Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
В tinawona momwe m'badwo woyamba wa makompyuta a digito unamangidwa pamaziko a m'badwo woyamba wa zosinthika zamagetsi zodziwikiratu - ma electromagnetic relays. Koma pofika nthawi yomwe makompyutawa amapangidwa, panali kusintha kwina kwa digito kudikirira kuseri kwazithunzi. Relay inali chipangizo chamagetsi (chogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuti chigwiritse ntchito makina osinthira), ndipo kalasi yatsopano yosinthira digito inali yamagetsi - yotengera chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza ma elekitironi omwe adatuluka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Sayansi imeneyi inasonyeza kuti chonyamulira cha mphamvu ya magetsi sichinali chamakono, osati mafunde, osati munda - koma tinthu tolimba.
Chipangizo chomwe chinabala nthawi yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito fiziki yatsopanoyi chinadziwika kuti vacuum chubu. Mbiri ya chilengedwe chake imakhudza anthu awiri: Mngelezi ndi American . M'malo mwake, zoyambira zamagetsi ndizovuta kwambiri, ndi ulusi wambiri womwe umadutsa ku Europe ndi Atlantic, kuyambira pakuyesa koyambirira ndi mitsuko ya Leyden chapakati pazaka za zana la 18.
Koma m'kati mwa ulaliki wathu zidzakhala zosavuta kuphimba (pun cholinga!) Mbiri iyi, kuyambira ndi Thomas Edison. M'zaka za m'ma 1880, Edison adapeza zochititsa chidwi pamene akugwira ntchito yowunikira magetsi-kutulukira komwe kumayambitsa nkhani yathu. Kuchokera apa kunabwera kupititsa patsogolo kwa machubu a vacuum, ofunikira pamakina awiri aukadaulo: njira yatsopano yotumizira mauthenga opanda zingwe ndi maukonde amafoni omwe akukulirakulirabe.
Mawu Oyamba: Edison
Edison nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa babu. Izi zimamuchitira ngongole zambiri komanso zochepa kwambiri panthawi yomweyo. Zochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa Edison sanali yekha amene anapanga nyali yowala. Kuphatikiza pa unyinji wa anthu oyambitsa omwe adatsogola, omwe zolengedwa zawo sizinafikire ntchito zamalonda, titha kutchula Joseph Swan ndi Charles Stern waku Britain ndi American William Sawyer, omwe adabweretsa mababu pamsika nthawi yomweyo Edison. [Ulemu wa zomwe zidapangidwazo ndi za woyambitsa waku Russia . Lodygin anali woyamba kuganiza kuti amapopa mpweya kuchokera mu babu lagalasi, ndiyeno ananena kuti ulusiwo usakhale kuchokera ku malasha kapena ulusi woyaka, koma kuchokera ku refractory tungsten / pafupifupi. kumasulira]. Nyali zonse zinali ndi babu lagalasi lotsekedwa, lomwe mkati mwake munali ulusi wotsutsa. Nyaliyo ikalumikizidwa ndi dera, kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi kukana kwa filament pakalipano kunapangitsa kuti iwale. Mpweyawo udatulutsidwa kuchokera mu botolo kuti ulusiwo usagwire moto. Kuwala kwamagetsi kunali kodziwika kale m'mizinda ikuluikulu mu mawonekedwe , ankaunikira malo akuluakulu a anthu onse. Oyambitsa onsewa anali kufunafuna njira yochepetsera kuwala kwa kuwala potenga kachidutswa kowala kuchokera ku arc yoyaka, yaing'ono yokwanira kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba kuti ilowe m'malo mwa nyali za gasi, ndikupanga gwero lowala kukhala lotetezeka, loyera komanso lowala.
Ndipo zomwe Edison anachitadi - kapena m'malo, zomwe labotale yake yamakampani idapanga - sikunali kungopanga gwero lowala. Iwo anamanga dongosolo lonse magetsi kuyatsa nyumba - jenereta, mawaya kufalitsa panopa, thiransifoma, etc. Mwa zonsezi, babu lounikira linali gawo lodziwika bwino komanso lowoneka bwino. Kukhalapo kwa dzina la Edison m'makampani ake amagetsi sikunali kophweka kwa woyambitsa wamkulu, monga momwe zinalili ndi Bell Telephone. Edison sanadziwonetse yekha kukhala woyambitsa, komanso womanga machitidwe. Laboratory yake inapitirizabe kukonzanso zigawo zosiyanasiyana zowunikira magetsi ngakhale pambuyo pa kupambana kwawo koyambirira.
Chitsanzo cha nyali zoyambirira za Edison
Pofufuza cha m'ma 1883, Edison (ndipo mwinamwake mmodzi wa antchito ake) adaganiza zotsekera mbale yachitsulo mkati mwa nyali yowala pamodzi ndi filament. Zifukwa za izi sizikudziwika. Mwina uku kunali kuyesa kuthetsa mdima wa nyali - mkati mwa galasi la babu munasonkhanitsa chinthu chamdima chodabwitsa pakapita nthawi. Mwachionekere injiniyayo ankayembekezera kuti tinthu takuda timeneti tikopeka ndi mbale yamphamvuyo. Chodabwitsa chake, adapeza kuti mbaleyo ikaphatikizidwa m'dera limodzi ndi mapeto abwino a ulusiwo, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zikuyenda kudzera mu ulusiwo zinali zogwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwa ulusiwo. Polumikiza mbale ku mapeto oipa a ulusi, palibe chonga ichi chinawonedwa.
Edison adaganiza kuti izi, pambuyo pake zidatchedwa Edison effect kapena , angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kapena ngakhale kulamulira “electromotive force,” kapena voltage, pamagetsi. Chifukwa cha chizolowezi, adapempha chilolezo cha "chizindikiro chamagetsi" ichi, ndipo adabwerera ku ntchito zofunika kwambiri.
Popanda mawaya
Tiyeni tifulumire zaka 20 zamtsogolo, mpaka 1904. Panthawiyi ku England, John Ambrose Fleming anali kugwira ntchito motsatira malangizo ochokera ku Marconi Company kuti apititse patsogolo wolandila wailesi.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa zomwe wailesi inali komanso zomwe sizinali panthawiyi, zonse zokhudzana ndi zida ndi machitidwe. Wailesi sinkatchedwanso "wailesi" kalelo, inkatchedwa "waya". Mawu akuti "wailesi" adafala kwambiri m'ma 1910. Mwachindunji, anali kunena za telegraphy yopanda zingwe - njira yotumizira ma siginecha ngati madontho ndi mizere kuchokera kwa wotumiza kupita kwa wolandila. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu kunali kulankhulana pakati pa zombo ndi mautumiki apadoko, ndipo m’lingaliro limeneli kunali kokondweretsa kwa maulamuliro apanyanja padziko lonse lapansi.
Ena opanga nthawi imeneyo, makamaka, , anayesa lingaliro la wailesi telefoni - kutumiza mauthenga amawu pamlengalenga mu mawonekedwe a mafunde osalekeza. Koma kuwulutsa m'malingaliro amakono sikunawonekere mpaka zaka 15 pambuyo pake: kufalitsa nkhani, nkhani, nyimbo ndi mapulogalamu ena olandirira anthu ambiri. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mawonekedwe a omnidirectional a ma wayilesi ankawoneka ngati vuto lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa m'malo mwa chinthu chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Zipangizo zamawailesi zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo zinali zoyenerera kugwira ntchito ndi Morse code ndipo zinali zosayenera kuchita china chilichonse. Ma transmitter adapanga mafunde a Hertzian potumiza spark pamphepete mwa dera. Choncho, chizindikirocho chinatsagana ndi phokoso la static.
Olandira anazindikira chizindikiro ichi kudzera mwa coherer: zitsulo filings mu galasi chubu, anagogoda pamodzi mchikakamizo cha mafunde wailesi mu misa mosalekeza, ndipo potero kumaliza dera. Ndiye galasi limayenera kugwedezeka kuti utuchi uwonongeke ndipo wolandirayo akhale wokonzekera chizindikiro chotsatira - poyamba izi zinkachitidwa pamanja, koma posakhalitsa zida zodziwikiratu zidawonekera.
Mu 1905 iwo anayamba kuonekera , yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "ndevu zamphaka". Zinapezeka kuti kungokhudza kristalo wina ndi waya, mwachitsanzo, silicon, iron pyrite kapena , zinali zotheka kuthyola wailesi ya wailesi mu mpweya wochepa kwambiri. Zomwe adalandira zinali zotsika mtengo, zophatikizika komanso zopezeka kwa aliyense. Iwo analimbikitsa chitukuko cha wailesi ya anthu osaphunzira, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata. Kukwera kwadzidzidzi kwa airtime komwe kudabwera chifukwa cha izi kudadzetsa mavuto chifukwa chakuti airtime yawayilesi idagawidwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito onse. Kukambitsirana kosalakwa pakati pa anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kungadutse mwangozi zokambirana za zombo zapamadzi, ndipo zigawenga zina zinatha ngakhale kulamula zabodza ndi kutumiza zizindikiro kuti awathandize. Boma liyenera kulowererapo mosapeŵeka. Monga Ambrose Fleming mwiniwake adalemba, kubwera kwa ma crystal detectors
nthawi yomweyo zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamakhale ndi chidwi ndi ma radiotelegraph chifukwa chazovuta za akatswiri amagetsi osawerengeka komanso ophunzira, zomwe zidafunika kulowererapo mwamphamvu kwa akuluakulu adziko ndi mayiko kuti zinthu zisungidwe bwino.
Kuchokera kuzinthu zachilendo zamagetsi zamakristaliwa, m'badwo wachitatu wa ma switch a digito udzatuluka nthawi yake, kutsatira ma relay ndi nyali - masiwichi omwe amalamulira dziko lathu lapansi. Koma chilichonse chili ndi nthawi yake. Tafotokoza zochitikazo, tsopano tiyeni tibwererenso kwa wosewera yemwe wangowonekera kumene: Ambrose Fleming, England, 1904.
Valavu
Mu 1904, Fleming anali pulofesa wa uinjiniya wamagetsi ku University College London, komanso mlangizi wa Marconi Company. Poyamba kampaniyo inamulemba ntchito kuti apereke ukatswiri pa ntchito yomanga makina opangira magetsi, koma kenako anayamba kugwira nawo ntchito yokonza makinawo.
Fleming mu 1890
Aliyense ankadziwa kuti coherer anali wosalandira wolandira mwa kukhudzika, ndi maginito detector opangidwa ku Macroni sanali bwino makamaka. Kuti apeze wina woti alowe m’malo, Fleming poyamba anaganiza zomanga dera lovuta kumva kuti azitha kuzindikira mafunde a Hertzian. Chipangizo choterocho, ngakhale popanda kukhala chodziwira chokha, chingakhale chothandiza pa kafukufuku wamtsogolo.
Kuti achite izi, adayenera kubwera ndi njira yoyezera mosalekeza momwe mafunde akubwera, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana (yomwe idangowonetsa pazigawo - pomwe utuchi udalumikizana - kapena kumayiko ena). Koma zida zodziwika zoyezera mphamvu zamakono - galvanometers - zimafunika nthawi zonse, ndiko kuti, unidirectional panopa kuti igwire ntchito. Kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kosangalatsidwa ndi mafunde a wailesi kunasintha kolowera mofulumira kotero kuti sikukanatheka kuyeza.
Fleming adakumbukira kuti anali ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa zosonkhanitsa fumbi m'chipinda chake - nyali za Edison. M’zaka za m’ma 1880 anali mlangizi wa kampani ya Edison Electric Lighting Company ku London, ndipo anagwirapo ntchito pa vuto la kuzimitsa nyali. Panthawiyo adalandira makope angapo a chizindikirocho, mwina kuchokera kwa William Preece, injiniya wamkulu wamagetsi wa British Postal Service, yemwe anali atangobwera kumene kuchokera ku chiwonetsero cha magetsi ku Philadelphia. Panthawiyo, kuyang'anira telegraph ndi telefoni kunali kofala kunja kwa United States kwa ntchito za positi, kotero iwo anali malo odziwa zamagetsi.
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma 1890, Fleming mwiniyo adaphunzira zotsatira za Edison pogwiritsa ntchito nyali zomwe zinapezedwa kuchokera ku Preece. Anasonyeza kuti zotsatira zake zinali kuti panopa ikuyenda mbali imodzi: mphamvu yowonongeka yamagetsi imatha kuchoka ku filament yotentha kupita ku electrode yozizira, koma osati mosemphanitsa. Koma mu 1904, pamene iye anakumana ndi ntchito yozindikira mafunde a wailesi, iye anazindikira kuti mfundo imeneyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito mchitidwe. Chizindikiro cha Edison chidzalola njira imodzi yokha ya AC pulses kuwoloka kusiyana pakati pa filament ndi mbale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kosalekeza komanso kosasintha.
Fleming anatenga nyali imodzi, ndikuyilumikiza motsatizana ndi galvanometer ndikuyatsa spark transmitter. Voila - galasi linatembenuka ndipo kuwala kwa kuwala kunasuntha pamlingo. Zinagwira ntchito. Ikhoza kuyeza molondola chizindikiro cha wailesi yomwe ikubwera.
Fleming valve prototypes. Anode ili pakati pa lupu la filament (hot cathode)
Fleming adatcha zomwe adapanga kuti "vavu" chifukwa zimangolola magetsi kuyenda mbali imodzi. M'mawu odziwika bwino aukadaulo wamagetsi, inali njira yosinthira - njira yosinthira makina osinthira kukhala amakono. Kenako idatchedwa diode chifukwa inali ndi maelekitirodi awiri - cathode yotentha (filament) yomwe imatulutsa magetsi, ndi anode yozizira (mbale) yomwe idalandira. Fleming adayambitsa zosintha zingapo pamapangidwewo, koma kwenikweni chipangizocho sichinali chosiyana ndi nyali yowonetsera yopangidwa ndi Edison. Kusintha kwake ku khalidwe latsopano kunachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malingaliro - tawona kale chodabwitsa ichi nthawi zambiri. Kusintha kunachitika mu dziko la malingaliro mu mutu wa Fleming, osati mu dziko la zinthu kunja kwake.
Valve ya Fleming yokha inali yothandiza. Chinali chida chabwino kwambiri choyezera ma wayilesi, komanso chodziwira chabwino chokha. Koma iye sanagwedeze dziko. Kukula kwamphamvu kwamagetsi kunayamba pokhapokha Lee de Forest atawonjezera electrode yachitatu ndikutembenuza valavu kukhala relay.
Kumvetsera
Lee de Forest adaleredwa mwachilendo kwa wophunzira waku Yale. Bambo ake, Reverend Henry de Forest, anali msilikali wa Civil War ku New York komanso m'busa. , ndipo anakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti monga mlaliki ayenera kufalitsa kuunika kwaumulungu kwa chidziŵitso ndi chilungamo. Pomvera kuyitanidwa, adavomera kuitanidwa kuti akhale Purezidenti wa Talladega College ku Alabama. Kolejiyo idakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ndi American Missionary Association, yomwe ili ku New York. Cholinga chake chinali kuphunzitsa ndi kulimbikitsa anthu akuda amderalo. Kumeneko Lee adadzimva kuti ali pakati pa thanthwe ndi malo ovuta - anthu akuda am'deralo adamuchititsa manyazi chifukwa cha umbuli wake komanso mantha, komanso azungu amderalo - chifukwa chokhala. .
Ndipo komabe, ali mnyamata, de Forest anayamba kudzidalira kwambiri. Adapeza chidwi pamakanika ndi kupanga - mawonekedwe ake amtundu wa locomotive adakhala chozizwitsa chakumaloko. Ali wachinyamata, akuphunzira ku Talladega, adaganiza zopereka moyo wake pakupanga. Kenako, ali mnyamata ndipo akukhala mumzinda wa New Haven, mwana wa m’busayo anasiya zikhulupiriro zake zomaliza zachipembedzo. Iwo pang'onopang'ono anachoka chifukwa chodziwa Darwinism, ndipo kenako anaulutsidwa ngati mphepo pambuyo pa imfa mwadzidzidzi ya bambo ake. Koma lingaliro la tsogolo lake silinachoke ku Forest - adadziona ngati katswiri ndipo adayesetsa kukhala Nikola Tesla wachiwiri, mfiti wolemera, wotchuka komanso wodabwitsa wa nthawi ya magetsi. Anzake aku Yale amamuwona ngati chikwama champhepo. Iye akhoza kukhala munthu wotchuka kwambiri yemwe sitinakumanepo naye m'mbiri yathu.
de Forest, c.1900
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Yunivesite ya Yale mu 1899, de Forest adasankha luso lodziwika bwino lotumizira ma waya opanda zingwe ngati njira yopezera chuma ndi kutchuka. M’zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, iye analondolera njira imeneyi motsimikiza mtima ndi mwachidaliro, ndipo mosakayikira kulikonse. Zonse zidayamba ndi mgwirizano wa de Forest ndi mnzake Ed Smythe ku Chicago. Smythe adasunga bizinesi yawo ndikulipira pafupipafupi, ndipo palimodzi adapanga chowunikira chawo chawayilesi, chokhala ndi zitsulo ziwiri zolumikizidwa pamodzi ndi guluu yemwe de Forest amatchedwa "phala" [goo]. Koma de Forest sanadikire nthawi yayitali kuti alandire mphotho zanzeru zake. Adachotsa Smythe ndikulumikizana ndi wazandalama waku New York wotchedwa Abraham White [modabwitsa anasintha dzina lake kuchokera kwa iye anapatsidwa pa kubadwa, Schwartz, kuti abise zinthu zake zamdima. White / White - (Chingerezi) woyera, Schwarz/Schwarz - (Chijeremani) wakuda / pafupifupi. kumasulira], ndikutsegula De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company.
Zochita za kampaniyo zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa ngwazi zathu zonse. White adatengerapo mwayi pa umbuli wa anthu kuti afole m'matumba ake. Anabera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ogulitsa ndalama omwe akuvutikira kuti akwaniritse kukwera kwa wailesi. Ndipo de Forest, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuchokera kwa "oyamwitsa" awa, adakhazikika pakuwonetsa luso lake popanga njira yatsopano yaku America yotumizira mauthenga opanda zingwe (mosiyana ndi European yomwe idapangidwa ndi Marconi ndi ena).
Tsoka ilo kwa dongosolo la America, chowunikira cha de Forest sichinagwire ntchito bwino. Anathetsa vutoli kwakanthawi pobwereka mapangidwe ovomerezeka a Reginald Fessenden a chowunikira chotchedwa "liquid baretter" - mawaya awiri a platinamu omizidwa mu bafa la sulfuric acid. Fessenden adasumira mlandu wophwanya patent - ndipo mwachiwonekere akadapambana mlanduwu. De Forest sakanatha kupuma mpaka atabwera ndi chowunikira chatsopano chomwe chinali chake chokha. Chakumapeto kwa 1906, adalengeza kulengedwa kwa chowunikira choterocho. Pamisonkhano iwiri yosiyana ku American Institute of Electrical Engineering, de Forest adalongosola chowunikira chake chatsopano chopanda zingwe, chomwe adachitcha Audion. Koma chiyambi chake chenicheni n’chokayikitsa.
Kwa kanthawi, zoyesayesa za de Forest kuti apange chowunikira chatsopano zimayenda mozungulira moto. , yomwe, m'malingaliro ake, ikhoza kukhala conductor asymmetric. Lingaliro, mwachiwonekere, silinakhale ndi chipambano. Panthawi ina mu 1905, adaphunzira za valavu ya Fleming. De Forest adayika m'mutu mwake kuti valavu iyi ndi chipangizo chake choyatsira moto sichinali chosiyana - ngati mutasintha ulusi wotentha ndi lawi lamoto, ndikuphimba ndi babu lagalasi kuti mutseke gasi, mutha kupeza valavu yomweyo. Anapanga ma patent angapo omwe adatsata mbiri ya pre-Fleming valve zopangira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira moto wa gasi. Zikuoneka kuti ankafuna kudzipatsa yekha patsogolo pakupanga, kunyalanyaza chilolezo cha Fleming, popeza ntchito ndi Bunsen burner isanayambe ntchito ya Fleming (zinakhala zikuchitika kuyambira 1900).
Sizingatheke kunena ngati uku kunali kudzinyenga kapena chinyengo, koma zotsatira zake zinali zovomerezeka za de Forest mu August 1906 za "chotengera chagalasi chopanda kanthu chomwe chili ndi maelekitirodi awiri osiyana, pakati pawo pali mpweya woipa womwe, ukatenthedwa mokwanira, umakhala woyendetsa ndi amapanga chinthu chozindikira." Zida ndi ntchito ya chipangizocho ndi chifukwa cha Fleming, ndipo kufotokoza kwa ntchito yake ndi chifukwa cha De Forest. De Forest pamapeto pake adataya mkangano wa patent, ngakhale zidatenga zaka khumi.
Wowerenga mwachidwi angakhale akudzifunsa kale kuti n’chifukwa chiyani tikuthera nthawi yochuluka chonchi kwa munthu amene amati ndi wanzeru zake n’kumasiya maganizo a anthu ena ngati ake? Chifukwa chagona pakusintha komwe Audion adachitika m'miyezi ingapo yapitayo ya 1906.
Panthawiyo, de Forest analibe ntchito. White ndi anzawo adapewa mlandu wokhudzana ndi mlandu wa Fessenden popanga kampani yatsopano, United Wireless, ndikubwereketsa katundu wa American De Forest $1. De Forest adathamangitsidwa ndi $ 1000 polipira komanso ma patent angapo opanda pake m'manja mwake, kuphatikiza patent ya Audion. Popeza anali wozoloŵera moyo wapamwamba, anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma ndipo anayesa mofunitsitsa kusintha Audion kukhala chipambano chachikulu.
Kuti timvetsetse zomwe zidachitika kenako, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti de Forest adakhulupirira kuti adapanga relay - mosiyana ndi Fleming rectifier. Anapanga Audion yake mwa kulumikiza batire ku mbale yozizira ya valve, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti chizindikiro mu dera la antenna (chogwirizanitsidwa ndi filament yotentha) chinasintha mphamvu yapamwamba mu dera la batri. Analakwitsa: awa sanali mabwalo awiri, batriyo inangosuntha chizindikiro kuchokera ku antenna, m'malo mochikulitsa.
Koma cholakwika ichi chinakhala chovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chinapangitsa kuti de Forest ayambe kuyesa electrode yachitatu mu botolo, yomwe imayenera kusokoneza maulendo awiri a "relay" iyi. Poyamba iye anawonjezera yachiwiri ozizira elekitirodi pafupi woyamba, koma kenako, mwina kutengera njira ulamuliro ntchito ndi akatswiri a sayansi apatutsira matabwa mu zipangizo cathode-ray, iye anasuntha elekitirodi mu malo pakati filament ndi mbale pulayimale. Anaganiza kuti malowa akhoza kusokoneza kayendedwe ka magetsi, ndipo anasintha mawonekedwe a electrode yachitatu kuchokera ku mbale kupita ku waya wavy wofanana ndi rasp - ndipo adatcha "gridi".
1908 Audion triode. Ulusi (wosweka) kumanzere ndi cathode, waya wavy ndi mauna, mbale yachitsulo yozungulira ndi anode. Imakhalabe ndi ulusi ngati babu wamba.
Ndipo kunalidi kulandizana. Mphamvu yofooka (monga yomwe imapangidwa ndi mlongoti wa wailesi) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gridi ikhoza kulamulira mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa filament ndi mbale, kuthamangitsa tinthu tating'ono tomwe timayesa kudutsa pakati pawo. Chowunikira ichi chinagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa valve chifukwa sichinangokonzanso, komanso chinakulitsa chizindikiro cha wailesi. Ndipo, monga valavu (ndipo mosiyana ndi coherer), akhoza kutulutsa chizindikiro chosalekeza, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga osati radiotelegraph, komanso radiotelephone (ndipo kenako - kufalitsa mawu ndi nyimbo).
M'machitidwe sizinagwire bwino kwenikweni. Ma audio a De Forest anali ocheperako, amawotchedwa mwachangu, analibe kusasinthika pakupanga, ndipo anali osagwira ntchito ngati zokulitsa. Kuti Audion inayake igwire bwino ntchito, kunali koyenera kusintha magawo amagetsi a dera kuti agwire.
Komabe, de Forest ankakhulupirira kuti anapanga. Adapanga kampani yatsopano yoyilengeza, De Forest Radio Telephone Company, koma malonda anali ochepa. Kupambana kwakukulu kunali kugulitsa zida ku zombo za telephony yamkati panthawi yozungulira dziko "". Komabe, mkulu wa zombozo, popeza analibe nthawi yoti ma transmitters ndi olandira a de Forest agwire ntchito ndi kuphunzitsa ogwira nawo ntchito momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, analamula kuti zilongedwe ndikuzisiya m'malo osungira. Kuphatikiza apo, kampani yatsopano ya De Forest, motsogozedwa ndi wotsatira Abraham White, sinali bwino kuposa yoyambayo. Kuwonjezera pa mavuto akewo, posakhalitsa anapezeka kuti akuimbidwa mlandu wachinyengo.
Kwa zaka zisanu, Audion sanapeze chilichonse. Apanso, telefoni ikakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga makina otumizirana ma digito, nthawi ino kupulumutsa ukadaulo wodalirika koma wosayesedwa womwe unali pafupi kuiwalika.
Ndipo kachiwiri foni
Njira yolumikizirana mtunda wautali inali dongosolo lapakati la AT&T. Zinagwirizanitsa makampani ambiri am'deralo ndikupereka mwayi wopikisana nawo pamene zovomerezeka za Bell zinatha. Mwa kujowina netiweki ya AT&T, kasitomala watsopano amatha, mwamalingaliro, kufikira ena onse olembetsa mtunda wamakilomita - ngakhale zenizeni, mafoni akutali sanayimbidwe kawirikawiri. Maukondewo analinso maziko azinthu zamalingaliro akampani a "One Policy, One System, One-Stop Service."
Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zachiwiri za m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, maukondewa adafika pachimake. Pamene mawaya a telefoni ankatambasulidwa, chizindikiro chodutsa pakati pawo chinali chofooka komanso chaphokoso, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zosamveka. Chifukwa cha izi, panalidi maukonde awiri a AT&T ku US, olekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wa kontinenti.
Kwa maukonde kum'mawa, New York anali msomali, ndi makina obwerezabwereza ndi - cholumikizira chomwe chimatsimikizira kutalika kwa mawu a munthu. Koma matekinoloje amenewa sanali amphamvu zonse. Ma koyilowa adasintha mawonekedwe amagetsi amtundu wa foni, kuchepetsa kutsika kwa ma frequency a mawu - koma amatha kuchepetsa, osachotsa. Obwereza zamakina (choyankhulira pafoni chokha cholumikizidwa ndi maikolofoni yokulitsa) amawonjezera phokoso ndikubwereza kulikonse. Mzere wa 1911 kuchokera ku New York kupita ku Denver unatenga chingwechi mpaka kutalika kwake. Panalibe zokamba zokulitsa maukonde kudera lonselo. Komabe, mu 1909, John Carty, injiniya wamkulu wa AT&T, analonjeza poyera kuchita zimenezo. Analonjeza kuti adzachita izi m'zaka zisanu - panthawi yomwe adayamba ku San Francisco mu 1915.
Munthu woyamba kupanga ntchito yoteroyo mothandizidwa ndi amplifier yatsopano ya foni sanali American, koma wolowa m'malo a banja olemera Viennese ndi chidwi sayansi. Kukhala wamng'ono Mothandizidwa ndi makolo ake, iye anagula kampani yopanga mafoni n’kuyamba kupanga makina okulitsa mafoni. Pofika m'chaka cha 1906, anali atapanga njira yolumikizirana pogwiritsa ntchito machubu a cathode ray, omwe panthawiyo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesera sayansi (ndipo pambuyo pake anakhala maziko a luso lamakono la kanema lomwe linkalamulira zaka za m'ma XNUMX). Chizindikiro chofooka chobwera chimawongolera maginito amagetsi omwe amapindika mtengowo, ndikuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi mudera lalikulu.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1910, von Lieben ndi anzake, Eugene Reise ndi Sigmund Strauss, adaphunzira za Audione ya Forest ndipo adalowa m'malo mwa maginito mu chubu ndi gululi lomwe limayang'anira kuwala kwa cathode - kapangidwe kameneka kanali kothandiza kwambiri komanso kopambana kuposa chilichonse chopangidwa ku United States. States nthawi imeneyo. Matelefoni a ku Germany posakhalitsa anatengera amplifier ya von Lieben. Mu 1914, chifukwa cha iye, mkulu wa asilikali a Prussian Army anaimba foni ku likulu la Germany, lomwe lili pamtunda wa makilomita 1000, ku Koblenz. Izi zinakakamiza mkulu wa asilikali kutumiza akuluakulu a asilikali a Hindenberg ndi Ludendorff kummawa, ku ulemerero wamuyaya ndi zotsatira zake zoopsa. Zokulitsa mawu zofanana pambuyo pake zinagwirizanitsa likulu la Germany ndi magulu ankhondo ankhondo kum’mwera ndi kum’maŵa kufikira ku Macedonia ndi Romania.
Kope la von Lieben's improved cathode ray relay. The cathode ali pansi, anode ndi koyilo pamwamba, ndi gululi ndi kuzungulira zitsulo zojambulazo pakati.
Komabe, zopinga za chinenero ndi malo, komanso nkhondo, zinapangitsa kuti mapangidwe amenewa asafike ku United States, ndipo zochitika zina posakhalitsa zinagonjetsa.
Panthawiyi, de Forest adasiya kampani yolephera ya Radio Telephone ku 1911 ndikuthawira ku California. Kumeneko adapeza ntchito ku Federal Telegraph Company ku Palo Alto, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi wophunzira wa Stanford . Mwadzina, de Forest angagwire ntchito pa amplifier yomwe ingawonjezere kuchuluka kwa wailesi ya federal. M'malo mwake, iye, Herbert van Ettan (katswiri wodziwa matelefoni) ndi Charles Logwood (wojambula wolandila) adaganiza zopanga amplifier ya telefoni kuti atatuwo apambane mphotho kuchokera ku AT&T, yomwe mphekesera zidati $1 miliyoni.
Kuti achite izi, de Forest anatenga Audion kuchokera ku mezzanine, ndipo pofika 1912 iye ndi anzake anali kale ndi chipangizo chokonzekera kuwonetsera ku kampani ya telefoni. Zinali ndi ma Audions angapo olumikizidwa mndandanda, ndikupanga kukulitsa mu magawo angapo, ndi zina zingapo zothandizira. Chipangizocho chinagwiradi ntchito—chikhoza kukweza chizindikiro kwambiri moti mungamve mpango ukugwa kapena wotchi ya m’thumba ikulira. Koma pokhapokha pa mafunde ndi ma voltages otsika kwambiri kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito pa telefoni. Pamene zamakono zikuwonjezeka, ma Audions anayamba kutulutsa kuwala kwa buluu, ndipo chizindikirocho chinasanduka phokoso. Koma makampani opanga mafoni anali ndi chidwi chokwanira kuti atengere chipangizochi kwa mainjiniya awo ndikuwona zomwe angachite nacho. Izo zinachitika kuti mmodzi wa iwo, wasayansi wamng'ono Harold Arnold, anadziwa bwino mmene kukonza amplifier ku Federal Telegraph.
Yakwana nthawi yoti tikambirane momwe valavu ndi Audion zinagwirira ntchito. Chidziwitso chofunikira chofotokozera ntchito yawo chinachokera ku Cavendish Laboratory ku Cambridge, thanki yoganizira za electron physics yatsopano. Mu 1899 kumeneko, J. J. Thomson anasonyeza poyesera ndi machubu a cathode ray kuti tinthu tambirimbiri, tomwe timatchedwa electron, timanyamula panopa kuchokera ku cathode kupita ku anode. M’zaka zingapo zotsatira, Owen Richardson, mnzake wa Thomson, anapanga lingaliro limeneli kukhala chiphunzitso cha masamu cha kutentha kwa mpweya.
Ambrose Fleming, injiniya amene ankayenda ulendo waufupi kuchokera ku Cambridge, ankadziwa bwino ntchito zimenezi. Zinali zoonekeratu kwa iye kuti valavu yake inagwira ntchito chifukwa cha mpweya wa thermionic wa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku filament yotentha, kudutsa kusiyana kwa vacuum kupita ku anode yozizira. Koma chopukutira mu nyali yowonetsera sichinali chakuya - izi sizinali zofunikira kwa babu wamba. Zinali zokwanira kutulutsa mpweya wokwanira kuti ulusiwo usagwire moto. Fleming anazindikira kuti valavuyo kuti igwire bwino ntchito, iyenera kutsanulidwa mokwanira monga momwe kungathekere kuti mpweya wotsalawo usasokoneze kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi.
De Forest sanamvetse izi. Popeza adabwera ku valavu ndi Audion kudzera muzoyesera ndi chowotcha cha Bunsen, chikhulupiriro chake chinali chosiyana - kuti mpweya wotentha wa ionized unali madzi ogwiritsira ntchito chipangizocho, komanso kuti kuchotsa kwathunthu kungayambitse kutha kwa ntchito. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Audion inali yosakhazikika komanso yosasangalatsa ngati wolandila wailesi, komanso chifukwa chake idatulutsa kuwala kwabuluu.
Arnold ku AT&T anali pamalo abwino kuti akonze zolakwika za de Forest. Iye anali katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo yemwe adaphunzira pansi pa Robert Millikan ku yunivesite ya Chicago ndipo adalembedwa ntchito makamaka kuti agwiritse ntchito chidziwitso chake cha fizikiki yatsopano yamagetsi ku vuto lomanga matelefoni a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ankadziwa kuti chubu cha Audion chidzagwira ntchito bwino pafupi ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri, ankadziwa kuti mapampu aposachedwa amatha kukhala opanda mpweya wotere, ankadziwa kuti mtundu watsopano wa filament yokutidwa ndi okusayidi, pamodzi ndi mbale yaikulu ndi gululi. kuonjezera kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi. Mwachidule, adatembenuza Audion kukhala chubu cha vacuum, wochita zozizwitsa za nthawi yamagetsi.
AT&T inali ndi amplifier yamphamvu yofunikira kuti ipange chingwe cha transcontinental - inalibe ufulu woigwiritsa ntchito. Oimira kampaniyo anachita modabwitsa pokambirana ndi de Forest, koma anayamba kukambirana mosiyana ndi loya wina wa chipani chachitatu, yemwe anakwanitsa kugula ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito Audion ngati amplifier ya foni kwa $ 50 (pafupifupi $ 000 miliyoni mu madola a 1,25). Mzere wa New York-San Francisco udatsegulidwa munthawi yake, koma ngati kupambana kwaukadaulo komanso kutsatsa kwamakampani kuposa njira yolumikizirana. Mtengo wa mafoniwo unali wokwera kwambiri moti pafupifupi palibe amene akanatha kuyigwiritsa ntchito.
nthawi yamagetsi
Vuto lenileni la vacuum lakhala muzu wa mtengo watsopano wazinthu zamagetsi. Monga cholumikizira, chubu cha vacuum chimakulitsa ntchito zake pomwe mainjiniya adapeza njira zatsopano zosinthira kapangidwe kake kuti athetse mavuto enaake. Kukula kwa fuko la "-od" sikunathe ndi ma diode ndi ma triodes. Zinapitirira ndi , yomwe idawonjezera gridi yowonjezera yomwe imathandizira kukulitsa ndi kukula kwa zinthu zomwe zili muderali. Kenako zidawoneka , ,ndipo . Thyratrons wodzazidwa ndi mercury nthunzi anawonekera, owala ndi kuwala kowopsa kwa buluu. Nyali zazing'ono ndi kukula kwa chala chaching'ono kapena ngakhale acorn. Nyali zosalunjika za cathode momwe kung'ung'udza kwa gwero la AC sikunasokoneze chizindikiro. The Saga of the Vacuum Tube, yomwe imafotokoza kukula kwa mafakitale a chubu mpaka 1930, imalemba mitundu yopitilira 1000 ndi index - ngakhale ambiri anali makope osavomerezeka kuchokera kuzinthu zosadalirika: Ultron, Perfectron, Supertron, Voltron, ndi zina zotero.
Chofunika kwambiri kuposa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe chinali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito za chubu cha vacuum. Mabwalo osinthika adatembenuza atatuwo kukhala chowulutsira - kupanga mafunde osalala komanso osasinthasintha, opanda phokoso laphokoso, lotha kutulutsa mawu bwino. Chifukwa chogwirizana komanso zoyaka moto mu 1901, Marconi sakanatha kutumiza kachidutswa kakang'ono ka Morse code kudutsa nyanja yopapatiza ya Atlantic. Mu 1915, pogwiritsa ntchito chubu cha vacuum monga chotumizira ndi cholandirira, AT&T imatha kutumiza mawu amunthu kuchokera ku Arlington, Virginia kupita ku Honolulu — mtunda wowirikiza kawiri. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1920, anaphatikiza matelefoni akutali ndi mawayilesi apamwamba kwambiri kuti apange mawayilesi oyamba. Chotero, posachedwapa mtundu wonsewo unakhoza kumvetsera mawu ofanana pawailesi, kaya akhale Roosevelt kapena Hitler.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kopanga ma transmitter olumikizidwa ndi ma frequency olondola komanso osasunthika kunalola akatswiri opanga matelefoni kuti akwaniritse loto lanthawi yayitali la kuchulukitsa pafupipafupi komwe kudakopa Alexander Bell, Edison ndi ena onse zaka makumi anayi zapitazo. Pofika m'chaka cha 1923, AT&T inali ndi mzere wamawu wamayendedwe khumi kuchokera ku New York kupita ku Pittsburgh. Kutha kutumiza mawu angapo pawaya umodzi wamkuwa kunachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa mafoni akutali, omwe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwawo, nthawi zonse amakhala angakwanitse kwa anthu olemera komanso mabizinesi okha. Powona zomwe machubu otsekemera angachite, AT&T adatumiza maloya awo kukagula maufulu owonjezera kuchokera ku Forest kuti ateteze ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito Audion pazofunsira zonse zomwe zilipo. Ponseponse, adamulipira $390, yomwe ndalama zamasiku ano ndi pafupifupi $000 miliyoni.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha koteroko, n'chifukwa chiyani machubu otsekera sanali kulamulira makompyuta a m'badwo woyamba monga momwe ankalamulira mawailesi ndi zipangizo zina zoyankhulirana? Mwachiwonekere, triode ikhoza kukhala yosinthira digito ngati cholumikizira. Zodziwikiratu kuti de Forest adakhulupirira kuti adapanga zolumikizira asanazipange. Ndipo ma triode anali omvera kwambiri kuposa ma electromechanical relay chifukwa simayenera kusuntha zida. Kutumiza kofananira kumafunikira ma milliseconds ochepa kuti asinthe, ndipo kusintha kwakuyenda kuchokera ku cathode kupita ku anode chifukwa chakusintha kwamagetsi pagululi kunali pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo.
Koma nyali zinali ndi vuto linalake pa mawotchi: chizolowezi chawo, monga oyambirira awo, mababu, kuyaka. Moyo wa Audion de Forest wapachiyambi unali waufupi kwambiri - pafupifupi maola 100 - kuti unali ndi filament yopuma mu nyali, yomwe inkayenera kulumikizidwa itatha yoyamba kuwotchedwa. Izi zinali zoipa kwambiri, koma ngakhale zitatha izi, ngakhale nyali zabwino kwambiri sizikanatha kupitilira maola masauzande angapo. Kwa makompyuta okhala ndi nyali zikwizikwi ndi maola owerengera, ili linali vuto lalikulu.
Komano, zotumizirana mauthenga zinali "zodalirika kwambiri," malinga ndi George Stibitz. Mochuluka kotero kuti adanena zimenezo
Ngati maulumikizidwe owoneka ngati U adayamba mchaka choyamba chanthawi yathu ndikusintha kulumikizana kamodzi pa sekondi iliyonse, akadagwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Kulephera koyamba kukhudzana sikungayembekezeredwe kale kuposa zaka chikwi kenako, kwinakwake m'chaka cha 3000.
Kuphatikiza apo, panalibe chidziwitso chokhala ndi mabwalo akulu amagetsi ofanana ndi mabwalo amagetsi a mainjiniya amafoni. Mawayilesi ndi zida zina zitha kukhala ndi nyali 5-10, koma osati mazana masauzande. Palibe amene ankadziwa ngati zingatheke kupanga kompyuta yokhala ndi nyale 5000 kuti igwire ntchito. Posankha ma relay m'malo mwa machubu, opanga makompyuta adapanga chisankho chotetezeka komanso chosamala.
M’chigawo chotsatira tiwona mmene ndi chifukwa chake kukaikira kumeneku kunathetsedwa.
Source: www.habr.com