, Strasbourg adatsimikiza kuti funsoli silingathe kuyankha chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika pamsika wa zida zamafoni. Vuto la AT&T. Panalibe msika wa zida zamafoni zofananiza chilichonse kuti muwone ngati mitengo inali yabwino. Adaganiza kuti AT&T inali yayikulu kwambiri komanso yamphamvu kuwongolera. Zambiri mwaupangiri wake ku bungweli m'zaka zamtsogolo zitha kulumikizidwa ndi chikhulupiriro chake kuti mpikisano uyenera kukakamizidwa kudziko la AT&T kuti afooketse dziko lolamulidwa.
Call Center: MCI
Vuto lalikulu loyamba pamizere yayitali ya AT&T kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX idachokera kwa munthu wosayembekezeka. John Goeken anali wogulitsa komanso wabizinesi yaying'ono yemwe kuchenjera kwake kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi changu chake. Ali wachinyamata, mofanana ndi anzake ambiri, anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi zipangizo za wailesi. Atamaliza sukulu, anapita kukatumikira m’gulu la asilikali a wailesi, ndipo atamaliza utumiki wake, anapeza ntchito yogulitsa zipangizo za wailesi ya General Electric (GE) ku Illinois. Komabe, ntchito yake yanthaŵi zonse sinakhutiritse chikhumbo chake chabizinesi, chotero anatsegula bizinesi yapambali, kugulitsa mawailesi ambiri kumadera ena a Illinois kunja kwa gawo lake ndi gulu la mabwenzi.
Jack Goken m'ma 90s, pamene anali kugwira ntchito pa foni ndege
Pamene GE adadziwa zomwe zikuchitika ndikutseka sitolo mu 1963, Goken anayamba kufunafuna njira zatsopano zowonjezera ndalama. Anaganiza zomanga njira yolumikizirana ndi ma microwave kuchokera ku Chicago kupita ku St. Louis, ndikugulitsa njira za wailesi kwa oyendetsa magalimoto, oyendetsa maboti a mitsinje, ma vani operekera maluwa, ndi mabizinesi ena ang'onoang'ono omwe adagwiritsa ntchito msewuwo ndipo amafunikira mafoni am'manja otsika mtengo. Amakhulupirira kuti ntchito zobwereketsa zachinsinsi za AT&T zinali zapamwamba kwambiri - anthu ambiri omwe amawagwirira ntchito komanso zovuta kwambiri kuchokera kuukadaulo - ndikuti populumutsa ndalama pomanga mzerewu, atha kupereka mitengo yotsika komanso ntchito yabwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe sananyalanyazidwe. kampani yaikulu.
Lingaliro la Goken silinagwirizane ndi malamulo a FCC panthawiyo - lingaliro la "kupitirira 890" linapereka ufulu kwa makampani apadera kuti apange makina a microwave kuti agwiritse ntchito. Potengera kukakamizidwa ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono omwe analibe ndalama zopangira makina awoawo, lamulo lidaperekedwa mu 1966 lomwe lidalola mabizinesi angapo kugwiritsa ntchito makina achinsinsi a microwave. Komabe, sizinawapatsebe ufulu wopereka chithandizo choyankhulirana ndi ndalama kwa anthu ena.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chomwe mitengo yamitengo ya AT&T imawoneka yochulukirapo sichinali chifukwa chakuwononga ndalama zambiri, koma chifukwa chakuwongolera mitengo yapakati. AT&T imalipidwa pamakina achinsinsi malinga ndi mtunda wa mafoni ndi kuchuluka kwa mizere, posatengera kuti amadutsa mumsewu womwe uli ndi anthu ambiri wa Chicago-St. . Oyang'anira ndi makampani amafoni adapanga mwadala dongosololi kuti liziwongolera madera omwe ali ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, MCI idaganiza zochita nawo masewera osiyanitsira mitengo - kuti atengerepo mwayi pakusiyana pakati pa msika ndi mitengo yoyendetsedwa pamisewu yokhala ndi katundu wambiri kuti apeze phindu lotsimikizika. AT&T adatcha skimming iyi, mawu omwe adzakhala maziko a zolankhula zawo m'mikangano yamtsogolo.
Sizikudziwika ngati Gouken poyamba ankadziwa izi, kapena ngati anaganiza zonyalanyaza ndi mtima woyera. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, adalumphira pa lingalirolo ndi chidwi, pokhala ndi bajeti yochepa yokonzedwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito makhadi a ngongole. Iye ndi anzake omwe anali ndi luso lochepa kwambiri adaganiza zopanga kampani ndikutsutsa wamphamvuyonse AT&T, ndipo adayitcha Microwave Communications, Inc. Goken adawulukira m'dziko lonselo kufunafuna osunga ndalama okhala ndi matumba akuya, koma osapambana pang'ono. Komabe, adachita bwino kwambiri kuteteza malingaliro a kampani yake MCI pamaso pa FCC Commission.
Kuzengedwa koyamba pamlanduwu kunayamba mu 1967. Strasbourg anachita chidwi kwambiri. Adawona MCI ngati mwayi wokwaniritsa cholinga chake chofooketsa AT&T popitiliza kutsegulira msika ku mizere yachinsinsi. Komabe, poyamba anali wokayikakayika. Gouken sanamusangalatse ngati wochita bizinesi wodalirika komanso wogwira ntchito. Adali ndi nkhawa kuti MCI mwina singakhale njira yabwino yoyesera. Anasonkhezeredwa kuchita zimenezi ndi katswiri wa zachuma pa yunivesite ya New Hampshire dzina lake Manley Irwin. Irwin ankagwira ntchito nthawi zonse monga mlangizi wa Bureau of Public Communications Systems, ndipo anathandiza kufotokozera mawu a "kufufuza pakompyuta." Anatsimikizira Strasbourg kuti msika womwe ukubwera wa mautumiki azidziwitso pa intaneti omwe adawululidwa ndi kafukufukuyu amafunikira makampani ngati MCI okhala ndi zopereka zatsopano; kuti AT&T yokha sidzatha kuzindikira kuthekera konse kwa gulu lazidziwitso lomwe likutuluka. Pambuyo pake Strasburg idakumbukira kuti "zotsatira zoyipa za kafukufuku wamakompyuta zidathandizira zonena za MCI kuti kulowa kwake mumsika wapadera wakutali kudzathandiza anthu."
Ndi mdalitso wa Public Communications Bureau, MCI inadumphadumpha m'misonkhano yayikulu ndikuyika chivomerezo chake pamisonkhano yonse ya komiti mu 1968, pomwe voti idagawika 4 mpaka 3 motsatira zipani. Ma Democrat onse (kuphatikiza Cox ndi Johnson) adavotera vomerezani chiphaso cha MCI. . A Republican, motsogozedwa ndi Chairman Rosell Hyde, adavotera motsutsana nawo.
Anthu a ku Republican sanafune kusokoneza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Ananenanso kuti lingaliro ili, ngakhale likuwoneka kuti ndi la kampani imodzi komanso njira imodzi, likhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu zomwe zisintha msika wamatelefoni. Strasburg ndi ena omwe adathandizira ntchitoyi adawona mlandu wa MCI ngati kuyesa kuyesa ngati bizinesiyo ingagwire bwino ntchito limodzi ndi AT&T pamsika wapagulu. Komabe, m'malo mwake, ichi chinali chitsanzo, ndipo pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa, makampani ena ambiri amathamangira nthawi yomweyo kukapereka mafomu awo. Anthu a ku Republican ankakhulupirira kuti sikungakhale kotheka kubwezeretsa kuyesako. Komanso, MCI ndi olowa atsopano ofanana sangathe kukhalabe ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka mizere yobalalika ndi yosagwirizana, monga Chicago kupita ku St. Louis. Adzafuna kulumikizana ndi AT&T ndikukakamiza FCC kupanga zosintha zatsopano pamakonzedwe owongolera.
Ndipo kugwa komwe kunanenedweratu ndi Hyde ndi ma Republican ena kunachitikadi - pasanathe zaka ziwiri chigamulo cha MCI, makampani ena makumi atatu ndi chimodzi adatumiza zofunsira 1713 zamakilomita 65 a maulalo a microwave. FCC inalibe kuthekera kokhala ndi zokambirana zapadera pazofunsira zilizonse, chifukwa chake bungweli lidawasonkhanitsa onse ngati doko limodzi kuti amve zamakampani omwe amapereka chithandizo chapadera cholumikizirana. Mu May 000, pamene Hyde adasiya ntchito, chigamulo chogwirizana chinapangidwa kuti chitsegule msika ku mpikisano.
Panthawiyi, MCI, akadali ndi vuto la ndalama, adapeza wogulitsa ndalama watsopano kuti apititse patsogolo chuma chake: William K. McGowan. McGowan anali pafupifupi wotsutsana ndi Goken, wabizinesi wotsogola komanso wokhazikika yemwe ali ndi digiri ya Harvard yemwe adapanga mabizinesi ochita bwino ku New York. M'zaka zochepa, McGowan anali atayamba kulamulira MCI ndikukakamiza Gouken kuchoka pakampani. Anali ndi masomphenya osiyana kwambiri ndi tsogolo la kampaniyo. Analibe malingaliro oti azitha kunyamula mtsinje kapena kutumiza maluwa, akuvutikira m'mphepete mwa msika wamatelefoni pomwe AT&T sangamumvere. Iye ankafuna kupita molunjika mu mtima wa maukonde olamulidwa, ndi kupikisana mwachindunji mu mitundu yonse ya mtunda wautali kulankhulana.
Bill McGowan ali wamkulu
Zovuta ndi zotsatira za kuyesa koyambirira kwa MCI zidapitilirabe. FCC, yofunitsitsa kuti MCI ikhale yopambana, tsopano idapezeka kuti yalowa mubizinesiyo pomwe zofuna za Magkovan zidakula pang'onopang'ono. Iye, akutsutsa (monga momwe amayembekezeredwa) kuti MCI sichidzapulumuka ngati kagulu kakang'ono ka njira zosagwirizana, adafuna ufulu wambiri wolankhulana pa intaneti ya AT & T; mwachitsanzo, ufulu wolumikizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "kusintha kwakunja" komwe kungalole maukonde a MCI kuti alumikizane mwachindunji ndi masiwichi am'deralo a AT&T pomwe mizere ya MCI idatha.
Kuyankha kwa AT&T pazonyamula zatsopano zama telefoni sikunathandize kampaniyo. Poyankha kuukira kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, idakhazikitsa mitengo yotsika panjira zodzaza kwambiri, kusiya mitengo yapakati yomwe amakhazikitsa owongolera. Ngati ankakhulupirira kuti angakhutiritse FCC mwanjira imeneyi mwa kusonyeza mzimu wampikisano, ndiye kuti sanamvetse cholinga cha FCC. Strasburg ndi anzake sanali kuyesera kuthandiza ogula mwa kuchepetsa mitengo ya telecom-oposa mwachindunji.Ankayesa kuthandiza makampani atsopano kulowa mumsika mwa kufooketsa mphamvu za AT&T. Chifukwa chake, mitengo yatsopano yampikisano ya AT&T idawonedwa ndi FCC ndi owonera ena, makamaka a Unduna wa Zachilungamo, ngati obwezera komanso odana ndi mpikisano chifukwa amawopseza kukhazikika kwachuma kwa omwe adalowa kumene monga MCI.
Purezidenti watsopano wolimbana ndi AT&T, a John Debates, sanasinthenso udindo wake, kuyankha ndi mawu aukali pakubwera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Mukulankhula kwa 1973 kwa National Association of Regulatory Commissioners, adadzudzula FCC, kuyitanitsa "kuletsa kuyesanso kwachuma." Mchitidwe wosasunthika woterewu udakwiyitsa Strasburg ndikumutsimikiziranso zakufunika koyambiranso AT&T. FCC idalamula MCI mosavuta kuti ipeze intaneti yomwe idapempha mu 1974.
Mkangano womwe ukukula ndi McGowan unafika pachimake ndikutulutsidwa kwa Execunet chaka chotsatira. Ntchitoyi idalengezedwa ngati mtundu watsopano wantchito zolipirira pogawana mizere yachinsinsi pakati pa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, koma pang'onopang'ono zidadziwika kwa FCC ndi AT&T kuti Execunet inalidi imodzi mwama foni apamtunda omwe amapikisana atali. Zinalola kasitomala mumzinda umodzi kuti atenge foni, kuyimba nambala ndikufikira kasitomala aliyense mumzinda wina (pogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa "kusintha kwakunja", ndipo chindapusa cha ntchitoyo chimadalira mtundu ndi nthawi yakuyimbira. Ndipo palibe mizere yobwereketsa kuchokera ku point A kupita ku point B.
Execunet idalumikiza makasitomala a MCI kwa aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito AT&T mumzinda uliwonse waukulu
Kenako, pomaliza, FCC idalephera. Amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito MCI ngati chiwongolero chotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wonse wa AT&T, koma kugunda kwake kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri. Panthawiyi, komabe, AT&T inali ndi ogwirizana nawo m'makhothi ndi Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ndipo adapitilizabe mlanduwo. Pomwe ulamuliro wa AT&T utangoyamba kutha, zinali zovuta kuyimitsa.
Nkhani Zozungulira: Carterfone
Pamene mlandu wa MCI unkachitika, chiwopsezo china chinawonekera. Kufanana pakati pa nkhani za Carterfone ndi MCI ndizodabwitsa. M'zochitika zonsezi, wofuna kuchita bizinesi - yemwe chidziwitso chake cha bizinesi sichinatukuke kwambiri kusiyana ndi luntha lake ndi kulimba mtima kwake - adatenga bwino bungwe lalikulu la US. Komabe, anthu onsewa - Jack Goken ndi ngwazi yathu yatsopano, Tom Carter - posakhalitsa adachotsedwa m'makampani awo ndi amalonda ochenjera, ndipo adasowa. Onse anayamba ngati ngwazi ndipo anathera ngati zopondera.
Tom Carter anabadwa mu 1924 ku Mabank, Texas. Anayambanso kuchita chidwi ndi wailesi ali wamng'ono, adalowa usilikali ali ndi zaka 19, ndipo, monga Gouken, adakhala katswiri wa wailesi. M'zaka zomaliza za Nkhondo Yadziko II, adayendetsa wailesi yakanema ku Juneau, kupereka nkhani ndi zosangalatsa kwa asitikali omwe ali m'malo achitetezo ku Alaska. Nkhondo itatha, adabwerera ku Texas ndipo adayambitsa Carter Electronics Corporation ku Dallas, yomwe inkagwira ntchito pawailesi yanjira ziwiri yomwe adabwereketsa kumakampani ena - opangira maluwa okhala ndi ma vani operekera; opanga mafuta okhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pamakina. Carter nthawi zonse ankalandira zopempha kuchokera kwa makasitomala kuti abwere ndi njira yolumikizira mawailesi awo am'manja mwachindunji ndi matelefoni kuti asamatumize mauthenga kwa anthu mumzindawu kudzera mwa oyendetsa masiteshoni.
Carter anapanga chida chochitira zimenezi, chimene anachitcha Carterfone. Inali ndi diamondi yakuda ya pulasitiki yokhala ndi chivindikiro chooneka ngati chovuta momwe munali kulowetsamo cholumikizira chafoni chokhala ndi maikolofoni ndi sipika. Magawo onse awiri anali olumikizidwa ku malo otumizira / kulandira. Kuti alumikizane ndi munthu wina m'munda ndi munthu wina pafoni, woyendetsa siteshoniyo amayenera kuyimba pamanja, koma amatha kuyika cholumikizira pachomeracho, kenako onse awiriwo amalankhula popanda kusokonezedwa. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a wailesi ndi mawu, kutumiza mawu pamene munthu pa foni amalankhula, ndiyeno kulandira pamene munthu m'munda analankhula. Anayamba kugulitsa chipangizochi mu 1959, ndipo kupanga konseko kunali m'nyumba yaying'ono ya njerwa ku Dallas, komwe opuma pantchito adasonkhanitsa Carterfone pamatebulo osavuta amatabwa.
Pamene chogwirizira cha m'manja chinayikidwa pa chikwapu, chinayambitsa chipangizocho ndi batani pamwamba
Kupangidwa kwa Carter sikunali koyambirira. Bell anali ndi wailesi yake / telefoni, yomwe kampaniyo inayamba kupereka kwa makasitomala ku St. Louis mu 1946. Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake idatumikira makasitomala a 30. Komabe, panali malo ambiri opikisana nawo ngati Carter - AT&T adapereka ntchitoyi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a United States, ndipo mutha kudikirira pamzere kwa zaka zambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, Carter anapereka mitengo yotsika mtengo kwambiri ngati (choyipa chachikulu) wogula kale anali ndi mwayi wofikira nsanja ya wailesi: $ 000 nthawi imodzi, poyerekeza ndi $ 248- $ 50 pamwezi pa foni yam'manja yochokera ku Bell.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a AT & T, Carterfone inali "chipangizo chachitatu," chipangizo chopangidwa ndi anthu ena omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi intaneti ya kampaniyo, yomwe inaletsa. Pamilandu yoyambirira ya Hush-a-Phone, makhothi adakakamiza AT&T kuti alole kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta zamakina, koma Carterfone sinagwere m'gululo chifukwa idalumikizana ndi netiweki momveka bwino - ndiye kuti, idatumiza ndikulandila mawu. foni yam'manja. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a Carter, AT&T idazindikira pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri ndikuyamba kuchenjeza ogulitsa Carterfone kuti makasitomala awo ali pachiwopsezo chochotsedwa mafoni awo - ziwopsezo zomwezi zomwe Hush-a-Phone adachita zaka khumi zapitazo. Ndi njira zofananira, AT&T idakakamiza Carter kutuluka pamsika umodzi pambuyo pa wina. Polephera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi mpikisano wake, Carter adaganiza zowatsutsa mu 1965.
Makampani akuluakulu a ku Dallas sanafune kuyankha mlanduwu, choncho Carter anapezeka ali mu ofesi yaing'ono ya Walter Steele, kumene antchito atatu okha ankagwira ntchito. Mmodzi wa iwo, Ray Bezin, pambuyo pake anafotokoza chithunzi cha mwamuna amene anafika ku ofesi yawo:
Ankadziona kuti ndi wooneka bwino, monga mmene ankapesa tsitsi lake loyera m’mbali mwake, loyera kwambiri ndi utoto watsitsi, koma suti yake yochindikala ndi nsapato zake zoweta ng’ombe zinali ndi chithunzi china. Anali wodziphunzitsa yekha ndipo ankatha kugwira mosavuta zipangizo zilizonse zamagetsi, wailesi kapena foni. Iye sanali kwambiri wamalonda. A okhwima maganizo kwa banja ndi mkazi okhwima. Komabe, iye anayesa kuoneka ngati wamalonda wabwino komanso wopambana, ngakhale, kwenikweni, anali wopanda ndalama.
Kumvetsera koyambirira pamaso pa FCC kunachitika mu 1967. AT & T ndi ogwirizana nawo (makamaka makampani ena ang'onoang'ono a telefoni ndi mabungwe olamulira boma) adanena kuti Carterfone sichinali chipangizo chabe, koma chida choyankhulirana chomwe chinagwirizanitsa mosagwirizana ndi malamulo a AT & T ku wailesi yam'manja. ma network.. Izi zinaphwanya udindo wa kampani pa mauthenga mkati mwa dongosolo.
Koma, monga momwe zinalili ndi MCI, Bureau of Public Communications Systems inagamula mokomera Carter. Chikhulupiriro cha dziko loyandikira la mautumiki a mauthenga a digito, onse ogwirizana komanso osiyanasiyana, adayambanso kuchitapo kanthu. Kodi m'modzi yekha wopereka chithandizo atha kuyembekezera ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zonse zamsika zama terminal ndi zida zina pazogwiritsa ntchito zonse?
Chigamulo chomaliza cha gululi, chomwe chinaperekedwa pa June 26, 1968, chinagwirizana ndi ofesiyo ndipo chinagamula kuti lamulo la AT & T la chipani chachitatu silinali lololedwa, koma linali loletsedwa kuyambira pamene linakhazikitsidwa - choncho Carter akhoza kuyembekezera kulipidwa. Malinga ndi FCC, AT&T idalephera kusiyanitsa bwino pakati pa zida zomwe zingakhale zovulaza (zomwe, mwachitsanzo, zimatha kutumiza ma siginecha olakwika pamaneti) kuchokera ku zida zopanda vuto ngati Carterfone. AT&T ikadalola kuti Carterfone igwiritsidwe ntchito ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yaukadaulo kuti zida za gulu lachitatu zizilumikizana bwino.
Posakhalitsa chigamulochi, Carter anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino izi pochita bizinesi ndi anzake awiri, kuphatikizapo mmodzi wa maloya ake, ndipo anapanga Carterfone Corporation. Atakakamiza Carter kuchoka ku kampaniyo, anzake adapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku malonda kupita ku chimphona chachikulu cha British Cable ndi Wireless. Carterfone yasowa; kampaniyo inapitiriza kugulitsa makina a teletype ndi ma terminals apakompyuta.
Nkhani ya Carter ili ndi epilogue yosangalatsa. Mu 1974, adalowa bizinesi ndi Jack Goken, ndikuyambitsa kampani yotumiza maluwa yomwe akufunafuna Florist Transworld Delivery. Munali pamsika uwu - mauthenga othandizira mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono - omwe amalonda onse poyamba ankafuna kugwira ntchito. Komabe, Carter posakhalitsa anasiya kampaniyo n’kubwerera kumudzi kwawo, kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Dallas, kumene ankayendetsa kampani yaing’ono yamafoni opanda zingwe, Carter Mobilefone, chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 80. Anagwira ntchito kumeneko mpaka imfa yake mu 1991.
Kuwonongeka
FCC, monga Carter ndi Goken, idayambitsa mphamvu zomwe sizikanatha kuzilamulira kapena kumvetsetsa bwino. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, Congress, Dipatimenti Yachilungamo, ndi makhothi adachotsa FCC pamikangano yokhudza tsogolo la AT&T. Kumapeto kwa kupatukana kwakukulu kwa AT&T, ndithudi, kudadza mu 1984 pamene idagawanika. Komabe, tapita patsogolo m'nkhani yathu.
Dziko la intaneti la makompyuta silinakhudzidwe ndi chigonjetso cha MCI komanso kuwonekera kwa mpikisano pamsika wautali mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990, pamene maukonde achinsinsi anayamba kupanga. Mayankho okhudzana ndi zida zama terminal adasewera mwachangu. Tsopano aliyense atha kupanga ma modemu omvera ndikuwalumikiza ku dongosolo la Bell pansi pa chivundikiro cha chisankho cha Carterfone, kuwapangitsa kukhala otsika mtengo komanso ofala.
Komabe, zotsatira zofunika kwambiri za kutha kwa AT&T zimakhudzana ndi chithunzi chachikulu, osati zenizeni za zisankho zapayekha. Ambiri mwa oneneratu oyambirira a Information Age ankawona kuti pali njira imodzi yolumikizirana makompyuta yaku America mothandizidwa ndi AT&T, kapena boma lokhalokha. M'malo mwake, maukonde apakompyuta adapanga pang'onopang'ono, kugawikana, ndikupereka kulumikizana mwa iwo okha. Palibe bungwe limodzi lomwe limayang'anira ma subnets osiyanasiyana, monga momwe zinalili ndi Bell ndi makampani am'deralo; Amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake osati wapamwamba komanso wocheperako, koma ngati ofanana.
Komabe, apanso tikupita patsogolo. Kuti tipitilize nkhani yathu, tifunika kubwereranso pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, panthawi yomwe makina oyambirira a makompyuta anayamba.
Zomwe mungawerenge:
- Ray G. Bessing, Ndani Anaswa AT&T? (2000)
- Philip L. Cantelon, Mbiri ya MCI: Zaka Zoyambirira (1993)
- Peter Temin ndi Louis Galambos, Kugwa kwa Bell System: Phunziro pa Mitengo ndi Ndale (1987)
- Richard HK Vietor, Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America (1994)
Source: www.habr.com