Ambiri mwa omwe amapereka intaneti, makamaka AOL, sanali okonzeka kupereka mwayi wopanda malire m'ma 90s. Izi zidapitilira mpaka wophwanya malamulo osayembekezeka adawonekera: AT&T.
Posachedwapa, pa intaneti, "mabotolo" ake akhala akukambidwa mwachangu. Mwachiwonekere, izi ndi zomveka, kuchokera ku modemu ya 12 yazaka zakubadwa. Pakadali pano, ngakhale akukayikira mobwerezabwereza kuchokera kwa akuluakulu ndi anthu, mu nkhani ya mliri wa COVID-19. Komabe, vuto lenileni ndi kupeza. Madera akumidzi amadziwika ndi vuto la intaneti, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kuthana ndi DSL yotsika kwambiri kapena chifukwa cholephera kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe sanakwaniritse kusiyana kwa nthawi. Koma lero ndikufuna kubwereranso pang'ono ndikukambirana za nthawi yomwe intaneti idakumana ndi zovuta kuchokera kwa othandizira. Munkhaniyi, tikambirana zovuta zomwe intaneti idakumana nazo pomwe kuyimba koyamba kudadziwika. "Pitirizani kuyimba, posachedwa mutha kulumikizana."
Tiyeni tiganizire za malonda awa: Mwamuna amapita kwa mnzake kuti akaone ngati ali wokonzeka kuchita nawo masewera a baseball, koma akuvomereza kuti sangapite. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani anabwela? Malonda awa adatengera zolakwika zomveka.
Tsiku AOL Anatsegula Internet Floodgates
Ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yeniyeni akhala akukayikira America Online kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha mtundu womwe adapanga. Iyi sinali intaneti "yeniyeni" - kampaniyo sinakakamize ogwiritsa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito kupanga kulumikizana kapena terminal; idapereka mawonekedwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma pobwezera adakusiyani muulamuliro. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha tech savvy chomwe chinapanga intaneti, chitsanzo choterocho chinali chosavuta.
Zaka makumi angapo kuchokera pano, malo akuluakulu ochezera a pa Intaneti adzakhala ofanana kwambiri ndi AOL, koma opereka chithandizo adzakhala osiyana kwambiri. Ndipo izi zachitika makamaka chifukwa cha chisankho chofunikira kwambiri cha AOL chomwe chinapanga pa Disembala 1, 1996. Tsiku limenelo inali nthawi yoyamba imene kampaniyo inapereka mwayi wopanda malire wa utumiki wake pa chindapusa chokhazikika.
Kampaniyo m'mbuyomu idapereka mapulani osiyanasiyana, omwe otchuka kwambiri amakhala maola 20 pamwezi ndi $3 pa ola lililonse lowonjezera.
Patangotha mwezi umodzi dongosolo latsopanoli lisanakhazikitsidwe, AOL idalengeza kuti polipira $19,99 pamwezi, anthu amatha kukhala pa intaneti nthawi yonse yomwe akufuna. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo ikonza luso laukadaulo kuti ogwiritsa ntchito athe kugwiritsa ntchito msakatuli wanthawi zonse, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito msakatuli wopangidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Bwanji wolemba nkhani Chicago Tribune James Coates, kusinthaku kudzawonjezeranso chithandizo cha Windows 95, kupangitsa kampaniyo kukhala "wothandizira pa intaneti wa 32-bit wokhala ndi chindapusa cha $ 20 pamwezi." (Ogwiritsa ntchito atha kuchotsa zoopsa zogwiritsa ntchito Windows 95 mapulogalamu ochezera pa intaneti opangidwira Windows 3.1!)
Koma chisankhochi chasanduka pendulum yomwe imasinthasintha mbali zonse ziwiri. Kwa miyezi ingapo pambuyo poti tariff kuyambitsidwa, zinali zosatheka kupeza netiweki AOL - mizere anali otanganidwa nthawi zonse. Anthu ena ayesa kuthetsa vutoli pogula foni ina kuti ikhale yotanganidwa nthawi zonse ndipo asakayimbenso. Kuyimba mobwerezabwereza kunali kuzunzidwa. Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo anali pafupi ndi nyanja yayikulu ya digito, koma amayenera kufikira.
Pofuna kukulitsa vutoli, AOL inagawira mulu waukulu wa ma disks kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990. (Chithunzi: )
Chomwe sichinali chodziwika bwino panthawiyo chinali kufunika kosinthaku kwa bizinesi ya AOL. M'malo mwake, kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopereka chithandizo pa intaneti idatsegula mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti yonse ndikusuntha bizinesi yake kutali ndi njira ya "karoti" yomwe ma intaneti ambiri amatsata.
Mpaka pano, ntchito zapaintaneti monga AOL, pamodzi ndi omwe adatsogolera zimakonda и , inali ndi mitundu yamitengo yotengera kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; patapita nthawi anakhala zosakwana, osati okwera mtengo kwambiri. Zodziwika bwino, makampani atengera njira zamitengo kuchokera ku bolodi zamakalata ndi nsanja zofikira pa digito, mwachitsanzo. , amene anaimba mlandu kudutsa malipiro pamwezi komanso ola. Mtunduwu ndiwosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo udali cholepheretsa kupezeka kwa intaneti komwe tili nako lero.
Zoonadi, panali zolepheretsa zina. Ma modemu anali pang'onopang'ono kumbali zonse ziwiri za equation-pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, 2400 ndi 9600 ma modemu a baud adakhalabe ofala kwambiri-ndipo kuthamanga kunali kochepa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la kugwirizana kumbali ina ya mzere. Mutha kukhala ndi modemu ya 28,8 kilobit, koma ngati wopereka pa intaneti sangakupatseni ma baud opitilira 9600, ndiye kuti mwasowa mwayi.
Mwinamwake chopinga chachikulu chopitirizira kupeza chinali chitsanzo cha bizinesi. Othandizira pa intaneti oyamba samadziwa ngati zinali zomveka kutipatsa mwayi wowonjezera pa intaneti, kapena ngati bizinesi yopanda chindapusa cha ola lililonse ingakhale yothandiza. Adalinso ndi zovuta zamagwiritsidwe ntchito: ngati mupereka intaneti yopanda malire kwa aliyense, ndiye kuti kuli bwino mukhale ndi zida zokwanira kuti muzitha kuyimba mafoni onsewa.
M'buku lake la 2016 Shane Greenstein akufotokoza chifukwa chake mitengo ya intaneti yakhala nkhani yaikulu. Palibe amene adadziwa chomwe chingakhale mkangano wopambana pazaka za intaneti. Umu ndi momwe Greenstein amafotokozera makampu awiri afilosofi adziko lapansi:
Mfundo ziwiri zawonekera. Mmodzi wa iwo anamvetsera kwambiri madandaulo ogwiritsira ntchito ponena za kutaya mphamvu. Ogwiritsa ntchito adawona kuti kuyang'ana pa Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse kunali hypnotic. Ogwiritsa ntchito zidawavuta kuti azisunga nthawi ali pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, zinali zosatheka kuwunika nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ngati pali ogwiritsa ntchito angapo mnyumba imodzi. Othandizira omwe amamvera madandaulo oterowo adakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda malire pamalipiro okhazikika pamwezi kungakhale yankho lovomerezeka. Kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo kungapangitse ndalama zowonjezera zowonjezera zopanda malire, koma kukula kwa chiwonjezekocho chinakhalabe funso lotseguka. Mapulani oterewa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "ndi chindapusa chokhazikika" (ndalama zokhazikika) kapena "zopanda malire".
Lingaliro losiyana ndi loyambirira. Makamaka, ankakhulupirira kuti zodandaula za ogwiritsa ntchito zinali zosakhalitsa komanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito atsopano ayenera "kuphunzitsidwa" kuti azitsatira nthawi yawo. Otsatira maganizo amenewa anapereka zitsanzo za mafoni a m’manja ndi mapepala apakompyuta. Nthawi yomweyo, mafoni a m'manja adayamba kupanga, ndipo kulipira mphindi imodzi sikunawopsyeze ogwiritsa ntchito. Zikuwoneka kuti kampani ina yotsatsa malonda (BBS), AOL, yakula chifukwa cha mitengoyi. Othandizira omwe anali ndi lingaliro ili adawonetsa chidaliro kuti mitengo yotengera kuchuluka kwa ndalama ipambana, ndipo adapempha kuti tifufuze zophatikizira zatsopano zomwe zingagwirizane bwino ndi machitidwe azolowera a ogwiritsa ntchito sadziwa zambiri.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zomvetsa chisoni, ndipo sizinadziwike kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe ungapindule kwambiri. Mbali yomwe idadula mfundo ya Gordian iyi idasintha chilichonse. Chodabwitsa, chinali AT&T.
Chimodzi mwazotsatsa zakale za AT&T WorldNet, wopereka intaneti woyamba kupereka mwayi wopanda malire ndi chindapusa. (Kuchokera ku )
Momwe AT&T idasinthira mwayi wopanda malire kukhala mulingo wapaintaneti wamba
Iwo omwe amadziwa mbiri ya AT&T amadziwa kuti kampaniyo sinakhalepo imodzi yothetsa zotchinga.
M'malo mwake, zimakonda kusunga momwe zinthu ziliri. Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikuphunzira mbiri ya dongosolo la TTY, , kuyang'ana kuti mupeze njira yolankhulirana ndi abwenzi, makamaka anatulukira transducer yolankhulira (chida chomwe mungathe kuyika foni yanu pa maikolofoni ndi choyankhulira) kuti muyende mozungulira lamulo la Mama Bell lomwe linalepheretsa zipangizo zamtundu wina kuti zigwirizane ndi mafoni ake. .
Koma kumayambiriro kwa 1996, pamene AT&T idakhazikitsa WorldNet, zambiri zidasintha. Jakisoni wafoni wa RJ11, womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pafupifupi ma modemu onse kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, unali zotsatira za chigamulo cha khoti chomwe chinaletsa AT&T kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zotumphukira za chipani chachitatu. Chifukwa cha izi, tili ndi makina oyankha, mafoni opanda zingwe ndi ... modemu.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1996, kampaniyo idapezeka kuti ili m'malo achilendo kukhala ophwanya malamulo pamakampani omwe anali atangoyamba kumene pa intaneti. Zinali zazikulu zokwanira kuti anthu omwe sanagwiritsepo ntchito ntchito za operekera anaganiza zoyesera, ndipo chifukwa cha chisankho cha malipiro okhazikika, kampaniyo inatha kukopa ogwiritsa ntchito - $ 19,95 kuti mupeze malire opanda malire ngati munalembetsa ku kampaniyo. ntchito zakutali.ndi $24,95 ngati kunalibe. Kuti zoperekazo zikhale zokongola kwambiri, Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pamwezi kwa chaka choyamba chogwiritsa ntchito. (Chodziwikanso ndichakuti idapereka liwiro la 28,8 kilobits - lalitali kwambiri panthawi yake.)
Vuto, malinga ndi Greenstein, linali kugogomezera pamlingo. Chifukwa chotsika mtengo chotere cha intaneti, kampaniyo inali kuyembekezera kulumikiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku WorldNet - ndipo ngati sikungatsimikizire, sizingagwire ntchito. "AT&T idachita ngozi zowerengeka posankha kupanga mtundu wautumiki womwe sungakhale wopindulitsa pokhapokha utagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mizinda yambiri yaku US."
AT&T sinali kampani yoyamba yotsika mtengo; Ine ndekha ndidagwiritsa ntchito intaneti yomwe idapereka mwayi woyimba mopanda malire kumbuyo mu 1994. Ndinayenera kuigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chidwi changa choimbira mafoni akutali ku BBS chinasokoneza mabilu a foni a makolo anga. Koma AT&T inali yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti idakwanitsa kukhazikitsa dziko lonse, lolipira ndalama zochepa pa intaneti zomwe wopikisana naye wam'derali sakanatero.
M'nkhaniyi akuti panthawi ina AT&T idafuna kumanga "munda wake wokhala ndi mipanda", monga AOL kapena Microsoft idachitira ndi MSN yake. Koma kuzungulira 1995, kampaniyo idaganiza zongopatsa anthu chitoliro pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yotseguka.
Markoff adalemba kuti: "Ngati AT&T ipanga malo owoneka bwino, otsika mtengo pa intaneti, kodi makasitomala amatsatira? Ndipo ngati atero, pali chilichonse mumakampani olumikizirana zikhala chimodzimodzi?"
Inde, yankho la funso lachiwiri linali loipa. Koma osati chifukwa cha AT&T, ngakhale idapeza ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri poganiza zolipiritsa chindapusa chapaintaneti yopanda malire. M'malo mwake, bizinesi iyi idasinthidwa kwamuyaya kuchitapo kuti AT&T alowe mumsika, ndikukhazikitsa mulingo watsopano wofikira pa intaneti.
Zoyembekeza zakwezedwa. Tsopano, kuti zitheke, wopereka aliyense mdziko muno amayenera kupereka chithandizo chopanda malire chomwe chimafanana ndi mtengo wa WorldNet.
Monga Greenstein amanenera mu , izi zinakhudza kwambiri makampani ang'onoang'ono a ntchito zapaintaneti: AOL ndi MSN zinakhala mautumiki okhawo akuluakulu okwanira kulipira mtengo wotere. (Zachidziwikire, CompuServe idayankha pamtengo wosalala womwewo wa $ 19,95 monga WorldNet.) Koma AT&T : Pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, bungwe la Federal Communications Commission lidachita chigamulo chomwe chinalola makampani amtundu wa data kunyalanyaza malamulo amitengo omwe amagwira ntchito pama foni am'deralo.
AOL, yomwe inali ndi bizinesi yayikulu yotengera zomwe zidalipo pamakina ake, poyamba idayesa kusewera mbali zonse ziwiri, ntchito yake, ikuyenda pamwamba pa kulumikizana kwa AT&T.
Koma posakhalitsa adayeneranso kugwirizana ndi muyezo watsopano - kufunikira kwa malipiro okhazikika a intaneti kudzera pa kuyimba. Komabe, chisankhochi chinabweretsa mavuto ambiri.
60.3%
Ichi chinali chiwongola dzanja cha AOL chosiyidwa malinga ndi , yoyendetsedwa ndi kampani yosanthula pa intaneti ya Inverse. Mtengo uwu unali wokwera pafupifupi kawiri kuposa wa kampani yachiwiri pamndandanda wa otayika omwewo, ndipo mwina zinali zotsatira za kukhathamiritsa koyipa kwa netiweki ya zida za dial-up. Poyerekeza, CompuServe (yomwe inali kampani yochita bwino kwambiri mu phunziroli) inali ndi chiwopsezo cha 6,5 peresenti.
Modem ya 28,8 kilobit yomwe anthu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ankafuna kwambiri kunyumba m'ma 1990s. ()
Kuwongolera zidziwitso zotanganidwa: chifukwa chiyani kuyesa pa intaneti kudakhala kovutirapo mu 1997
M'masabata angapo apitawa, funso limodzi lomwe ndakhala ndikulimva kwambiri ndiloti intaneti imatha kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu. Funso lomweli linafunsidwanso kumayambiriro kwa 1997, pamene anthu ambiri anayamba kuthera maola ambiri pa Intaneti.
Zinapezeka kuti yankho linali ayi, osati chifukwa chidwi chowonjezeka chinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza mawebusaiti. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kupeza matelefoni.
(Mawebusayiti osankhidwa adayesedwa kupsinjika chifukwa cha zochitika zomvetsa chisoni za Seputembara 11, 2001, chifukwa cha chidwi ndi nkhani zofunika, komanso chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga za umodzi mwamizinda ikuluikulu padziko lapansi.)
Zomangamanga za AOL, zomwe zili kale ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa ntchitoyo, sizinapangidwe kuti zizitha kuthana ndi katundu wowonjezera. Mu January 1997, pasanathe mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene inapereka mwayi wopanda malire, kampaniyo inayamba kukakamizidwa ndi maloya ochokera m’dziko lonselo. AOL idakakamizika kulonjeza kubweza ndalama kwa makasitomala ndikuchepetsa kutsatsa mpaka itathetsa vuto la zomangamanga.
Ndi , AOL pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha modemu kupezeka kwa olembetsa, koma kwa aliyense amene amagwiritsa ntchito foni dongosolo kuti apeze deta deta ndipo analandira chizindikiro chotanganidwa, zinali zoonekeratu kuti vuto linali lalikulu kwambiri: dongosolo la foni silinapangidwe kwa izi, ndi izi zidayamba kumveka bwino..
M'nkhaniyi Sun zidanenedwa kuti mawonekedwe a foni yam'manja sanapangidwe kuti agwiritse ntchito mizere mumayendedwe a 24/7, omwe ma modemu oyimba adalimbikitsa. Ndipo katundu wotere pamaneti amafoni adakakamiza ana a Bell kuyesa (osapambana) kuti abweretse chindapusa chowonjezera kuti agwiritse ntchito. FCC sinasangalale ndi izi, kotero njira yokhayo yothetsera kupanikizana uku ingakhale ukadaulo watsopano wolanda mafoni awa, zomwe zidachitika.
“Timagwiritsa ntchito matelefoni nthawi zonse chifukwa alipo kale,” analemba motero wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Michael J. Horowitz. "Iwo ndi ochedwa komanso osadalirika potumiza deta, ndipo palibe chifukwa chomveka chomwe zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ziyenera kutsutsana ndi zofuna za oyimba mawu."
Izi zikutanthauza kuti kwa zaka zingapo tinakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo losakhazikika lomwe silinakhudze ogwiritsa ntchito AOL okha, komanso wina aliyense. Sizikudziwika ngati Todd Rundgren, yemwe adalemba nyimbo yoyipa kwambiri yokhudza mkwiyo komanso kukhumudwa kwa munthu yemwe sangathe kulumikizana ndi wothandizira pa intaneti, anali wogwiritsa ntchito AOL kapena ntchito ina: "".
Ma ISPs ayesa kupanga mitundu ina yamabizinesi kuti alimbikitse ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi, poyesa kulipira ndalama zochepa kapena kukakamiza ogwiritsa ntchito mwaukali kuti asankhe ntchito ina posapereka mwayi wopanda malire, Greenstein adatero. Komabe, mutatsegula bokosi la Pandora, zinali zoonekeratu kuti mwayi wopanda malire unali kale muyezo.
"Msika wonsewo utasamukira ku mtundu uwu, opereka chithandizo sanapeze ambiri omwe angasankhe," Greenstein akulemba. "Mipikisano imayang'ana pa zomwe amakonda - kupeza zopanda malire."
AT&T's WorldNet nawonso adakumana ndi zovuta zobwera chifukwa cha intaneti yopanda malire. Pofika m’March 1998, patangotha zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene utumiki unayambika. pa ola lililonse lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira maola 150 pamwezi. Maola 150 akadali nambala yololera, ndipo tsiku lililonse limawerengera pafupifupi maola asanu. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'malo mowonera "Anzanga" mumathera madzulo anu onse pa intaneti, koma izi ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi lonjezo la "zopanda malire" za intaneti.
Ponena za AOL, zikuwoneka kuti yafika pa yankho labwino kwambiri pamipikisano yovutayi: atawononga madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri kuti asinthe kamangidwe kake, , makamaka kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa ntchito zake zoyimba m'njira imodzi. Malinga ndi Greenstein, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, kampaniyo idagulitsa zida zake zoyimbira ndikuzipereka kwa makontrakitala, kotero kuti ma sign otanganidwa adakhala vuto la munthu wina.
Ngati mungaganizire, yankho lake linali lanzeru kwambiri.
Zikuwoneka zoonekeratu lerokuti tinayenera kupeza mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti mopanda malire.
Kupatula apo, mutha kuganiza kuti ophunzira aku koleji omwe ma dorm awo anali ndi mizere ya T1 adakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri ndiukadaulo kunja kwa masukulu awo. Kusalinganikako kunali koonekeratu kotero kuti sikukanatha konse. Kuti tikhale anthu ochita bwino m'dera lathu, timafunikira njira zopanda malire kudzera mu mawaya awa.
(Chongani mawu anga: N’kutheka kuti anthu ambiri amene anapita ku koleji m’zaka za m’ma 90 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za m’ma 2000 anawonjezera nthawi yawo yokhazikika chifukwa ankafunika kupeza Intaneti yothamanga kwambiri panthawiyo. Pezani Wachiwiri Wachiwiri? popeza liwiro lotsitsa ndilabwino!)
Intaneti m'madorms mwina inali yodabwitsa, koma ma modemu oyimba mwachiwonekere sakanatha kupereka liwiro lotere kunyumba. Komabe, zofooka za kuyimba-kufikira kwachititsa kuti chitukuko cha matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri pakapita nthawi; DSL (yomwe inkagwiritsa ntchito matelefoni omwe analipo kale pakutumiza kwa data mwachangu) ndi intaneti ya chingwe (yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito mizere yomwe inali ) zathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kuyandikira kuthamanga kwa intaneti komwe kunkatheka kokha pamasukulu aku koleji.
Ndikulemba nkhaniyi, ndidadzifunsa kuti dziko lingawoneke bwanji ngati matenda ngati COVID-19 angawonekere tikakhala pa intaneti kwambiri, chifukwa matenda ngati amenewa amawoneka kamodzi zaka zana zilizonse. Kodi tingakhale omasuka kugwira ntchito kutali monga momwe tilili masiku ano? Kodi zizindikiro zotanganidwa sizingalepheretse chitukuko cha zachuma? Ngati AOL ikadabisa manambala oyimba kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, monga akukayikira, zikanayambitsa zipolowe?
Kodi titha kuyitanitsa katundu kunyumba kwathu?
Ndilibe mayankho a mafunsowa, koma ndikudziwa kuti zikafika pa intaneti, pakulankhulana, tikadakhala kunyumba, lero ndi nthawi yoyenera ya izi.
Sindingayerekeze zomwe zingachitike ngati chizindikiro chotanganidwa chikawonjezedwa ku nkhawa zonse zomwe tikuyenera kumva tsopano tili kwaokha.
Source: www.habr.com