Nkhani zina pamndandanda:
- Mbiri ya relay
- Mbiri yamakompyuta apakompyuta
- Mbiri ya transistor
- Mbiri ya intaneti
Kwa zaka zoposa zana, galu wa analogi wakhala akugwedeza mchira wake wa digito. Kuyesera kukulitsa luso la zomverera zathu - kupenya, kumva, ngakhale, mwanjira ina, mainjiniya ndi asayansi amatsogola kuti afufuze zida zabwinoko zama telegraph, matelefoni, ma wayilesi ndi ma radar. Zinali mwamwayi kuti kufufuzaku kunapeza njira yopangira makina atsopano a digito. Ndipo ndinaganiza kufotokoza nkhani ya nthawi zonse , pamene akatswiri opanga matelefoni ankapereka zipangizo zamakompyuta oyambirira a digito, ndipo nthaŵi zina ankapanga ndi kupanga okha makompyutawo.
Koma pofika m’ma 1960, mgwirizano wobala zipatso umenewu unatha, ndipo ndi nkhani yanga. Opanga zida za digito sanafunikirenso kuyang'ana kumayiko a telegraph, telefoni ndi wailesi kuti apeze zosintha zatsopano, popeza transistor yokha idapereka gwero losatha lakusintha. Chaka ndi chaka ankakumba mozama, nthawi zonse kupeza njira zowonjezera mofulumira komanso kuchepetsa mtengo.
Komabe, palibe chilichonse mwa izi chikadachitika ngati kupangidwa kwa transistor kudayima .
Kuyamba pang'onopang'ono
Panalibe chidwi chochepa m'manyuzipepala otchuka pa kulengeza kwa Bell Labs za kupangidwa kwa transistor. Pa July 1, 1948, The New York Times inafotokoza ndime zitatu m’munsi mwa lipoti lake la Radio News. Komanso, nkhanizi zinawonekera pambuyo pa zina, mwachiwonekere zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya wailesi ya "Waltz Time", yomwe imayenera kuwonekera pa NBC. Poyang'ana m'mbuyo, tingafune kuseka, kapena kudzudzula olemba osadziwika - adalephera bwanji kuzindikira zomwe zidatembenuza dziko lapansi?
Koma kuyang'ana m'mbuyo kumasokoneza malingaliro, kukulitsa zizindikiro zomwe kufunikira kwake tikudziwa kuti kunatayika panyanja yaphokoso panthawiyo. Transistor ya 1948 inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi ma transistors a makompyuta omwe mukuwerenga nkhaniyi (pokhapokha mutasankha kusindikiza). Amasiyana kwambiri kotero kuti, ngakhale kuti anali ndi dzina lomwelo, ndi mzere wosasweka wa cholowa chowalumikiza, ayenera kuonedwa kuti ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ngati si genera yosiyana. Iwo ali ndi nyimbo zosiyana, mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, mfundo zosiyana zogwirira ntchito, osatchula kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kukula kwake. Zinali kokha kupyolera mu kukonzanso kosalekeza kuti chipangizo chovuta chopangidwa ndi Bardeen ndi Brattain chikhoza kusintha dziko ndi miyoyo yathu.
M'malo mwake, germanium transistor ya single point sinayenera kusamala kwambiri kuposa momwe idalandirira. Zinali ndi zolakwika zingapo zomwe tinatengera kuchokera ku vacuum chubu. Zinali, ndithudi, zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa nyali zong'ambika kwambiri. Kusakhalapo kwa filament yotentha kumatanthauza kuti imatulutsa kutentha pang'ono, imadya mphamvu yochepa, yosapsa, ndipo sinkafuna kutenthetsa musanagwiritse ntchito.
Komabe, kudzikundikira kwa dothi pamalo olumikizirana kumabweretsa zolephera ndikunyalanyaza kuthekera kwa moyo wautali wautumiki; chinapereka chizindikiro chaphokoso; ankagwira ntchito kokha pa mphamvu zochepa komanso mumtundu wopapatiza wafupipafupi; analephera pamaso pa kutentha, kuzizira kapena chinyezi; ndipo sichikanapangidwa mofanana. Ma transistors angapo opangidwa mwanjira yomweyo ndi anthu omwewo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amagetsi osiyanasiyana. Ndipo zonsezi zinabwera pamtengo wowirikiza kasanu ndi katatu wa nyali wamba.
Sizinafike mpaka 1952 pomwe Bell Labs (ndi ena okhala ndi ma patent) adathetsa zovuta zopanga zokwanira kuti ma transistors amtundu umodzi akhale zida zothandiza, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo sanafalikire kwambiri kupitilira msika wothandizira kumva, komwe kukhudzika kwamitengo kunali kochepa. .ndipo ubwino wa moyo wa batri unaposa kuipa kwake.
Komabe, ndiye zoyesayesa zoyamba zinali zitayamba kale kutembenuza transistor kukhala chinthu chabwino komanso chothandiza. Iwo adayamba kale kwambiri kuposa nthawi yomwe anthu adamva za kukhalapo kwake.
Zokhumba za Shockley
Chakumapeto kwa 1947, Bill Shockley anatenga ulendo wopita ku Chicago ali wosangalala kwambiri. Anali ndi malingaliro osamveka bwino momwe angamenyere Bardeen ndi Brattain transistor yomwe yangopangidwa kumene, koma anali asanakhale ndi mwayi wowapanga. Chotero m’malo mosangalala ndi nthawi yopuma pakati pa magawo a ntchito, anathera Khrisimasi ndi Chaka Chatsopano ku hoteloyo, akumadzaza pafupifupi masamba 20 a kope ndi malingaliro ake. Zina mwa izo zinali lingaliro la transistor yatsopano yokhala ndi sangweji ya semiconductor - chidutswa cha p-mtundu wa germanium pakati pa zidutswa ziwiri za n-mtundu.
Atalimbikitsidwa ndi izi, Shockley adauza Bardeen ndi Brattain kuti abwerere ku Murray Hill, akudzinenera mbiri yonse yopanga transistor. Kodi silinali lingaliro lake la zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Bardeen ndi Brattain alowe mu labotale? Kodi izi siziyenera kupangitsa kukhala kofunikira kusamutsa maufulu onse ku patent kwa iye? Komabe, chinyengo cha Shockley chinabwereranso kumbuyo: Maloya a patent a Bell Labs adapeza kuti woyambitsa wosadziwikayo, , patented a semiconductor field effect amplifier pafupifupi zaka 20 m'mbuyomo, mu 1930. Lilienfeld, ndithudi, sanagwiritsepo ntchito lingaliro lake, chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zinalili panthawiyo, koma chiopsezo chophatikizana chinali chachikulu kwambiri - zinali bwino kupeŵa kutchulapo. zotsatira za patent
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale Bell Labs idapatsa Shockley gawo lowolowa manja langongole ya wopangayo, adangopatsa dzina la Bardeen ndi Brattain mu patent. Komabe, zomwe zachitika sizingathetsedwe: Zokhumba za Shockley zidawononga ubale wake ndi omwe anali pansi pake. Bardeen anasiya kugwira ntchito pa transistor ndipo ankaganizira kwambiri za superconductivity. Anasiya ma laboratories mu 1951. Brattain anakhalabe kumeneko, koma anakana kugwira ntchito ndi Shockley kachiwiri, ndipo anaumirira kuti asamutsidwe ku gulu lina.
Chifukwa cholephera kugwira ntchito ndi anthu ena, Shockley sanapite patsogolo m'ma laboratories, kotero adachoka kumeneko. Mu 1956, adabwerera kwawo ku Palo Alto kukayambitsa kampani yake ya transistor, Shockley Semiconductor. Asanachoke, anapatukana ndi mkazi wake Jean pamene anali kuchira ku kansa ya m’chiberekero, ndipo anayamba kugwirizana ndi Emmy Lanning, amene posakhalitsa anam’kwatira. Koma mwa magawo awiri a maloto ake aku California - kampani yatsopano ndi mkazi watsopano - imodzi yokha idakwaniritsidwa. Mu 1957, mainjiniya ake abwino kwambiri, atakwiya chifukwa cha kasamalidwe kake komanso momwe amatengera kampaniyo, adamusiya kuti apeze kampani yatsopano, Fairchild Semiconductor.
Shockley mu 1956
Chifukwa chake Shockley adasiya chipolopolo chopanda kanthu cha kampani yake ndikugwira ntchito mu dipatimenti yaukadaulo yamagetsi ku Stanford. Kumeneko anapitiriza kusiyanitsa anzake (ndi bwenzi lake lalikulu, fizikia ) ziphunzitso za kutha kwa mafuko zomwe zinamusangalatsa iye ndi - mitu yomwe yakhala yosakondedwa ku United States kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo yomaliza, makamaka m'magulu a maphunziro. Iye ankakonda kuyambitsa mikangano, kukwapula ma TV ndi kuyambitsa zionetsero. Anamwalira mu 1989, atatalikirana ndi ana ake ndi anzake, ndipo adayendera yekha ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri wodzipereka, Emmy.
Ngakhale kuti zoyesayesa zake zabizinesi zidalephera, Shockley adabzala mbewu munthaka yobala zipatso. Dera la San Francisco Bay Area linapanga makampani ang'onoang'ono a zamagetsi, omwe adathandizidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku boma panthawi ya nkhondo. Fairchild Semiconductor, mwana wobadwa mwangozi wa Shockley, adatulutsa makampani ambiri atsopano, angapo omwe amadziwikabe mpaka pano: Intel ndi Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, derali linali litapatsidwa dzina loti "Silicon Valley." Koma dikirani kaye - Bardeen ndi Brattain adapanga germanium transistor. Kodi silicon yachokera kuti?
Izi ndi zomwe malo osiyidwa a Mountain View omwe kale amakhala Shockley Semiconductor amawonekera mu 2009. Lero nyumbayi yagwetsedwa.
Kulowera ku Silicon Crossroads
Tsogolo la mtundu watsopano wa transistor, wopangidwa ndi Shockley mu hotelo ya Chicago, linali losangalatsa kwambiri kuposa la woyambitsa wake. Zonse zimatheka chifukwa cha chikhumbo cha mwamuna m'modzi chokulitsa makhiristo a semiconductor osakwatiwa. Gordon Teal, katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Texas yemwe adaphunzira za germanium yopanda ntchito panthawiyo paudokotala wake, adagwira ntchito ku Bell Labs m'ma 30. Ataphunzira za transistor, adatsimikiza kuti kudalirika kwake ndi mphamvu zake zitha kusintha kwambiri pozipanga kuchokera ku kristalo imodzi yokha, osati kuchokera ku zosakaniza za polycrystalline zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Shockley anakana zoyesayesa zake ngati kuwononga chuma.
Komabe, Teal analimbikira ndipo anapeza chipambano, mothandizidwa ndi katswiri wamakina John Little, kupanga kachipangizo kamene kamachotsa kambewu kakang'ono ka kristalo ku germanium yosungunuka. Pamene germanium itazirala kuzungulira phata, imakulitsa mawonekedwe ake a kristalo, ndikupanga latisi yopitilira komanso pafupifupi yoyera. Pofika m'chaka cha 1949, Teal ndi Little adatha kupanga makhiristo kuti ayitanitsa, ndipo mayesero adawonetsa kuti anali kumbuyo kwambiri kwa mpikisano wawo wa polycrystalline. Makamaka, onyamula ang'onoang'ono omwe amawonjezeredwa kwa iwo amatha kukhala ndi moyo mkati mwa ma microseconds zana limodzi kapena kupitilira apo (poyerekeza ndi ma microseconds osapitilira khumi mu zitsanzo zina za kristalo).
Tsopano Teal adatha kugula zinthu zambiri, ndikulembera anthu ambiri ku gulu lake, omwe anali katswiri wina wamankhwala yemwe adabwera ku Bell Labs kuchokera ku Texas - Morgan Sparks. Anayamba kusintha kusungunuka kuti apange p-type kapena n-type germanium powonjezera mikanda ya zonyansa zoyenera. Pasanathe chaka chimodzi, iwo anali atapanga luso laukadaulo kwambiri kotero kuti atha kukulitsa sangweji ya germanium n-p-n mwachindunji mu melt. Ndipo zinagwira ntchito ndendende monga momwe Shockley ananeneratu: chizindikiro chamagetsi chochokera ku p-mtundu wa zinthu chinasintha mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa ma conductor awiri olumikizidwa ku zidutswa za mtundu wa n zozungulira.
Morgan Sparks ndi Gordon Teal pa benchi yogwirira ntchito ku Bell Labs
Transistor yokulirapo iyi imaposa kholo lake lolumikizana pafupifupi mwanjira iliyonse. Makamaka, inali yodalirika komanso yodziwikiratu, idatulutsa phokoso locheperako (ndipo inali yovutirapo), ndipo inali yopatsa mphamvu kwambiri - yowononga mphamvu zochepera miliyoni miliyoni kuposa chubu cha vacuum. Mu July 1951, Bell Labs inachititsa msonkhano wina wa atolankhani kulengeza zatsopano. Ngakhale transistor yoyamba isanathe kufika pamsika, inali itayamba kale kukhala yopanda ntchito.
Ndipo komabe ichi chinali chiyambi chabe. Mu 1952, General Electric (GE) adalengeza za chitukuko cha njira yatsopano yopangira ma transistors, njira yophatikizira. Pachimake chake, mipira iwiri ya indium (p-type donor) inasakanikirana mbali zonse za kagawo kakang'ono ka n-mtundu wa germanium. Njirayi inali yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi kukula kwa ma alloy; transistor yotere idapereka kukana kocheperako komanso kuthandizira ma frequency apamwamba.
Ma transistors akuluakulu komanso osakanikirana
Chaka chotsatira, Gordon Teal anaganiza zobwerera kwawo n’kukagwira ntchito ku Texas Instruments (TI) ku Dallas. Kampaniyo idakhazikitsidwa ngati Geophysical Services, Inc., ndipo poyambirira idapanga zida zowunikira mafuta, TI idatsegula gawo lamagetsi panthawi yankhondo, ndipo tsopano ikulowa mumsika wa transistor pansi pa chilolezo kuchokera ku Western Electric (gawo lopanga la Bell Labs).
Teal adabweretsa luso latsopano lomwe adaphunzira m'ma laboratories: kuthekera kwakukula ndi silicon monocrystals. Chofooka chodziwikiratu cha germanium chinali kukhudzidwa kwake ndi kutentha. Akakumana ndi kutentha, maatomu a germanium mu krustaloyo amataya msanga ma elekitironi aulere, ndipo amasanduka kondakitala. Pa kutentha kwa 77 ° C inasiya kugwira ntchito palimodzi ngati transistor. Cholinga chachikulu cha malonda a transistor chinali asilikali - wogula omwe angakhale ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo komanso kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zamagetsi zokhazikika, zodalirika komanso zowonjezereka. Komabe, germanium yosamva kutentha singakhale yothandiza pazankhondo zambiri, makamaka pankhani yazamlengalenga.
Silicon inali yokhazikika kwambiri, koma idabwera pamtengo wokwera kwambiri wosungunuka, wofanana ndi wachitsulo. Izi zidabweretsa zovuta zazikulu, chifukwa makhiristo oyera kwambiri amafunikira kuti apange ma transistors apamwamba kwambiri. Silicon yosungunuka yotentha imatha kuyamwa zoyipitsidwa kuchokera ku crucible iliyonse yomwe inalimo. Teel ndi gulu lake ku TI adatha kuthana ndi zovutazi pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za silicon zoyera kwambiri zochokera ku DuPont. Mu May 1954, pa msonkhano wa Institute of Radio Engineering ku Dayton, Ohio, Teal anasonyeza kuti zipangizo zatsopano za silicon zopangidwa mu labotale yake zinapitirizabe kugwira ntchito ngakhale zitamizidwa m’mafuta otentha.
Zoyambira zopambana
Potsirizira pake, patapita zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri kuchokera pamene transistor anapangidwa koyamba, anatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe anali atangoyamba kuzitchula. Ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yofanana idzadutsa ma transistors omwe amafanana ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma microprocessors athu ndi tchipisi ta kukumbukira.
Mu 1955, asayansi a Bell Labs adaphunzira bwino kupanga ma transistors a silicon ndi ukadaulo watsopano wa doping - m'malo mowonjezera mipira yolimba yazinyalala kusungunuka kwamadzimadzi, adayambitsa zowonjezera za gaseous pamwamba pa semiconductor.). Poyang'anira mosamala kutentha, kupanikizika ndi nthawi ya ndondomekoyi, adakwaniritsa kuya kwake komwe kumafunikira komanso digiri ya doping. Kuwongolera kwakukulu pakupanga zinthu kwapereka mphamvu zambiri pamagetsi amagetsi omaliza. Chofunika kwambiri, kufalikira kwamafuta kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga zinthuzo m'magulumagulu - mutha kuyika silabu yayikulu ya silicon ndikuyidula kukhala ma transistors. Asilikali adapereka ndalama ku Bell Laboratories chifukwa kukhazikitsa zopanga kumafuna ndalama zambiri. Amafunikira chida chatsopano cha ulalo wa radar wochenjeza pafupipafupi kwambiri (""), mndandanda wa masiteshoni a radar a Arctic opangidwa kuti azindikire mabomba a Soviet akuuluka kuchokera ku North Pole, ndipo anali okonzeka kutulutsa $100 pa transistor imodzi (awa anali masiku omwe galimoto yatsopano inkagulidwa ndi $2000).
Kulumikizana ndi , yomwe inkayang'anira malo a zonyansa, inatsegula mwayi woyika dera lonse lonse pa gawo limodzi la semiconductor - izi zinaganiziridwa nthawi imodzi ndi Fairchild Semiconductor ndi Texas Instruments mu 1959. ""Kuchokera ku Fairchild adagwiritsa ntchito kuyika kwamankhwala kwamakanema achitsulo omwe amalumikiza magetsi a transistor. Zinathetsa kufunika kopanga ma wiring pamanja, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira komanso kudalirika kowonjezereka.
Pomaliza, mu 1960, mainjiniya awiri a Bell Labs (John Atalla ndi Davon Kahn) adakhazikitsa lingaliro loyambirira la Shockley la transistor yogwira ntchito m'munda. Wowonda wosanjikiza wa okusayidi pamwamba pa semiconductor anatha bwino kupondereza mayiko pamwamba, kuchititsa munda magetsi kuchokera pachipata zotayidwa kulowa mu silicon. Chifukwa chake idabadwa MOSFET [metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor] (kapena kapangidwe ka MOS, kuchokera ku metal-oxide-semiconductor), yomwe idakhala yosavuta kuyipanga, yomwe imagwiritsidwabe ntchito pafupifupi makompyuta onse amakono (zochititsa chidwi. , Atalla amachokera ku Egypt, ndipo Kang akuchokera ku South Korea, ndipo pafupifupi mainjiniya awiri okhawa a mbiri yathu yonse alibe mizu yaku Europe).
Pomaliza, patatha zaka khumi ndi zitatu kupangidwa kwa transistor yoyamba, china chake chofanana ndi transistor mu kompyuta yanu chidawonekera. Zinali zosavuta kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuposa ma transistor ophatikizika, koma zinali zochedwa kuyankha ma siginecha. Zinali kokha ndi kufalikira kwa mabwalo akuluakulu ophatikizika, okhala ndi mazana kapena masauzande a zigawo zomwe zili pa chip chimodzi, kuti ubwino wa transistors wamunda unawonekera.
Chithunzi kuchokera ku field effect transistor patent
Zotsatira zakumunda zinali chothandizira chachikulu chomaliza cha Bell Labs pakukula kwa transistor. Opanga zida zamagetsi zazikulu monga Bell Laboratories (ndi Western Electric), General Electric, Sylvania ndi Westinghouse apeza kafukufuku wochititsa chidwi wa semiconductor. Kuchokera mu 1952 mpaka 1965, Bell Laboratories yokha inalembetsa zovomerezeka zoposa mazana awiri pamutuwu. Komabe msika wamalonda unagwera m'manja mwa osewera atsopano monga Texas Instruments, Transitron, ndi Fairchild.
Msika woyambirira wa transistor unali wochepa kwambiri moti sungathe kukopa chidwi cha osewera akuluakulu: pafupifupi $ 18 miliyoni pachaka chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950, poyerekeza ndi msika wamagetsi okwana madola 2 biliyoni. kumene asayansi achichepere amatha kuyamwa chidziwitso cha semiconductor asanasunthe kugulitsa ntchito zawo kumakampani ang'onoang'ono. Pamene msika wamagetsi wa chubu unayamba kuchepa kwambiri pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, kunali kochedwa kuti Bell Labs, Westinghouse ndi ena onse kuti apikisane ndi oyambira.
Kusintha kwa makompyuta kupita ku transistors
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, ma transistors adalanda dziko lamagetsi m'madera anayi akuluakulu. Awiri oyambirira anali zothandizira kumva ndi mawailesi onyamulika, kumene kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso moyo wautali wa batri umaposa zina. Chachitatu chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo. Asitikali aku US anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha ma transistors ngati zida zodalirika, zophatikizika zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'chilichonse kuyambira mawailesi akumunda kupita ku zida zoponya. Komabe, m'masiku oyambilira, ndalama zomwe amawononga pa ma transistors zinkawoneka ngati kubetcherana zamtsogolo zaukadaulo m'malo motsimikizira mtengo wawo panthawiyo. Ndipo potsiriza, panalinso digito kompyuta.
M’munda wa makompyuta, zofooka za ma switch a vacuum chubu zinali zodziŵika bwino, ndi ena okayikira nkhondo isanayambe ngakhale kukhulupirira kuti kompyuta yamagetsi sikanapangidwe chipangizo chothandiza. Pamene nyali zikwizikwi zinasonkhanitsidwa mu chipangizo chimodzi, zinadya magetsi, kutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo ponena za kudalirika, munthu akanangodalira pakutopa kwawo nthaŵi zonse. Chifukwa chake, transistor yamphamvu yotsika, yozizira, komanso yopanda ulusi idakhala mpulumutsi wa opanga makompyuta. Zoyipa zake monga amplifier (kutulutsa kwaphokoso, mwachitsanzo) sizinali zovuta zotere zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira. Chopinga chokhacho chinali mtengo wake, ndipo m’kupita kwanthaŵi zikanayamba kutsika kwambiri.
Zonse zoyesera zoyamba za ku America ndi makompyuta opangidwa ndi transistorized zidachitika pamphambano za chikhumbo cha asilikali kuti afufuze kuthekera kwa teknoloji yatsopano yodalirika komanso chikhumbo cha akatswiri opita ku masiwichi abwino.
Bell Labs anamanga TRADIC kwa U.S. Air Force mu 1954 kuti awone ngati ma transistors angathandize kuti kompyuta ya digito ikhazikitsidwe pa bwalo la bomba, m'malo mwa kuyenda kwa analogi ndikuthandizira kupeza zolinga. MIT Lincoln Laboratory inapanga makompyuta a TX-0 monga gawo la ntchito yaikulu yoteteza mpweya mu 1956. Makinawa adagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa transistor yotchinga pamwamba, yoyenera kwambiri pakompyuta yothamanga kwambiri. Philco anamanga kompyuta yake ya SOLO pansi pa mgwirizano ndi Navy (koma kwenikweni pa pempho la NSA), kuimaliza mu 1958 (pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa pamwamba pazitsulo zotchinga).
Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, pokhala opanda chuma panthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yozizira, nkhaniyo inali yosiyana kwambiri. Makina ngati Makompyuta a Manchester Transistor, (dzina lina louziridwa ndi pulojekiti ya ENIAC, ndipo limalembedwa kumbuyo), ndi Austrian anali mapulojekiti am'mbali omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe omwe adazipanga amatha kuphatikizira pamodzi - kuphatikiza ma transistors amtundu woyamba.
Pali mikangano yambiri pamutu wa kompyuta yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito transistors. Zonse zimabwera, ndikusankha matanthauzidwe oyenera a mawu monga "choyamba," "transistor," ndi "kompyuta." Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, timadziwa pamene nkhaniyo imathera. Kugulitsa makompyuta a transistorized kunayamba nthawi yomweyo. Chaka ndi chaka, makompyuta a mtengo womwewo anakhala amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo makompyuta amphamvu omwewo anakhala otsika mtengo, ndipo ndondomekoyi inkawoneka yosasinthika kotero kuti idakwezedwa ku udindo wa malamulo, pafupi ndi mphamvu yokoka ndi kusunga mphamvu. Kodi tiyenera kukangana kuti ndi mwala uti umene unayamba kugwa?
Kodi lamulo la Moore limachokera kuti?
Pamene tikuyandikira kumapeto kwa nkhani yosinthira, ndiyenera kufunsa: ndi chiyani chinayambitsa kugwa uku? Chifukwa chiyani lamulo la Moore lilipo (kapena linalipo - tidzakangananso nthawi ina)? Palibe lamulo la Moore la ndege kapena zotsukira, monganso kulibe machubu otsuka kapena ma relay.
Yankho lili ndi magawo awiri:
- Zowoneka bwino za switch ngati gulu lazopangidwa.
- Kutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina kupanga ma transistors.
Choyamba, za tanthauzo la kusintha. Makhalidwe azinthu zambiri zakale ayenera kukwaniritsa zopinga zambiri zosakhululukidwa zakuthupi. Ndege yonyamula anthu iyenera kuthandizira kulemera kwa anthu ambiri. Wotsuka vacuum ayenera kuyamwa dothi lambiri panthawi inayake kuchokera pamalo enaake. Ndege ndi zotsukira utsi sizingakhale zachabechabe ngati zitachepetsedwa kukhala nanoscale.
Chosinthira, chosinthira chokha chomwe sichinagwirepo ndi dzanja la munthu, chimakhala ndi zofooka zochepa kwambiri zakuthupi. Iyenera kukhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyana, ndipo iyenera kulumikizana ndi masiwichi ena ofanana mayiko awo akasintha. Ndiko kuti, zonse zomwe ziyenera kuchita ndikuyatsa ndi kuzimitsa. Kodi chapadera ndi chiyani pa ma transistors? Chifukwa chiyani mitundu ina yakusintha kwa digito sikunakhalepo ndi kusintha kotereku?
Apa tikufika pa mfundo yachiwiri. Transistors zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina popanda kulowererapo kwamakina. Kuyambira pachiyambi, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ma transistor chinali kugwiritsa ntchito zonyansa zamankhwala. Kenako panabwera njira yolinganiza zinthu, yomwe inathetsa njira yomaliza yopangira mawaya—kulumikiza mawaya. Zotsatira zake, adachotsa malire omaliza a thupi pa miniaturization. Ma transistors safunikiranso kukhala aakulu mokwanira kwa zala za munthu—kapena makina aliwonse. Zonsezi zinachitidwa ndi chemistry yosavuta, pamlingo wochepa kwambiri: asidi kuti alowe, kuwala kulamulira mbali ziti zapamtunda zomwe zingakane kutsekemera, ndi nthunzi kulowetsa zonyansa ndi mafilimu achitsulo m'njira zokhazikika.
Chifukwa chiyani miniaturization ndiyofunikira konse? Kuchepetsa kukula kunapereka mlalang'amba wonse wa zotsatira zabwino zoyipa: kuthamanga kwakusintha kwachulukidwe, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso mtengo wa makope. Zolimbikitsa zamphamvu izi zapangitsa aliyense kufunafuna njira zochepetsera ma switch. Ndipo makampani opanga ma semiconductor achoka pakupanga masiwichi a kukula kwa chikhadabo mpaka kulongedza masiwiwi mamiliyoni makumi ambiri pa sikweya millimita m'moyo wa munthu m'modzi. Kuchokera pakupempha madola asanu ndi atatu pakusintha kamodzi mpaka kupereka masiwichi mamiliyoni makumi awiri pa dola imodzi.
Intel 1103 memory chip kuyambira 1971. Ma transistors pawokha, ma micrometer makumi khumi okha mu kukula, sakuwonekeranso ndi diso. Ndipo kuyambira pamenepo acheperanso kambirimbiri.
Zomwe mungawerenge:
- Ernest Bruan ndi Stuart MacDonald, Revolution mu Miniature (1978)
- Michael Riordan ndi Lillian Hoddeson, Crystal Fire (1997)
- Joel Shurkin, Genius Wosweka (1997)
Source: www.habr.com