Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
ankagwira ntchito imodzi imodzi, kulumikiza masiteshoni awiri. Koma kale mu 1877 anaganiza dongosolo lonse lolumikizidwa. Bell adalemba potsatsa kwa omwe angayike ndalama kuti monga momwe maukonde amagetsi a gasi ndi madzi amalumikizira nyumba ndi mabizinesi m'mizinda yayikulu kumalo ogawa,
Munthu angalingalire mmene zingwe za telefoni zikayikidwira mobisa kapena kuyimitsidwa pamwamba, ndipo nthambi zawo zikanaloŵerera m’nyumba za anthu, minda, masitolo, mafakitale, ndi zina zotero, kuzilumikiza ndi chingwe chachikulu chokhala ndi ofesi yapakati kumene mawaya. akhoza kulumikizidwa monga momwe akufunira, kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa malo aliwonse awiri mumzinda. Komanso, ndikukhulupirira kuti m’tsogolo mawaya adzalumikiza maofesi akuluakulu a Kampani ya Matelefoni m’mizinda yosiyanasiyana, ndipo munthu m’dera lina la dzikolo adzatha kulankhulana ndi munthu wina kutali.
Koma iye kapena anthu a m’nthawi yake analibe luso lokwaniritsa maulosi amenewa. Zingatenge zaka zambiri komanso luso lalikulu ndi ntchito zolimba kuti foni ikhale makina ochulukira komanso ovuta kwambiri odziwika ndi anthu, omwe angadutse makontinenti ndipo pamapeto pake nyanja zamchere kuti alumikizane ndi matelefoni onse padziko lapansi.
Kusintha kumeneku kunatheka ndi, mwa zina, chitukuko cha kusintha - ofesi yapakati yokhala ndi zipangizo zomwe zimatha kutumiziranso foni kuchokera ku mzere wa woyimbayo kupita ku mzere wa callee. Kusintha makina kwadzetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa mabwalo otumizirana mauthenga, zomwe zakhudza kwambiri makompyuta.
Kusintha koyamba
M'masiku oyambirira a telefoni, palibe amene akanatha kunena ndendende zomwe zinali. Kutumiza kwa mauthenga ojambulidwa pamtunda wautali kwadziwika kale ndipo kwasonyeza kuti ndi zothandiza pazamalonda ndi ntchito zankhondo. Koma sipanakhalepo zitsanzo zotumizira mawu patali. Kodi chinali chida chamalonda ngati telegraph? Chida cholumikizirana ndi anthu? Njira yosangalatsa komanso yolimbikitsa, monga kuwulutsa nyimbo ndi nkhani zandale?
Gardiner Greene Hubbard, m'modzi mwa othandizira kwambiri a Bell, adapeza fanizo lothandiza. Amalonda a telegraph adamanga makampani ambiri a telegraph m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Anthu olemera kapena mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono adabwereka chingwe chodzipatulira cha telegraph chowalumikiza ku ofesi yapakati ya kampaniyo. Akatumiza telegalamu, amatha kuyimbira takisi, kutumiza mthenga ndi uthenga kwa kasitomala kapena bwenzi, kapena kuyimbira apolisi. Hubbard ankakhulupirira kuti foni ingalowe m’malo mwa telegalafu pa nkhani ngati zimenezi. Ndiwosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kuthekera kosunga mawu olankhula kumafulumizitsa ntchitoyo ndikuchepetsa kusamvana. Chifukwa chake adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kampani yotereyi, yopereka kubwereketsa mafoni ogwirizana ndi makampani amafoni am'deralo, omwe adangopangidwa kumene komanso osinthidwa kuchokera kumisika yapa telegraph.
Woyang'anira imodzi mwamakampani amafoniwa angazindikire kuti akufunika mafoni makumi awiri kuti alankhule ndi makasitomala makumi awiri. Ndipo nthawi zina, kasitomala wina ankafuna kutumiza uthenga kwa wina—mwachitsanzo, dokotala wotumiza mankhwala kwa wamankhwala. Bwanji osangowapatsa mpata wolankhulana?
Bell nayenso akanatha kupanga lingaliro lotere. Anathera nthawi yambiri ya 1877 pa maulendo oyankhula akulimbikitsa foni. George Coy anapezekapo pa imodzi mwa nkhanizi ku New Haven, Connecticut, pamene Bell anafotokoza za masomphenya ake a ofesi yapakati pa telefoni. Coy adalimbikitsidwa ndi lingalirolo, adakonza New Haven District Telephone Company, adagula laisensi ku Bell Company ndipo adapeza olembetsa ake oyamba. Pofika mu Januwale 1878, adalumikiza olembetsa 21 pogwiritsa ntchito foni yoyamba yapagulu, yopangidwa kuchokera ku mawaya otayidwa ndi ma ketulo.
Pasanathe chaka chimodzi, zida zosinthira zofananira zolumikizira olembetsa matelefoni am'deralo zidayamba kuwonekera m'dziko lonselo. Mchitidwe wongopeka wa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni unayamba kuoneka bwino pakati pa amalonda ndi ogulitsa, amalonda ndi makasitomala, madokotala ndi ogulitsa mankhwala. Ngakhale pakati pa mabwenzi ndi mabwenzi omwe anali olemera mokwanira kuti agule zinthu zoterezi. Njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito lamya (mwachitsanzo, ngati njira youlutsira mawu) zinayamba kutha pang’onopang’ono.
M'zaka zochepa chabe, maofesi amafoni anali atalumikizana ndi makina osinthika omwe amatha kukhalapo kwa zaka zambiri: soketi zambiri zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulumikiza pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya a pulagi. Anagwirizananso za gawo loyenera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Poyamba, makampani a telefoni, amene ambiri mwa iwo anatuluka m’makampani a telegraph, ankalemba ganyu kuchokera ku gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito lomwe linalipo—akaleliki aanyamata ndi amithenga. Koma makasitomala anadandaula chifukwa chamwano wawo, ndipo mamenejala anavutika ndi khalidwe lawo lachiwawa. Posakhalitsa analowa m'malo ndi atsikana aulemu ndi aulemu.
Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa masiwichi apakati awa kudzatsimikizira mpikisano wolamulira matelefoni pakati pa gulu la Goliath la Bell ndi opikisana nawo omwe akubwera.
Bell ndi makampani odziyimira pawokha
American Bell Telephone Company, yomwe inali ndi Bell's 1876 patent number 174 ya "telegraph improvement", inali pamalo abwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa patent. Khotilo lidagamula kuti chilolezochi sichinangokhudza zida zokhazo zomwe zafotokozedwamo, komanso mfundo yotumizira mawu kudzera pamafunde amagetsi, kupatsa Bell kukhala wolamulira patelefoni ku United States mpaka 465, pomwe chilolezo chazaka 1893 chinatha.
Makampani oyang'anira adagwiritsa ntchito nthawiyi mwanzeru. Ndikoyenera kuzindikira Purezidenti и . Forbes anali wolemekezeka ku Boston komanso pamwamba pa mndandanda wa osunga ndalama omwe adatenga ulamuliro wa kampaniyo pamene anzake oyambirira a Bell adasowa ndalama. Vail, mdzukulu wa mnzake Samuel Morse, , anali pulezidenti wa makampani ofunika kwambiri a Bell, Metropolitan Telephone, omwe ali ku New York, ndipo anali mkulu wa bungwe la American Bell. Vail adawonetsa luso lake loyang'anira ngati wamkulu wa Railway Mail Service, amasankha makalata m'magalimoto popita komwe akupita, amatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri panthawiyo.
Forbes ndi Vail amayang'ana kwambiri pakulowetsa Bell mu mzinda uliwonse waukulu mdzikolo ndikulumikiza mizinda yonseyo ndi mizere yakutali. Chifukwa chuma chachikulu cha kampaniyo chinali maziko ake omwe adalembetsa kale, adakhulupirira kuti mwayi wosayerekezeka wa netiweki ya Bell kwa makasitomala omwe adalipo angawapatse mwayi wopikisana nawo polemba makasitomala atsopano patent ikatha.
Bell adalowa m'mizinda yatsopano osati pansi pa dzina la American Bell, koma popereka chilolezo kwa wogwiritsa ntchito m'deralo ndikugula gawo lalikulu mu kampaniyo. Kuti apititse patsogolo ndikukulitsa mizere yolumikiza maofesi amizinda, adakhazikitsa kampani ina, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) mu 1885. Weil anawonjezera utsogoleri wa kampaniyi pamndandanda wake wochititsa chidwi wa maudindo. Koma mwina chowonjezera chofunikira kwambiri pagulu la kampaniyo chinali kupeza mu 1881 chidwi chowongolera ku kampani yamagetsi yaku Chicago ya Western Electric. Idakhazikitsidwa poyambilira ndi mnzake wa Bell Elisha Gray, kenako adakhala wogulitsa wamkulu wa zida za Western Union kuti pamapeto pake akhale wopanga mkati mwa Bell.
Sizinali mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1890, chakumapeto kwa ulamuliro walamulo wa Bell, pamene makampani a telefoni odziimira okha anayamba kukwawira kuchokera m'makona omwe Bell adawasokoneza ndi U.S. Patent No. 174. M'zaka makumi awiri zotsatira, odziimira pawokha. makampani adayika chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa Bell, ndipo onse awiriwo adakula mwachangu pomenyera madera ndi olembetsa. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula, Bell idatembenuza kapangidwe kake mkati, ndikusintha AT&T kuchokera kukampani yabizinesi kukhala kampani yogwira. American Bell inalembedwa motsatira malamulo a boma. Massachusetts, yomwe idatsata lingaliro lakale la bungwe ngati tchata chochepa cha anthu - kotero American Bell adayenera kupempha maphungu a boma kuti alowe mumzinda watsopano. Koma AT&T, yokonzedwa pansi pa malamulo akampani omasuka ku New York, inalibe chosowa chotero.
AT&T idakulitsa maukonde ndikukhazikitsa kapena kupeza makampani kuti aphatikize ndikuteteza zonena zake kumizinda yayikulu, ndikukulitsa maukonde omwe akukulirakulira amizere ataliatali m'dziko lonselo. Makampani odziyimira pawokha anali kulanda madera atsopano mwachangu momwe angathere, makamaka m'matauni ang'onoang'ono omwe AT&T anali asanafike.
Pampikisano waukulu umenewu, chiwerengero cha mafoni ogwiritsidwa ntchito chinawonjezeka modabwitsa. Pofika m’chaka cha 1900, kunali kale mafoni 1,4 miliyoni ku United States, poyerekeza ndi 800 ku Ulaya ndi 000 padziko lonse lapansi. Panali chipangizo chimodzi kwa anthu 100 aku America. Kupatulapo United States, Sweden ndi Switzerland okha ndi omwe amayandikira kuchulukira koteroko. Mwa mafoni a 000 miliyoni, 60 anali a olembetsa a Bell ndipo ena onse anali a makampani odziimira okha. M'zaka zitatu zokha, ziwerengerozi zidakula kufika pa 1,4 miliyoni ndi 800 miliyoni, motero, ndipo chiwerengero cha masinthidwe chinayandikira masauzande.
Chiwerengero cha masiwichi, pafupifupi. 1910
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ma switchi kwapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kwambiri pakusinthitsa mafoni apakati. Poyankha, makampani amafoni adapanga ukadaulo watsopano wosinthira womwe udakhala magawo awiri akulu: imodzi, yokondedwa ndi Bell, yoyendetsedwa ndi onyamula. Wina, wotengedwa ndi makampani odziyimira pawokha, adagwiritsa ntchito zida za electromechanical kuti athetseretu ogwira ntchito.
Kuti zitheke, tiyitcha iyi mzere wolakwika wamanja/magalimoto. Koma musalole kuti mawu awa akupusitseni. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mizere yolowera "otomatiki" m'masitolo akuluakulu, ma switch amagetsi, makamaka matembenuzidwe awo oyamba, adayikanso nkhawa kwa makasitomala. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amakampani amafoni, makina odzipangira okha adachepetsa mtengo wantchito, koma kuchokera pamalingaliro amachitidwe, adasamutsa ntchito yolipidwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.
Othandizira pa standby
Panthawi yampikisanoyi, Chicago inali likulu lazatsopano la Bell System. Angus Hibbard, CEO wa Chicago Telephone, anali kukankhira malire a telefoni kuti awonjezere mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri-ndipo izi sizinali bwino ndi likulu la AT&T. Koma popeza panalibe mgwirizano wamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa AT&T ndi makampani opangira ntchito, sakanatha kumuwongolera mwachindunji - amangoyang'ana ndikugwedezeka.
Panthawiyo, ambiri mwa makasitomala a Bell anali amalonda, atsogoleri amalonda, madokotala, kapena maloya omwe ankalipira ndalama zochepa kuti agwiritse ntchito telefoni popanda malire. Ndi anthu ochepa amene akanakwanitsabe kulipira $125 pachaka, zomwe ndi ndalama zokwana masauzande angapo masiku ano. Kukulitsa ntchito kwa makasitomala ambiri, Chicago Telephone idayambitsa zopereka zitatu zatsopano muzaka za m'ma 1890 zomwe zidapereka zotsika mtengo komanso zochepetsera ntchito. Poyamba panali ntchito yokhala ndi nthawi yowerengera pamzere wokhala ndi mwayi kwa anthu angapo, mtengo wake unali wa mphindi imodzi ndi ndalama zochepa zolembetsa (chifukwa cha kugawa kwa mzere umodzi pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito angapo). Wogwira ntchitoyo adalemba nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kasitomala papepala - mita yoyamba yodziwikiratu ku Chicago sinawonekere mpaka nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha. Ndiye panali ntchito yosinthana m'deralo, ndi mafoni opanda malire a midadada angapo mozungulira, koma ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha ogwira ntchito pa kasitomala (ndipo nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera). Ndipo potsiriza, panalinso foni yolipidwa, yoikidwa kunyumba ya kasitomala kapena ofesi. Nickel inali yokwanira kuyimba foni yomwe imatha mphindi zisanu kupita kulikonse mumzinda. Inali ntchito yoyamba yamatelefoni kupezeka kwa anthu apakatikati, ndipo pofika 1906, mafoni 40 mwa 000 a ku Chicago anali mafoni olipira.
Kuti apitilizebe ndi olembetsa omwe akukula mwachangu, Hibbard adagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Western Electric, yomwe fakitale yake yayikulu inalinso ku Chicago, makamaka ndi Charles Scribner, injiniya wake wamkulu. Tsopano palibe amene akudziwa za Scribner, koma iye, mlembi wa ma patent mazana angapo, ankaona woyambitsa wotchuka ndi injiniya. Zina mwazochita zake zoyambirira zinali kupanga masinthidwe amtundu wa Bell system, kuphatikiza cholumikizira cha waya, chotchedwa "jack mpeni" chifukwa chofanana ndi mpeni wopinda m'thumba [jackknife]. Dzinali pambuyo pake adafupikitsidwa kukhala "jack".
Scribner, Hibbard ndi magulu awo adakonzanso dera losinthira lapakati kuti awonjezere magwiridwe antchito. Zizindikiro zotangwanika ndi kamvekedwe ka belu (zosonyeza kuti cholumikizira cha m'manja chatengedwa) zimamasula ogwiritsa ntchito kuti asauze oyimba kuti panali cholakwika. Magetsi ang'onoang'ono amagetsi owonetsa kuyimba kogwira ntchito adalowa m'malo mwa zipata zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kukankhira pamalo ake nthawi iliyonse. Moni wa wogwiritsa ntchitoyo "hello", womwe udayitanira kukambirana, adasinthidwa ndi "nambala, chonde", zomwe zikutanthauza yankho limodzi lokha. Chifukwa cha kusintha kotereku, nthawi yoyimba mafoni ku Chicago idatsika kuchoka pa masekondi 45 mu 1887 kufika masekondi 6,2 mu 1900.
Kusintha kwanthawi zonse ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, pafupifupi. 1910
Pamene Chicago Telephone, Western Electric, ndi ma tentacles ena a Bell ankagwira ntchito kuti azitha kulankhulana ndi onyamulira mofulumira komanso mogwira mtima, ena anayesa kuchotsa zonyamulira palimodzi.
Almon Brown Strowger
Zipangizo zolumikizira matelefoni popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu zakhala ndi zovomerezeka, zowonetsedwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 1879 ndi opanga kuchokera ku USA, France, Britain, Sweden, Italy, Russia ndi Hungary. Mu United States mokha, pofika m’chaka cha 1889, ma patent 27 analembetsedwa kuti azitha kusintha matelefoni. Koma, monga zakhala zikuchitika nthawi zambiri m'mbiri yathu, mbiri yopangira makina osinthira mopanda chilungamo idapita kwa munthu m'modzi: Almon Strowger. Izi sizolakwika kwenikweni, popeza anthu asanabadwe adamanga zida zotayira, amazitenga ngati gizmos, samatha kutuluka m'misika yaying'ono, yomwe ikukula pang'onopang'ono, kapena sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito lingalirolo. Makina a Strowger anali oyamba kukhazikitsidwa pamafakitale. Koma ndizosatheka kuzitcha "makina a Strouger," chifukwa sanadzipange yekha.
Strowger, mphunzitsi wazaka 50 ku Kansas City yemwe adasanduka bizinezi, anali wocheperako ngati katswiri waluso m'nthawi yaukadaulo wokulirakulira. Nkhani za kupangidwa kwake kwa switchboard zanenedwa nthawi zambiri, ndipo zikuwoneka ngati za nthano m'malo mokhala zoona zenizeni. Koma onse amachokera ku kusakhutira kwa Strowger ndi mfundo yoti osinthana ma telefoni akumaloko akupatutsa makasitomala kwa mpikisano wake. Sizingathekenso kudziwa ngati chiwembu choterechi chinachitikadi, kapena ngati Strowger ndiye adazunzidwa. Mwachionekere, iye mwiniyo sanali wamalonda wabwino monga momwe ankadzionera. Mulimonsemo, lingaliro la foni "popanda atsikana" linachokera ku chikhalidwe ichi.
Patent yake ya 1889 idafotokoza mawonekedwe a chipangizo chomwe chida cholimba chachitsulo chinalowa m'malo mwa chogwirira cha woyendetsa foni. M'malo mwa waya wa jack, idagwira chingwe chachitsulo chomwe chimatha kuyenda mu arc ndikusankha imodzi mwa mizere 100 yamakasitomala (mwina mundege imodzi, kapena, mu "dual-motor" version, mu ndege khumi za mizere khumi iliyonse) .
Woimbayo ankalamulira dzanja lake pogwiritsa ntchito makiyi awiri a telegraph, imodzi ya makumi, ina ya mayunitsi. Kuti alumikizane ndi olembetsa 57, woyimbayo adasindikiza makiyi makumi asanu kasanu kuti asunthire dzanja ku gulu lofunidwa lamakasitomala khumi, kenako akanikizire makiyi awo kasanu ndi kawiri kuti afikire wolembetsa wofunidwa m'gululo, kenako ndikudina kiyi yomaliza kuti alumikizane. Pa telefoni ndi woyendetsa, woimbirayo ankangofunika kunyamula foniyo, kuyembekezera woyankhayo kuti ayankhe, kunena "57" ndikudikirira kugwirizana.
Dongosolo silinali lotopetsa kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso limafunikira zida zosafunikira: mawaya asanu kuchokera kwa olembetsa kupita ku switch ndi mabatire awiri a foni (imodzi yowongolera kusintha, imodzi yolankhula). Panthawiyi, Bell anali atasunthira kale ku batire yapakati, ndipo masiteshoni awo atsopano analibe mabatire ndi mawaya amodzi okha.
Strowger akuti adapanga njira yoyamba yosinthira kuchokera ku mapini omata mulu wa makolala owuma. Kuti agwiritse ntchito chipangizo chothandiza, anafunikira thandizo la ndalama ndi luso la mabwenzi angapo ofunika kwambiri: makamaka wamalonda Joseph Harris ndi injiniya Alexander Keith. Harris adapatsa Strowger ndalama ndikuyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company, yomwe idapanga masiwichi. Mwanzeru anaganiza zopeza kampaniyo osati ku Kansas City, koma kunyumba kwake ku Chicago. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake, Western Electric inali pakati pa mainjiniya amafoni. Mwa mainjiniya oyamba omwe adalembedwa ganyu anali Keith, yemwe adabwera ku kampaniyo kuchokera kudziko lamagetsi ndipo adakhala mtsogoleri waukadaulo wa Strowger Automatic. Mothandizidwa ndi mainjiniya ena odziwa zambiri, adapanga lingaliro lopanda pake la Strowger kukhala chida cholondola chokonzekera kupanga ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka, ndikuyang'anira kukonza zonse zazikulu zaukadaulo pazaka 20 zotsatira.
Pazosinthazi, ziwiri zinali zofunika kwambiri. Yoyamba inali m'malo mwa makiyi ambiri ndi kuyimba kumodzi, komwe kumangopanga ma pulse onse awiri omwe adasuntha chosinthira pamalo omwe mukufuna komanso chizindikiro cholumikizira. Izi zidasinthiratu zida zolembetsa ndipo zidakhala njira yosasinthika yowongolerera ma switch mpaka Bell adayambitsa kuyimba kwa toni kudziko lonse m'ma 1960s. Foni yodziyimira payokha yakhala yofanana ndi foni ya rotary. Chachiwiri chinali kupangidwa kwa makina osinthira olumikizira awiri, omwe amalola ogwiritsa ntchito 1000 kuti azitha kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake poyimba manambala atatu kapena anayi. Kusintha koyambira koyamba kunasankha imodzi mwa masiwiwidwe khumi kapena zana limodzi, ndipo masinthidwewo adasankha yofunikira kuchokera kwa olembetsa 10. Izi zinapangitsa kuti kusinthaku kukhale kopikisana m'mizinda ikuluikulu kumene zikwi za olembetsa amakhala.
Strowger Automatic adayika chosinthira choyamba chamalonda ku LaPorte, Indiana, mu 1892, ndikutumizira olembetsa makumi asanu ndi atatu a kampani yodziyimira payokha ya Cushman Telephone. Wothandizira wakale wa Bell yemwe amagwira ntchito mu mzindawu adatuluka bwino atataya mkangano patent ndi AT&T, kupatsa Cushman ndi Strowger mwayi wamtengo wapatali kuti atenge malo ake ndikubera makasitomala ake. Zaka zisanu pambuyo pake, Keith adayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa koyamba kwa masiwichi a magawo awiri ku Augusta, Georgia, ndikutumikira mizere 900.
Panthawiyo, Strowger anali atapuma pantchito ndipo ankakhala ku Florida, kumene anamwalira patatha zaka zingapo. Dzina lake lidachotsedwa pa dzina la Automatic Telephone Company, ndipo idadziwika kuti Autelco. Autelco anali ogulitsa kwambiri ma switch amagetsi ku United States komanso ku Europe. Pofika m’chaka cha 1910, ma switch odzichitira okha anathandiza olembetsa 200 a ku America m’malo otumizirana matelefoni 000, pafupifupi onse amene anapangidwa ndi Autelco. Iliyonse inali ya kampani yodziyimira payokha yamafoni. Koma 131 inali gawo laling'ono la anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America omwe amalembetsa mafoni. Ngakhale makampani ambiri odziyimira pawokha amatsata mapazi a Bell, ndipo Bell mwiniwake anali asanaganizirepo mozama kuti alowe m'malo mwa omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito.
General Management
Otsutsa dongosolo la Bell ayesa kufotokoza kudzipereka kwa kampani kugwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsira ntchito ngati ali ndi zolinga zoipa, koma zoneneza zawo ndizovuta kukhulupirira. Panali zifukwa zingapo zomveka za izi ndi zina zomwe zinkawoneka zomveka panthawiyo, koma m'mbuyo zikuwoneka zolakwika.
Bell anafunika kupanga chosinthira chake choyamba. AT&T inalibe cholinga cholipira Autelco pakusinthana kwamafoni. Mwamwayi, mu 1903, adapeza chilolezo cha chipangizo chopangidwa ndi abale a Lorimer aku Brantford, Ontario. Mumzindawu makolo a Alexander Bell adakhazikika atachoka ku Scotland, ndipo pomwe lingaliro la telefoni lidabwera koyamba m'maganizo mwake pamene adachezera kumeneko mu 1874. Mosiyana ndi chosinthira cha Strowger, chipangizo cha Lorimers chimagwiritsa ntchito ma pulses obwerera kumbuyo kusuntha chowongolera - ndiko kuti, magetsi akuchokera pa switch, iliyonse imasinthanso chingwe cha olembetsa, ndikupangitsa kuti iwerengere kutsika kuchokera pa nambala yomwe adalembetsa. lever mpaka zero.
Mu 1906, Western Electric inapatsa magulu awiri osiyana kuti apange masiwichi potengera lingaliro la Lorimers, ndipo machitidwe omwe adapanga - gulu ndi rotary - adapanga m'badwo wachiwiri wosinthira zokha. Onse awiri adalowetsa chowongolera ndi chipangizo choyimbira wamba, ndikusuntha cholandilira mkati mwa siteshoni yapakati.
Chofunika kwambiri pazifukwa zathu, makina a zipangizo zosinthira za Western Electric-zofotokozedwa bwino mwatsatanetsatane ndi akatswiri a mbiri ya telefoni-anali maulendo obwereza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kusintha. Koma akatswiri a mbiri yakale anatchula zimenezi mwachidule.
Izi ndizomvetsa chisoni, popeza kubwera kwa mabwalo owongolera owongolera kuli ndi zotsatira ziwiri zofunika m'mbiri yathu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, adalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti kuphatikizika kwa masinthidwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuimira masamu osawerengeka komanso ntchito zomveka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro amenewa kudzakhala mutu wa nkhani yotsatira. Ndipo poyamba anasiya vuto lalikulu lomaliza la uinjiniya wosintha zinthu zokha - kuthekera kokulirapo kuti atumikire madera akuluakulu akumatauni komwe Bell anali ndi olembetsa masauzande ambiri.
Momwe ma switches a Strowger adakulitsidwira, ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Alexander Keith kusintha pakati pa mizere 10, sakanatha kuwongoleredwa kwambiri. Ngati titapitiliza kuonjezera chiwerengero cha zigawo, kuyitana kulikonse kumafunika zida zambiri kuti ziperekedwe kwa izo. Akatswiri a Bell adatcha njira ina yosinthira makulitsidwe. Inasunga nambala yoyimbayo mu kaundula, kenaka inamasulira manambalawo kukhala ma code osasinthasintha (kawirikawiri omwe si a manambala) omwe amawongolera masiwichi. Izi zinalola kuti kusinthana kukhazikitsidwe mosinthika kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, mafoni pakati pa ma switchboard amatha kutumizidwa kudzera pa siteshoni yapakati (yomwe sinagwirizane ndi nambala imodzi pa nambala yomwe idayimbidwa), m'malo molumikiza ma switchboard onse mumzinda ndi ena onse. .
Monga zikuwonekera, , katswiri wofufuza kafukufuku mu AT & T Traffic Division, anali woyamba kubwera ndi "wotumiza". Molina adadziwika chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake watsopano yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamasamu pakuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mafoni. Maphunzirowa adamufikitsa cha m'ma 1905 ku lingaliro lakuti ngati kutumiza mafoni kuchotsedwa kuchokera ku nambala ya decimal yomwe yatchulidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, ndiye kuti makina amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mizereyo bwino kwambiri.
Molina adawonetsa masamu kuti kufalitsa mafoni pamagulu akulu amizere kumapangitsa kuti kusinthaku kuzitha kuyimba kwambiri ndikusunga mwayi wama siginecha wotanganidwa mofanana. Koma masinthidwe a Strowger anali ochepa mizere zana, osankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito manambala awiri. Kusintha kwa mizere 1000 kutengera manambala atatu kunapezeka kuti sikuthandiza. Koma mayendedwe a wosankhayo, wolamulidwa ndi wotumizayo, sikunali koyenera kuti agwirizane ndi manambala omwe adayimba. Wosankha wotere amatha kusankha kuchokera ku mizere ya 200 kapena 500 yopezeka ku makina ozungulira ndi mapanelo, motsatana. Molina anaganiza zopanga kaundula woyimba foni ndi chipangizo chosinthira chopangidwa kuchokera kumitundu yosakanikirana ndi ma ratchets, koma pofika nthawi yomwe AT&T idakonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito makina ozungulira, mainjiniya ena anali atabwera kale ndi "otumiza" othamanga kutengera ma relay okha.
Chida chotumizira mafoni cha Molina, patent No. 1 (yotumizidwa mu 083, yovomerezedwa mu 456)
Panali sitepe yaing'ono yotsalira kuchokera kwa "wotumiza" kupita ku ulamuliro wophatikizidwa. Magulu aku Western Electric adazindikira kuti safunikira kutchingira wotumiza kwa aliyense wolembetsa kapena kuyimba kulikonse. Zida zochepa zowongolera zitha kugawidwa pakati pa mizere yonse. Kuitana kukalowa, wotumizayo amayatsa kwakanthawi ndikulemba manambala omwe adayimba, kugwira ntchito ndi switch kuti atumizenso foniyo, kenako azimitsa ndikudikirira ina. Ndi kusintha kwa gulu, wotumiza, ndi kugawana nawo, AT&T inali ndi makina osinthika komanso owopsa omwe amatha kuthana ndi ma network akulu aku New York ndi Chicago.
Relay mu panel switch
Koma ngakhale mainjiniya akampaniyo adakana zotsutsa zonse zamatelefoni osagwiritsa ntchito, oyang'anira AT&T anali ndi kukaikira. Sanali wotsimikiza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito atha kuyimba manambala a manambala asanu ndi limodzi ndi asanu ndi awiri omwe amafunikira kuti aziyimba basi m'mizinda yayikulu. Panthawiyo, oimba foni adayimba kudzera mwa olembetsa am'deralo pomupatsa wogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ziwiri - dzina la kusintha komwe akufuna komanso (nthawi zambiri) nambala ya manambala anayi. Mwachitsanzo, kasitomala ku Pasadena amatha kufikira mnzake ku Burbank mwa kunena kuti "Burbank 5553." Oyang'anira Bell ankakhulupirira kuti kuchotsa "Burbank" ndi code yachisawawa yamitundu iwiri kapena itatu kungapangitse mafoni ambiri olakwika, kukhumudwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi ntchito zosauka.
Mu 1917, William Blauwell, wogwira ntchito ku AT&T, anakonza njira yothetsera mavutowa. Western Electric imatha, popanga makina olembetsa, kusindikiza zilembo ziwiri kapena zitatu pafupi ndi nambala iliyonse ya kuyimba. Bukhu lamafoni likhoza kusonyeza zilembo zingapo zoyambirira za kusintha kulikonse, zogwirizana ndi chaka chake cha digito, m'zilembo zazikulu. M'malo mokumbukira manambala mwachisawawa pa bolodi lomwe mukufuna, woyimbirayo amangotchula nambala: BUR-5553 (ya Burbank).
A 1939 Bell telefoni rotary kuyimba ndi nambala ya Lakewood 2697, amene ali 52-2697.
Koma ngakhale panalibe kutsutsa kusintha kwa ma switch odziwikiratu, AT&T analibebe chifukwa chaukadaulo kapena chogwirira ntchito kuti asiye njira yopambana yolumikizira mafoni. Nkhondo yokha ndiyo inamukankhira ku ichi. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kufunikira kwa katundu wa mafakitale nthawi zonse kunakweza mtengo wa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito: ku United States pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1919, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti malipiro awonjezereke m'madera ena. Mwadzidzidzi, mfundo yofunikira yofananira pakati pa zosintha zoyendetsedwa ndi oyendetsa ndi zodziwikiratu sizinali zaukadaulo kapena zogwirira ntchito, koma zachuma. Poganizira kukwera mtengo kwa olipira, pofika 1920 AT&T idaganiza kuti sikanathanso kukana makina ndipo idalamula kukhazikitsa makina odziwikiratu.
Njira yoyamba yosinthira gululi idapita pa intaneti ku Omaha, Nebraska, mu 1921. Idatsatiridwa ndi switch ya New York mu Okutobala 1922. Pofika 1928, 20% ya ma switch a AT&T anali okha; ndi 1934 - 50%, ndi 1960 - 97%. Bell adatseka kusinthanitsa kwamafoni komaliza ndi ogwira ntchito ku Maine mu 1978. Koma ogwira ntchito ankafunikabe kukonza mafoni akutali, ndipo anayamba kusinthidwa mu malo awa pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.
Kutengera nkhani zodziwika bwino za chikhalidwe chathu zokhudzana ndiukadaulo ndi bizinesi, zingakhale zosavuta kuganiza kuti kukonza AT&T kudapulumuka mwapang'onopang'ono m'manja mwa anthu odziyimira pawokha ang'onoang'ono, kenako ndikusinthira kuukadaulo wapamwamba womwe udayambika ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Koma m'malo mwake, AT&T idalipira chiwopsezo chamakampani odziyimira pawokha zaka khumi isanayambe kupanga makina osinthira mafoni.
Triumph Bell
Zochitika ziwiri zomwe zidachitika mzaka khumi zoyambirira zazaka za zana la XNUMX zidatsimikizira ambiri amalonda kuti palibe amene angagonjetse Bell System. Choyamba chinali kulephera kwa United States Independent Telephone Company ya Rochester kuchokera ku New York. United States Independent kwa nthawi yoyamba idaganiza zopanga njira yolumikizirana mtunda wautali. Koma sanathe kulowa mumsika wovuta wa New York ndipo adasokonekera. Chachiwiri chinali kugwa kwa Illinois Telephone ndi Telegraph yodziyimira payokha, yomwe inali kuyesa kulowa msika wa Chicago. Sikuti makampani ena sakanatha kupikisana ndi ntchito yakutali ya AT&T, koma adawonekanso kuti sangathe kupikisana nawo m'misika yayikulu yamtawuni.
Komanso, chivomerezo cha Chicago cha kampani ya Bell (Hibbard's Chicago Telephone) mu 1907 inawonetseratu kuti boma la mzinda silingayese kulimbikitsa mpikisano mu bizinesi ya telefoni. Lingaliro latsopano lazachuma la kulamulira kwachilengedwe linabuka - chikhulupiriro chakuti mitundu ina ya ntchito zaboma, kuziphatikiza pansi pa wopereka m'modzi kunali kopindulitsa komanso kwachilengedwe pakukula kwa msika. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, kuyankha kolondola kwa olamulira okha kunali kuwongolera kwake pagulu, osati kukakamiza mpikisano.
«» 1913 adatsimikizira maufulu omwe adalandira kuchokera ku boma la federal kuti agwiritse ntchito Kampani ya Bell. Poyamba zinkawoneka kuti utsogoleri wopita patsogolo , kukayikira kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwamakampani, kungathe kusokoneza Bell System kapena kusokoneza ulamuliro wake. Izi ndi zomwe aliyense ankaganiza pamene loya wamkulu wa Wilson, a James McReynolds, adatsegulanso mlandu wotsutsana ndi Bell womwe unabweretsedwa pamlandu woyamba wotsutsa. , ndi kuika patebulo pafupi ndi amene anadzayambapo. Koma AT&T ndi boma posakhalitsa zidagwirizana, zomwe zidasainidwa ndi wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa kampaniyo, Nathan Kingsbury. AT&T idavomera kugulitsa Western Union (yomwe idagulako ambiri zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo), kusiya kugula makampani odziyimira pawokha amafoni, ndikulumikiza makampani odziyimira pawokha kudzera pamaneti ake akutali pamitengo yoyenera.
AT&T ikuwoneka kuti yakumana ndi vuto lalikulu pazofuna zake. Koma zotsatira za kudzipereka kwa Kingsbury zinatsimikizira mphamvu zake mu telephony ya dziko. Mizinda ndi mayiko anena kale kuti sangayesetse kuletsa kulamulira kwa telefoni, ndipo tsopano boma la federal lagwirizana nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti makampani odziyimira pawokha adapeza mwayi wolumikizana ndi ma netiweki aatali adatsimikizira kuti ikhalabe maukonde okhawo amtundu wake ku United States mpaka kubwera kwa ma netiweki a microwave zaka theka pambuyo pake.
Makampani odziyimira pawokha adakhala gawo la makina akuluakulu, pakati pomwe panali Bell. Kuletsa kupeza makampani odziyimira pawokha kudachotsedwa mu 1921 chifukwa chinali kuchuluka kwamakampani odziyimira pawokha omwe akufuna kugulitsidwa ku AT&T omwe boma lidapempha. Koma makampani ambiri odziyimira pawokha adakhalabe ndikuyenda bwino, makamaka General Telephone & Electric (GTE), yomwe idapeza Autelco ngati mpikisano ku Western Electric, ndipo inali ndi makampani awoawo. Koma onse anamva mphamvu yokoka ya nyenyezi ya Bell yomwe imazungulira.
Ngakhale kuti zinthu zinali bwino, otsogolera a Bell sankakhala chete. Pofuna kulimbikitsa zatsopano zama telefoni zomwe zidapangitsa kuti bizinesiyo ipitilize kulamulira, Purezidenti wa AT&T Walter Gifford adapanga Bell Telephone Laboratories mu 1925 ndi antchito 4000. Bell nayenso posakhalitsa adapanga ma switch a m'badwo wachitatu ndi zopeza masitepe, zoyendetsedwa ndi mabwalo ovuta kwambiri odziwika panthawiyo. Zochitika ziwiri izi zidzatsogolera anthu awiri, и pophunzira za ma analogi osangalatsa pakati pa ma switch circuits ndi machitidwe a masamu logic ndi mawerengedwe.
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Source: www.habr.com