Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Foni idawonekera mwamwayi. Ngati Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wazaka 1876 wokhudza kuthekera kwa kutumiza mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, anthu anapunthwa pa telefoni kufunafuna telegraph yabwino. Choncho, n'zosavuta kugawira tsiku lomveka, ngakhale losatsimikizika, la kupangidwa kwa telefoni - chaka chazaka zana cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa United States, XNUMX.
Ndipo sizinganenedwe kuti foni inalibe am'mbuyo. Kuyambira 1830, asayansi ofufuza akhala akufunafuna njira zosinthira mawu kukhala magetsi, ndi magetsi kukhala mawu.
Phokoso lamagetsi
M'chaka cha 1837 , dokotala ndi woyesera m'munda wa electromagnetism wochokera ku Massachusetts, adakhumudwa ndi chinthu chachilendo. Iye anaika insulated waya wozungulira pakati pa malekezero a maginito osatha, ndiyeno anaika mbali iliyonse ya wayayo m’chidebe cha mercury cholumikizidwa ndi batire. Nthawi iliyonse akatsegula kapena kutseka dera, kukweza mapeto a waya kuchokera m'chidebe kapena kutsitsa pamenepo, maginito amatulutsa phokoso lomwe limatha kumveka pamtunda wa mita. Tsamba lidayitcha nyimbo ya galvanic, ndipo idati zonse zinali za "matenda a mamolekyulu" omwe amapezeka mu maginito. Tsamba linayambitsa kafukufuku wambiri m'magulu awiri a kutulukira uku: katundu wachilendo wazitsulo zachitsulo kusintha mawonekedwe pamene magnetized, ndi m'badwo woonekeratu wa phokoso ndi magetsi.
Timakonda kwambiri maphunziro awiri. Yoyamba idayendetsedwa ndi Johann Philipp Reis. Reis adaphunzitsa masamu ndi sayansi kwa ana asukulu ku Garnier Institute pafupi ndi Frankfurt, koma mu nthawi yake yaulere adachita kafukufuku wamagetsi. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, akatswiri amagetsi angapo anali atapanga kale mitundu yatsopano ya nyimbo za galvanic, koma Reis anali woyamba kudziwa alchemy ya njira ziwiri zomasulira mawu kukhala magetsi ndi mosemphanitsa.
Reis anazindikira kuti diaphragm, yofanana ndi eardrum ya munthu, imatha kutseka ndi kutsegula kanjira ka magetsi ikagwedezeka. Chitsanzo choyamba cha chipangizo cha telefoni, chomwe chinamangidwa m'chaka cha 1860, chinali ndi khutu lopangidwa ndi matabwa ndi nembanemba yopangidwa kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo cha nkhumba yotambasulidwa pamwamba pake. Elekitirodi ya platinamu idalumikizidwa pansi pa nembanemba, yomwe, ikagwedezeka, idatsegula ndikutseka dera ndi batri. Cholandiriracho chinali cholumikizira chawaya pa singano yoluka yomangidwira ku violin. Thupi la violin limakulitsa kugwedezeka kwa cholembera chosinthira mawonekedwe popeza chinali ndi maginito komanso opanda maginito.
Foni yomaliza ya Reis
Reis adabwera ndi zosintha zambiri pamayendedwe oyambilira, ndipo pamodzi ndi oyesera ena adapeza kuti ngati muyimba kapena kung'ung'udzamo, mawu omwe amafalitsidwa amakhalabe odziwika. Mawu anali ovuta kusiyanitsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali opotoka komanso osamvetsetseka. Mauthenga ambiri ochita bwino m'mawu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu odziwika bwino monga "muli bwanji" ndi "muli bwanji" ndipo anali osavuta kuganiza. Vuto lalikulu linali loti Reis 'transmitter adangotsegula ndikutseka dera, koma sanalamulire mphamvu ya mawu. Zotsatira zake, mafupipafupi okha okhala ndi matalikidwe okhazikika amatha kufalikira, ndipo izi sizikanatha kutsanzira zidziwitso zonse za mawu a munthu.
Reis ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito yake iyenera kudziwika ndi sayansi, koma sanakwaniritse izi. Chipangizo chake chinali chidwi chodziwika pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi, ndipo makope adawonekera m'malo ambiri a anthu apamwamba awa: ku Paris, London, Washington. Koma ntchito yake yasayansi inakanidwa ndi magazini ya Pulofesa Poggendorff yotchedwa Annalen der Physik [Anals of Physics], imodzi mwa magazini akale kwambiri a sayansi komanso magazini otchuka kwambiri panthawiyo. Kuyesa kwa Race kutsatsa foni ndi makampani awaya kudalepheranso. Anadwala chifuwa chachikulu cha TB, ndipo matenda akewo anali kuipiraipira kwambiri moti analephera kufufuza mozama. Chotsatira chake, mu 1873, matenda adatenga moyo wake ndi zolinga zake. Ndipo iyi sikhala nthawi yomaliza kuti matendawa alepheretse kukula kwa mbiri ya foni.
Pamene Race anali kukonza foni yake, anali kumalizitsa phunziro lake la seminal la physiology: "The Doctrine of Auditory Sensations as a Physiological Basis for theory of Music" [Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik], lofalitsidwa mu 1862. Helmholtz, ndiye pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Heidelberg, anali chimphona cha sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ntchito zokhudza thupi la masomphenya, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, etc.
Ntchito ya Helmholtz imangonena mwachidule za mbiri yathu, koma zingakhale zachisoni kuziphonya. Mu The Doctrine of Auditory Sensations , Helmholtz adachitira nyimbo zomwe Newton adachita powunikira - adawonetsa momwe kumverera kowoneka ngati kumodzi kungapatulidwe m'zigawo zake. Anatsimikizira kuti kusiyana kwa timbres, kuchokera ku violin kupita ku bassoon, kumabwera kokha kuchokera ku kusiyana kwa mphamvu yachibale ya ma overtones awo (matani pawiri, katatu, ndi zina zotero. Koma m'nkhani yathu, chosangalatsa kwambiri pa ntchito yake chili mu chida chodabwitsa chomwe adapanga kuti awonetsere:
Helmholtz synthesizer zosiyanasiyana
Helmholtz analamula chipangizo choyamba ku Cologne workshop. Mwachidule, inali synthesizer yomwe imatha kutulutsa mawu potengera ma toni osavuta. Luso lake lodabwitsa kwambiri linali luso losadziŵika bwino lotulutsa mavawelo amene aliyense anazoloŵera kumva kuchokera mkamwa mwa munthu.
Chophatikiziracho chinagwira ntchito kuchokera ku kumenyedwa kwa foloko yayikulu yosinthira, yomwe inkagwedezeka pamfundo yoyambira, kutseka ndi kutsegula dera, kumiza waya wa platinamu mumtsuko wa mercury. Mafoloko asanu ndi atatu okhala ndi maginito, iliyonse ikunjenjemera ndi mawu akeake, imakhala pakati pa malekezero a maginito amagetsi olumikizidwa ndi dera. Kutsekedwa kwa dera lililonse kunayatsa ma electromagnets ndikusunga mafoloko osinthira kukhala ogwedezeka. Pafupi ndi foloko iliyonse yosinthira panali kachipangizo kokulirapo kamene kamatha kukulitsa kulira kwake mpaka kumveka bwino. Munthawi yanthawi zonse, chivundikiro cha resonator chidatsekedwa ndikusokoneza phokoso la foloko yokonza. Mukasuntha chivindikiro m'mbali, mutha kumva kamvekedwe kake, ndipo motero "kusewera" kulira kwa lipenga, piyano, kapena mavawelo "o".
Chipangizochi chidzagwira ntchito yaying'ono popanga mtundu watsopano wa foni.
Harmonic telegraph
Chimodzi mwa nyambo za oyambitsa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 1870 chinali multitelegraph. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ma telegraph kumalumikizidwa muwaya imodzi, m'pamenenso mphamvu ya netiweki ya telegraph imachulukira. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, njira zingapo zosiyana za duplex telegraphy (kutumiza zizindikiro ziwiri mbali zosiyana nthawi imodzi) zinali zodziwika. Posakhalitsa, Thomas Edison anasintha pa iwo mwa kupanga quadruplex, kuphatikiza duplex ndi diplex (kutumiza zizindikiro ziwiri mbali imodzi nthawi imodzi), kotero kuti waya angagwiritsidwe ntchito kanayi mogwira mtima.
Koma kodi chiwerengero cha zizindikiro chingaonjezekenso? Konzani mtundu wina wa octoruplex, kapena zambiri? Mfundo yakuti mafunde amawu angasinthidwe kukhala magetsi ndi kubwereranso inapereka mwayi wosangalatsa. Nanga bwanji ngati titagwiritsa ntchito ma toni amitundu yosiyanasiyana kupanga ma acoustic, harmonic, kapena, mwa ndakatulo, telegraph yanyimbo? Ngati kugwedezeka kwakuthupi kwa ma frequency osiyanasiyana kungasinthidwe kukhala kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndikulumikizananso ndi ma frequency awo apachiyambi kumbali inayo, ndiye kuti zingatheke kutumiza ma siginali ambiri nthawi imodzi popanda kusokonezana. Phokoso palokha likakhala njira yokha yothera, njira yapakatikati yomwe imapanga mafunde kotero kuti zizindikiro zingapo zitha kukhalapo muwaya umodzi. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, nditchula lingaliro ili ngati matelefoni a harmonic, ngakhale kuti mawu osiyanasiyana ankagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo.
Iyi sinali njira yokhayo yopangira ma sign a multiplex. Ku France [pambuyo pake gawo la liwiro lophiphiritsa limatchedwa - baud / pafupifupi. transl.] pofika 1874 adadza ndi makina okhala ndi makina ozungulira omwe amasonkhanitsa ma siginecha kuchokera ku ma transmitter angapo a telegraph. Masiku ano tingati izi ndi multiplex ogawikana ndi nthawi, osati pafupipafupi. Koma njira imeneyi inali ndi drawback - izo sizikanatsogolera kulenga telephony.
Panthawiyo, telegraphy ya ku America inali yolamulidwa ndi Western Union, yomwe idapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1850 pofuna kuthetsa mpikisano wosasangalatsa pakati pa makampani akuluakulu a telegraph - kufotokoza komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta kulungamitsa kugwirizanitsa koteroko kusanabwere malamulo oletsa kukhulupilira. Mmodzi mwa anthu otchulidwa m'nkhani yathu anafotokoza kuti "mwinamwake bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lomwe linakhalapo." Pokhala ndi mawaya masauzande ambiri komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri pomanga ndi kukonza maukonde, Western Union idatsata zomwe zikuchitika pazambiri zama telegraph ndi chidwi chachikulu.
Wosewera winanso anali kuyembekezera zopambana mu bizinesi ya telegraph. , loya waku Boston komanso wochita bizinesi, anali m'modzi mwa omwe adalimbikitsa kubweretsa telegraph yaku America pansi paulamuliro wa boma la federal. Hubbard ankakhulupirira kuti ma telegalamu akhoza kukhala otsika mtengo ngati makalata, ndipo adatsimikiza mtima kusokoneza zomwe ankawona ngati Western Union yotsutsa komanso yowononga ndalama. Lamulo la Hubbard silinanene kuti likhazikitse makampani a telegraph omwe analipo, monga pafupifupi maulamuliro onse aku Europe adachitira, koma akhazikitsa ntchito ya telegraph yothandizidwa ndi boma mothandizidwa ndi dipatimenti ya Post Office. Koma zotsatira zake zikadakhala zofanana, ndipo Western Union ikadasiya bizinesi iyi. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1870, kupita patsogolo kwa malamulowo kudayimilira, koma Hubbard anali ndi chidaliro kuti kuwongolera patent yatsopano ya telegraph kungamupatse mwayi wokankhira malingaliro ake kudzera ku Congress.
Gardiner Green Hubbard
Pali zinthu ziwiri zapadera ku United States: choyamba, kukula kwa Western Union. Palibe bungwe la ku Europe la telegraph lomwe linali ndi mizere yayitali chotere, ndipo, chifukwa chake, palibe chifukwa chopangira ma telegraph ambiri. Kachiwiri, pali funso lotseguka lakuwongolera boma pa telegraph. Malo omaliza a ku Europe anali Britain, yomwe idatulutsa telegraph mu 1870. Pambuyo pa izi, panalibe malo omwe adasiyidwa kwina kulikonse kupatula United States komwe chiyembekezo choyesa kupanga chitukuko chaukadaulo ndikuchepetsa ulamuliro wokhazikika. Mwina chifukwa cha ichi, ntchito zambiri pa telegraph ya harmonic inachitika ku United States.
Panali makamaka atatu omwe ankapikisana nawo pa mphoto. Awiri a iwo anali kale oyambitsa olemekezeka - и . Wachitatu anali pulofesa wa zolankhula komanso mphunzitsi wa anthu ogontha dzina lake Bell.
Imvi
Elisha Gray anakulira pafamu ku Ohio. Mofanana ndi ambiri a m’nthaŵi yake, iye ankaseŵera ndi matelefoni ali wachinyamata, koma ali ndi zaka 12, pamene atate wake anamwalira, anayamba kufunafuna ntchito imene ingam’thandize. Anaphunzira ntchito yosula zitsulo kwa kanthawi, kenako kalipentala wa sitima yapamadzi, ndipo ali ndi zaka 22 anaphunzira kuti angapeze maphunziro ku Oberlin College akugwirabe ntchito ya ukalipentala. Ataphunzira kwa zaka zisanu, anayamba ntchito yoyambitsa ntchito ya telegraph. Patent yake yoyamba inali relay yodziwongolera yokha, yomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito electromagnet yachiwiri m'malo mwa kasupe kuti ibweze zidazo, inathetsa kufunika kosintha kukhudzidwa kwa relay malinga ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipo panopa.
Elisha Gray, ca. 1878
Pofika m’chaka cha 1870, anali kale mnzake wa kampani yopanga zida zamagetsi, ndipo ankagwira ntchito kumeneko monga mainjiniya wamkulu. Mu 1872, iye ndi mnzake adasamutsa kampaniyo ku Chicago ndikuyitcha kuti Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Posakhalitsa Western Electric inakhala wogulitsa wamkulu wa zida za telegraph ku Western Union. Zotsatira zake, zidzasiya chizindikiro chodziwika bwino pa mbiri ya telephony.
Kumayambiriro kwa 1874, Gray anamva phokoso lachilendo kuchokera ku bafa yake. Zinkamveka ngati kulira kwa mawu onjenjemera, amphamvu kwambiri. The reotome (kwenikweni "stream breaker") inali chipangizo chamagetsi chodziwika bwino chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito lilime lachitsulo kutsegula ndi kutseka dera. Akuyang'ana m'bafa, Grey adawona mwana wake wamwamuna atanyamula koyilo yolowera kumanja yolumikizidwa ndi rheotome m'dzanja limodzi, ndipo kudzanja lina akusisita zokutira zinki m'bafa, zomwe zimang'ung'udza pafupipafupi. Gray, atachita chidwi ndi zomwe zingatheke, adachoka kuntchito yake ku Western Electric kuti abwererenso kupanga. Pofika m’chilimwe, anali atapanga telegalafu yanyimbo yokhala ndi maoctave, imene ankatha kuimba nayo mawu pa diaphragm yopangidwa kuchokera m’beseni lachitsulo mwa kukanikiza makiyi a kiyibodi.
Wotumiza
Wolandira
Nyimbo za telegraph zinali zachilendo zopanda phindu la malonda. Koma Gray anazindikira kuti kutha kutulutsa mawu amitundu yosiyanasiyana pawaya imodzi kunamupatsa njira ziwiri. Ndi transmitter ya mapangidwe osiyana, okhoza kunyamula phokoso kuchokera mumlengalenga, telegraph ya mawu ikhoza kupangidwa. Ndi wolandira wina wokhoza kulekanitsa chizindikiro chophatikizika m'zigawo zake, zinali zotheka kupanga matelefoni a harmonic - ndiko kuti, multiplex telegraphy pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso. Anaganiza zongoyang'ana njira yachiwiri, popeza makampani a telegraph anali ndi zofunikira zowonekeratu. Anatsimikiziridwa muzosankha zake ataphunzira za foni ya Race, yomwe inkawoneka ngati chidole chosavuta chafilosofi.
Grey adapanga cholandila telegraph cholumikizira kuchokera pagulu la ma electromagnets ophatikizidwa ndi zingwe zachitsulo. Mzere uliwonse unkasinthidwa pafupipafupi, ndipo umamveka pamene batani lofananira pa transmitter likakanizidwa. Wofalitsayo adagwira ntchito yofanana ndi nyimbo za telegraph.
Grey adakonza chipangizo chake zaka ziwiri zotsatira ndikuchitengera kuwonetsero. Mwalamulo mwambowu udatchedwa "". Chimenechi chinali chionetsero choyamba cha dziko lonse ku United States, ndipo chinachitika limodzi ndi chikondwerero cha zaka 1876 cha dzikolo, motero chinali ndi chotchedwa. "Centennial Exhibition" Zinachitika ku Philadelphia m'chilimwe cha XNUMX. Kumeneko, Gray adawonetsa kugwirizana kwa "octruplex" (ndiko kuti, kutumiza mauthenga asanu ndi atatu panthawi imodzi) pa mzere wa telegraph wokonzedwa mwapadera wochokera ku New York. Kupambana kumeneku kunayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi oweruza a chionetserocho, koma posakhalitsa chinaphimbidwa ndi chozizwitsa chachikulu kwambiri.
Edison
, pulezidenti wa Western Union, mwamsanga anamva za kupita patsogolo kwa Grey, zomwe zinamupangitsa kukhala ndi mantha kwambiri. Chabwino, ngati Gray apambana, izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale chilolezo chokwera mtengo kwambiri. Choyipa chachikulu, chilolezo cha Grey chidzakhala maziko opangira kampani yopikisana yomwe ingatsutse ulamuliro wa Western Union.
Chifukwa chake mu Julayi 1875, Orton adatulutsa ace m'manja mwake: Thomas Edison. Edison anakulira ndi telegraphy, anakhala zaka zingapo ngati telegraph operator, ndiyeno anakhala woyambitsa. Kupambana kwake kwakukulu panthawiyo kunali kulumikizana kwa quadruplex, komwe kunapangidwa ndi ndalama za Western Union chaka chatha. Tsopano Orton ankayembekezera kuti akonza luso lake ndi kupambana zomwe Gray adatha kuchita. Anapereka Edison kufotokozera foni ya Race; Edison anaphunziranso ntchito ya Helmholtz, yomwe inali itamasuliridwa posachedwapa m’Chingelezi.
Edison anali pachimake cha mawonekedwe ake, ndipo malingaliro anzeru adatuluka kuchokera kwa iye ngati zowala kuchokera ku anvil. M'chaka chotsatira adawonetsa njira ziwiri zosiyana zopangira ma acoustic telegraph - yoyamba inali yofanana ndi telegraph ya Gray, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mafoloko kapena mabango onjenjemera kuti apange kapena kumva pafupipafupi komwe akufuna. Edison sanathe kupeza chipangizo choterocho kuti chigwire ntchito pamlingo wovomerezeka.
Njira yachiwiri, yomwe adayitcha "acoustic transmitter", inali yosiyana kwambiri. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mabango onjenjemera potumiza ma frequency osiyanasiyana, iye ankawagwiritsa ntchito potumiza ziwiya zamadzi mosiyanasiyana. Idagawanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito waya pakati pa zotumiza ndi nthawi osati pafupipafupi. Izi zimafuna kulumikizana kwabwino kwa kugwedezeka pawiri iliyonse yolandila ndi ma transmitter kuti ma siginecha asadutse. Pofika mu August 1876, anali ndi quadruplex yogwira ntchito pa mfundoyi, ngakhale kuti pamtunda wa makilomita oposa 100 chizindikirocho chinakhala chopanda ntchito. Analinso ndi malingaliro owongolera foni ya Race, yomwe adayiyika pambali kwakanthawi.
Ndipo Edison adamva za chisangalalo chomwe chidapangidwa ku Centennial Exposition ku Philadelphia ndi bambo wina dzina lake Bell.
Bell
anabadwira ku Edinburgh, Scotland, ndipo anakulira ku London motsogoleredwa ndi agogo ake. Monga Gray ndi Edison, adawonetsa chidwi ndi telegraph ali mnyamata, koma kenako adatsatira mapazi a abambo ake ndi agogo ake, akusankha kulankhula kwaumunthu monga chilakolako chake chachikulu. Agogo ake aamuna, Alexander, anadzipangira mbiri pabwalo ndipo kenako anayamba kuphunzitsa kulankhula pagulu. Abambo ake, Alexander Melville, analinso mphunzitsi, ndipo adapanga ndikufalitsa kachitidwe ka mawu, komwe adatcha "mawu owoneka." Alexander wamng'ono (Alec, monga momwe ankatchulidwira m'banja), anasankha kukhala ntchito yake yophunzitsa kulankhula kwa ogontha.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1860 anali kuphunzira za anatomy ndi physiology ku University College London. Wophunzira Marie Eccleston anaphunzira naye, amene analinganiza kukwatira. Koma kenako anasiya kuphunzira ndiponso chikondi. Azichimwene ake aŵiri anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha TB, ndipo bambo ake a Alec analamula kuti iye ndi banja lake lotsala asamukire ku Dziko Latsopano kuti ateteze thanzi la mwana wake yekhayo. Bell anamvera, ngakhale kuti anakana ndi kudana nazo, ndipo ananyamuka mu 1870.
Pambuyo pa kuthyolako pang'ono ku Ontario, Alexander, pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa abambo ake, adapeza ntchito yauphunzitsi pasukulu ya ogontha ku Boston. Kumeneko ulusi wa tsogolo lake unayamba kuwomba.
Poyamba anali ndi wophunzira, Mabel Hubbard, yemwe anasiya kumva ali ndi zaka zisanu chifukwa cha scarlet fever. Bell anapitirizabe kuphunzitsa payekha ngakhale atakhala pulofesa wa physiology ya mawu ndi kulankhula pagulu pa yunivesite ya Boston, ndipo Mabel anali m'gulu la ophunzira ake oyambirira. Panthawi yophunzitsidwa, anali ndi zaka zosakwana 16, wamng'ono kwa Bell ndi zaka khumi, ndipo m'miyezi yochepa adakondana ndi mtsikana uyu. Tidzabwereranso kunkhani yake pambuyo pake.
Mu 1872 Bell adakonzanso chidwi chake pa telegraph. Zaka zingapo m’mbuyomo, adakali ku London, Bell anamva za kufufuza kwa Helmholtz. Koma Bell sanamvetsetse zomwe Helmholtz adachita, pokhulupirira kuti sanangolenga, komanso amafalitsa mamvekedwe ovuta pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Chifukwa chake Bell adachita chidwi ndi telegraphy ya harmonic - kugwiritsa ntchito waya wolumikizana ndi ma siginecha angapo omwe amafalitsidwa pafupipafupi. Mwina atalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhani yoti Western Union idapeza lingaliro la duplex la telegraph kuchokera kwa a Bostonian Joseph Stearns, Bell adaganiziranso malingaliro ake ndipo, monga Edison ndi Gray, adayamba kuyesa kuwagwiritsa ntchito.
Tsiku lina, akuchezera Mabel, adagwira chingwe chachiwiri cha tsogolo lake - ataima pafupi ndi piyano, adawonetsa banja lake chinyengo chomwe adaphunzira ali wachinyamata. Ngati muyimba nyimbo yoyera pa piyano, chingwe chofananiracho chimalira ndikukuyimbiraninso. Adauza bambo ake a Mabel kuti cholumikizira cha telegraph chomwe chasinthidwa chingathe kuchita chimodzimodzi, ndipo adafotokoza momwe chingagwiritsire ntchito ma telegraph ambiri. Ndipo Bell sakanatha kupeza womvetsera wogwirizana bwino ndi nkhani yake: adakondwera ndi chisangalalo ndipo nthawi yomweyo anamvetsa lingaliro lalikulu: "Pali mpweya umodzi kwa aliyense, ndipo waya umodzi wokha ukufunika," ndiko kuti, kufalikira kwa mafunde amakono. waya amatha kutengera kufalikira kwa mafunde amlengalenga opangidwa ndi mawu ovuta. Womvera Bell anali Gardiner Hubbard.
foni
Ndipo tsopano nkhaniyi ikuyamba kusokoneza kwambiri, kotero ndikuwopa kuyesa kuleza mtima kwa owerenga. Ndiyesetsa kutsatira njira zazikulu popanda kudodometsedwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Bell, mothandizidwa ndi Hubbard ndi atate wa wophunzira wake wina, anagwira ntchito mwakhama pa telegraph ya harmonic popanda kulengeza kupita kwake patsogolo. Anasinthana ndi ntchito yaukali ndi nthawi yopuma pamene thanzi lake linamulephera, pamene akuyesera kukwaniritsa ntchito yake ya ku yunivesite, kulimbikitsa dongosolo la abambo ake la "mawu owoneka" ndikugwira ntchito monga namkungwi. Analemba ntchito wothandizira watsopano , makanika wodziwa zambiri kuchokera ku Boston mechanical workshop ya Charles Williams - anthu okonda magetsi anasonkhana kumeneko. Hubbard adalimbikitsa Bell, ndipo sanachite manyazi ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito dzanja la mwana wake wamkazi ngati chilimbikitso, kukana kumukwatira mpaka Bell atakonza telegraph yake.
M'chilimwe cha 1874, ali patchuthi pafupi ndi nyumba ya banja ku Ontario, Bell anali ndi epiphany. Malingaliro angapo omwe analipo mu chikumbumtima chake adalumikizana kukhala imodzi - foni. Maganizo ake anakhudzidwa kwambiri - chida choyamba chojambulira mawu padziko lonse lapansi chomwe chinajambula mafunde amawu pamagalasi osuta. Izi zinatsimikizira Bell kuti phokoso la zovuta zilizonse zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ku kayendedwe ka mfundo mumlengalenga, monga kuyenda kwa panopa kudzera pa waya. Sitidzangoganizira zaukadaulo, chifukwa alibe chochita ndi mafoni omwe adapangidwa ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhala kokayikitsa. Koma iwo anatenga kuganiza kwa Bell ku njira yatsopano.
Chithunzi chojambula cha foni yoyambirira ya Bell yokhala ndi "harmonics" (sinamangidwe)
Bell anayika lingaliro ili pambali kwa kanthawi kuti atsatire, monga momwe abwenzi ake amayembekezera kwa iye, cholinga chopanga telegraph ya harmonic.
Koma posakhalitsa anatopa ndi chizoloŵezi chokonza zida zoimbira bwino, ndipo mtima wake, wotopa ndi zopinga zambiri zomwe zimayima panjira yogwiritsira ntchito njira yothandiza, yomwe imakokera kwambiri pa telefoni. Liwu la munthu linali chilakolako chake choyamba. M'chilimwe cha 1875, adapeza kuti bango logwedezeka silingathe kutseka mwamsanga ndikutsegula dera monga makiyi a telegraph, komanso kupanga mafunde opitirira ngati mafunde pamene akuyenda mumlengalenga. Anauza lingaliro lake la foni kwa Watson, ndipo pamodzi anamanga chitsanzo choyamba cha foni pa mfundo iyi - chithunzithunzi chogwedezeka m'munda wa maginito a electromagnet chinachititsa kuti mafunde akugwedezeka pamagetsi. Chipangizochi chinkatha kutulutsa mawu osamveka bwino. Hubbard sanasangalale ndi chipangizocho ndipo adalamula Bell kuti abwerere ku mavuto enieni.
Matelefoni a Bell amtengo wapatali kuyambira chilimwe cha 1875
Koma Bell adatsimikizirabe Hubbard ndi anzawo kuti lingalirolo liyenera kukhala lovomerezeka, chifukwa litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzojambula zambiri. Ndipo ngati mufunsira patent, palibe amene angakuletseni kutchulamo kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho polumikizana ndi mawu. Kenako mu Januwale, Bell adawonjezera njira yatsopano yopangira mafunde apano pakukonzekera patent: kukana kosinthika. Ankafuna kulumikiza diaphragm yogwedezeka, yomwe inalandira phokoso, ndi kukhudzana ndi platinamu, yotsika ndi kukwezedwa kuchokera ku chidebe chokhala ndi asidi, momwe munalinso kukhudzana kwina. Pamene kukhudza kusuntha kunamira mozama, malo okulirapo adakumana ndi asidi, zomwe zidachepetsa kukana kwa zomwe zikuyenda pakati pa olumikizana - ndi mosemphanitsa.
Chojambula cha Bell cha lingaliro la makina osinthira amadzimadzi
Hubbard, podziwa kuti Grey anali wotentha pazidendene za Bell, adatumiza pulogalamu yamakono yovomerezeka ku ofesi ya patent m'mawa wa February 14, popanda kuyembekezera kutsimikiziridwa komaliza kuchokera ku Bell. Ndipo masana a tsiku lomwelo, loya wa Gray anafika ndi patent yake. Inalinso ndi lingaliro lopanga mafunde apano pogwiritsa ntchito kukana kwamadzimadzi. Inanenanso za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa patelegraph komanso kutumiza kwamawu. Koma adachedwa maola angapo kuti asokoneze chilolezo cha Bell. Ngati dongosolo lofika likanakhala losiyana, pakanakhala kumvetsera kwa nthawi yaitali chivomerezo chisanaperekedwe. Chotsatira chake, pa March 7, Bell inapatsidwa nambala ya patent 174, "Improvements in Telegraphy," yomwe inayika mwala wapangodya wa kulamulira kwamtsogolo kwa dongosolo la Bell.
Koma nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi ndi yodabwitsa. Pa February 14, 1876, Bell kapena Gray sanapange chitsanzo cha foni. Palibe amene adayesapo izi, kupatula kuyesa kwachidule kwa Bell mu Julayi watha, pomwe panalibe kukana kosinthika. Chifukwa chake, ma Patent sakuyenera kuwonedwa ngati zochitika zazikuluzikulu m'mbiri yaukadaulo. Nthawi yovutayi pakupanga matelefoni ngati bizinesi yamabizinesi inalibe chochita ndi foni ngati chipangizo.
Pambuyo popereka chilolezocho kuti Bell ndi Watson anali ndi mwayi wobwerera ku telefoni, ngakhale kuti Hubbard ankafuna nthawi zonse kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito pa telegraph multiplex. Bell ndi Watson adakhala miyezi ingapo akuyesera kuti lingaliro la kukana kwamadzimadzi ligwire ntchito, ndipo telefoni yomangidwa pamfundoyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa mawu otchuka: "Bambo Watson, bwerani kuno, ndikufuna kukuwonani."
Koma opanga nthawi zonse anali ndi vuto ndi kudalirika kwa ma transmitter awa. Choncho Bell ndi Watson anayamba kugwira ntchito yopangira makina otumizira mauthenga atsopano pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya maginito imene anayeserapo m’chilimwe cha 1875—pogwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka diaphragm mu mphamvu ya maginito kuti asangalatse mwachindunji mphamvu ya maginito. Ubwino wake unali wosavuta komanso wodalirika. Choyipa chake chinali chakuti kutsika kwamphamvu kwa siginecha ya foni kudachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa mpweya komwe kumapangidwa ndi mawu a wokamba nkhani. Izi zimachepetsa mtunda wogwira ntchito wa magneto transmitter. Ndipo m’chchipangizo chotha kupirira mosiyanasiyana, liwu linkasintha mphamvu ya magetsi imene batireyo imapanga, yomwe ingakhale yamphamvu monga momwe ikufunira.
Maginito atsopano adagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa omwe adachokera kuchilimwe chatha, ndipo Gardiner adaganiza kuti pakhoza kukhala china chake pamalingaliro amafoni pambuyo pake. Mwa zina, adatumikira mu Massachusetts Education and Science Exposition Committee ya Centennial Exposition. Anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuti apeze malo a Bell pachiwonetsero ndi mpikisano kumene oweruza amaweruza zopangidwa zamagetsi.
Bell/Watson magneto transmitter. Chipilala chachitsulo chogwedezeka D chimayenda mu mphamvu ya maginito ya maginito H ndi kusangalatsa mphamvu yamagetsi
Wolandira
Oweruza adabwera ku Bell atangomaliza kuphunzira telegraph ya Grey. Anawasiya pa cholandirira ndikupita ku imodzi mwa ma transmitter omwe ali pamtunda wa mita zana limodzi motsatira nyumbayo. Anthu amene ankalankhula naye Bell anadabwa kumva akuimba komanso mawu akutuluka m’kabokosi kakang’ono kachitsulo. M'modzi mwa oweruzawo anali Mskoti mnzake wa Bell (omwe pambuyo pake adapatsidwa dzina loti Lord Kelvin). M’chisangalalo chachimwemwe, anathamangira m’holoyo kupita ku Bell kukamuuza kuti anamva mawu ake, ndipo pambuyo pake analengeza telefoniyo “chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri chimene anaona ku America.” Mfumu ya ku Brazil inaliponso, imene choyamba inakanikizira bokosilo m’khutu lake, ndiyeno analumpha pampando wake akufuula kuti: “Ndamva, ndamva!”
Kulengeza kwa Bell komwe kunapangidwa pachiwonetserocho kudapangitsa Edison kutsatira malingaliro ake am'mbuyomu otumizira mafoni. Nthawi yomweyo anaukira drawback chachikulu cha chipangizo Bell - osalimba magneto transmitter. Kuchokera pazomwe adayesa ndi quadruplex, adadziwa kuti kukana kwa tchipisi ta malasha kunasintha ndikusintha kwamphamvu. Pambuyo poyesera zambiri ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana, adapanga chosinthira chosinthira chomwe chimagwira ntchito pamfundoyi. M'malo molumikizana ndikuyenda mumadzimadzi, mafunde amphamvu a mawu a wokamba nkhani amapondereza "batani" la kaboni, kusintha kukana kwake, motero mphamvu yomwe ilipo pakali pano. Izi zinali zodalirika komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa ma transmitters amadzimadzi omwe Bell ndi Gray adapanga, ndipo zidathandizira kwambiri kuti foni ikhale yopambana.
Koma Bell anali adakali woyamba kupanga telefoni, ngakhale kuti anali ndi ubwino wodziwikiratu pazochitika ndi luso lomwe adani ake anali nalo. Iye anali woyamba osati chifukwa chakuti anali ndi luntha limene ena sanafikirepo - iwo ankaganizanso za telefoni, koma iwo ankaiona ngati yaing'ono poyerekezera ndi telegraph yabwino. Bell anali woyamba chifukwa ankakonda mawu a munthu kuposa telegraph, kotero kuti anakana zofuna za anzake mpaka atatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa foni yake.
Nanga bwanji telegraph ya harmonic, yomwe Gray, Edison ndi Bell adagwiritsa ntchito molimbika komanso kuganiza? Mpaka pano palibe chomwe chachitika. Kusunga ma vibrator amakina pa malekezero onse a waya molunjika bwino kunali kovuta kwambiri, ndipo palibe amene ankadziwa kukulitsa chizindikiro chophatikizika kuti chigwire ntchito mtunda wautali. Zinali chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ukadaulo wamagetsi utatha kuyambira ndi wailesi yomwe idaloledwa kuwongolera pafupipafupi komanso kukulitsa phokoso lochepa, pomwe lingaliro lakuyika ma siginecha angapo kuti liperekedwe pawaya umodzi lidakwaniritsidwa.
Kutsanzikana kwa Bell
Ngakhale kuti foni idachita bwino pachiwonetserochi, Hubbard sanafune kupanga makina amafoni. M’nyengo yozizira yotsatira, iye analingalira za William Orton, pulezidenti wa Western Union, kugula ufulu wonse wa telefoni pansi pa chiphaso cha Bell pamtengo wa madola 100. Orton anakana, mosonkhezeredwa ndi kusakonda kwa Hubbard ndi machenjerero ake a telegraph, kudzidalira, ndi kudzidalira. Ntchito ya Edison pa telefoni, komanso chikhulupiriro chakuti telefoni, poyerekeza ndi telegalamu, inali yocheperapo. Kuyesera kwina kugulitsa lingaliro la foni kwalephera, makamaka chifukwa choopa kukwera mtengo kwamilandu pa ufulu wa patent ngati agulitsidwa. Choncho, mu July 000, Bell ndi anzake adayambitsa Bell Telephone Company kuti akonzekere ntchito zawo zamafoni. Mwezi womwewo, Bell pomalizira pake anakwatira Mabel Gardiner kunyumba kwawo, kukhala wopambana kuti apambane madalitso a abambo ake.
Alec ndi mkazi wake Mabel ndi ana awiri otsala - ana ake aamuna awiri anamwalira ali akhanda (c. 1885)
Chaka chotsatira, Orton anasintha maganizo ake pa telefoni ndikupanga kampani yake, American Talking Telephone Company, akuyembekeza kuti zovomerezeka za Edison, Gray ndi ena zidzateteza kampaniyo ku milandu ya Bell. Anakhala chiwopsezo chakufa ku zofuna za Bell. Western Union inali ndi maubwino awiri akulu. Choyamba, chuma chachikulu. Kampani ya Bell inkafuna ndalama chifukwa idabwereketsa zida kwa makasitomala ake, zomwe zidatenga miyezi yambiri kuti izilipire. Chachiwiri, kupeza ma transmitter abwino a Edison. Aliyense amene amayerekezera chopatsira chake ndi chipangizo cha Bell sakanatha kuzindikira kumveka bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa mawu a wakale. Kampani ya Bell inalibe chochita koma kusumira mpikisano wake chifukwa chophwanya patent.
Ngati Western Union ikanakhala ndi ufulu wodziwikiratu kwa otumiza apamwamba okhawo omwe alipo, akanakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti agwirizane. Koma gulu la Bell linapeza chilolezo cham'mbuyo cha chipangizo chofananacho, chomwe chinapezedwa ndi munthu wochokera ku Germany , nagula. Pambuyo pazaka zambiri zankhondo zamilandu pomwe chilolezo cha Edison chidayikidwa patsogolo. Powona kuti milanduyo sinapambane, mu November 1879 Western Union inavomereza kusamutsa ufulu wonse wa patent ku telefoni, zipangizo, ndi olembetsa omwe alipo (anthu 55) ku kampani ya Bell. Posinthana, adapempha 000% yokha yobwereketsa mafoni kwazaka 20 zotsatira, komanso kuti Bell asachoke pabizinesi ya telegraph.
Kampani ya Bell inasintha mwamsanga zipangizo za Bell ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zochokera ku Berliner's patent ndiyeno patents zotengedwa ku Western Union. Panthawi yomwe milanduyi inatha, ntchito yaikulu ya Bell inali kuchitira umboni pamilandu ya patent, yomwe inali yochuluka. Pofika mu 1881 iye anali atapuma pantchito. Monga Morse, ndipo mosiyana ndi Edison, sanali wopanga machitidwe. Theodore Vail, manejala wokangalika amene Gardiner adamuchotsa ku ntchito ya positi, adatenga ulamuliro wa kampaniyo ndikuyitsogolera kuudindo waukulu mdzikolo.
Poyamba, matelefoni amakula mosiyana kwambiri ndi ma telegraph. Omalizawo adadumphadumpha ndi malire kuchokera ku malo ena azamalonda kupita ku ena, kuphimba 150 km panthawi imodzi, kufunafuna makasitomala ofunika kwambiri, kenako ndikuwonjezera maukonde ndi kulumikizana ndi misika yaying'ono yakomweko. Maukonde amafoni adakula ngati makhiristo kuchokera kumalo ang'onoang'ono okulirapo, kuchokera kwa makasitomala ochepa omwe amakhala m'magulu odziyimira pawokha mumzinda uliwonse ndi madera ozungulira, ndipo pang'onopang'ono, kwazaka zambiri, adaphatikizidwa m'magawo achigawo ndi mayiko.
Panali zopinga ziŵiri pa telefoni yaikulu. Choyamba, panali vuto la mtunda. Ngakhale ndi ma transmitter ochulukitsidwa okana kukana kutengera lingaliro la Edison, magwiridwe antchito a telegraph ndi telefoni anali osayerekezeka. Chizindikiro cha telefoni chovuta kwambiri chinali chosavuta kumva phokoso, ndipo mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimasinthasintha zinali zodziwika bwino kusiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji mu telegraph.
Kachiwiri, panali vuto lolankhulana. Foni ya Bell inali chida cholumikizirana wina ndi mnzake; imatha kulumikiza mfundo ziwiri pawaya umodzi. Kwa telegraph izi sizinali vuto. Ofesi imodzi imatha kuthandiza makasitomala ambiri, ndipo mauthenga amatha kutumizidwa kuchokera ku ofesi yapakati kupita pamzere wina. Koma panalibe njira yophweka yolankhulirana pafoni. Pakukhazikitsa koyamba kwa telefoni, anthu achitatu ndi otsatira amatha kulumikizana ndi anthu awiri omwe amalankhula kudzera pa zomwe zimatchedwa "telefoni yolumikizidwa." Ndiye kuti, ngati zida zonse zolembetsa zidalumikizidwa ndi mzere umodzi, ndiye kuti aliyense wa iwo amatha kuyankhula (kapena kumvera) ndi enawo.
Tidzabwereranso ku vuto la mtunda mu nthawi yake. MU Tidzayang'ana pavuto la maulumikizidwe ndi zotsatira zake, zomwe zidakhudza chitukuko cha ma relay.
Zoti muwerenge
- Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell ndi Conquest of Solitude (1973)
- David A. Hounshell, "Elisha Gray ndi Telefoni: Pa Zoipa Zokhala Katswiri," Technology ndi Culture (1975).
- Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (1998)
- George B. Prescott, The Talking Telephone, Talking Phonograph, and Other Novelties (1878)
Source: www.habr.com