Nkhani yotulutsidwa yomwe idakhudza chilichonse

Adani a Zowona pa 12f2

Kumapeto kwa Epulo, pamene a White Walkers ankazinga Winterfell, china chake chochititsa chidwi chinachitika kwa ife; tinatulutsa modabwitsa. M'malo mwake, timangotulutsa zatsopano pakupanga (monga wina aliyense). Koma uyu anali wosiyana. Kukula kwake kunali kotero kuti zolakwika zilizonse zomwe tingapange zingakhudze ntchito zathu zonse ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Zotsatira zake, tidatulutsa zonse molingana ndi dongosolo, mkati mwa nthawi yomwe idakonzedwa ndikulengeza, popanda zotsatira za malonda. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe takwaniritsira izi komanso momwe aliyense angabwereze kunyumba.

Tsopano sindifotokoza zisankho zamamangidwe ndiukadaulo zomwe tidapanga kapena kunena momwe zonse zimagwirira ntchito. Izi ndi zolemba m'mphepete za momwe kutulutsa kovutirapo kudachitika, komwe ndidawona komanso komwe ndidachita nawo mwachindunji. Sindikunena zathunthu kapena zaukadaulo; mwina ziwoneka m'nkhani ina.

Background + ndi mtundu wanji wa magwiridwe antchito awa?

Tikumanga nsanja yamtambo Mail.ru Cloud Solutions (MCS), komwe ndimagwira ntchito ngati director director. Ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi yowonjezera IAM (Identity and Access Management) pa nsanja yathu, yomwe imapereka kasamalidwe kogwirizana kwa ma akaunti onse ogwiritsira ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito, mapasiwedi, maudindo, mautumiki ndi zina. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira mumtambo ndi funso lodziwikiratu: zidziwitso zonse za ogwiritsa ntchito zimasungidwa momwemo.

Kawirikawiri zinthu zoterezi zimayamba kumangidwa kumayambiriro kwa ntchito iliyonse. Koma m’mbiri zinthu zakhala zosiyanako pang’ono ndi MCS. MCS idapangidwa m'magawo awiri:

• Openstack yokhala ndi gawo lake lovomerezeka la Keystone,
• Hotbox (S3 yosungirako) kutengera Mail.ru Cloud project,

pamenepo mautumiki atsopano adawonekera.

Kwenikweni, izi zinali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya chilolezo. Kuphatikiza apo, tidagwiritsa ntchito zotukuka za Mail.ru, mwachitsanzo, kusungitsa mawu achinsinsi a Mail.ru, komanso cholumikizira chodzilembera chokha, chifukwa chake SSO (chilolezo chakumapeto-kumapeto) chinaperekedwa mu gulu la Horizon. makina enieni (omwe amakhala OpenStack UI).

Kupanga IAM kwa ife kumatanthauza kulumikiza zonse kukhala dongosolo limodzi, lathu lathunthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sitidzataya ntchito iliyonse panjira, koma tidzapanga maziko amtsogolo omwe adzatilola kuti tiziwongolera mowonekera popanda kukonzanso ndikukulitsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Komanso pachiyambi, ogwiritsa ntchito anali ndi chitsanzo chothandizira kupeza mautumiki (RBAC yapakati, njira zoyendetsera ntchito) ndi zinthu zina zazing'ono.

Ntchitoyo idakhala yocheperako: python ndi perl, ma backend angapo, ntchito zolembedwa paokha, magulu angapo achitukuko ndi ma admins. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, pali zikwizikwi za ogwiritsa ntchito amoyo pamakina opangira nkhondo. Zonsezi zinayenera kulembedwa ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, kutulutsidwa popanda kuvulala.

Kodi titulutsa chiyani?

Kunena mwachidule, pafupifupi miyezi inayi tinakonzekera izi:

• Tidapanga ma daemoni angapo atsopano omwe amaphatikiza ntchito zomwe zidagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zina zonse za mautumiki zinalembedwa kuti zibwererenso mwatsopano mwa mawonekedwe a ziwanda izi.
• Tinalemba zosungira zathu zapakati zachinsinsi ndi makiyi, omwe amapezeka pa ntchito zathu zonse, zomwe zingasinthidwe momasuka monga momwe tikufunira.
• Tidalemba ma backends atsopano a 4 a Keystone kuyambira pachiyambi (ogwiritsa ntchito, mapulojekiti, maudindo, maudindo), omwe, m'malo mwake, adalowa m'malo mwa database yake, ndipo tsopano akukhala ngati chosungiramo mawu achinsinsi athu.
• Tidaphunzitsa ntchito zathu zonse za Openstack kupita kuzinthu zamalamulo a chipani chachitatu pazotsatira zawo m'malo mowerenga mfundozi kwanuko kuchokera pa seva iliyonse (inde, umo ndi momwe Openstack imagwirira ntchito mwachisawawa!)

Kukonzanso kwakukulu koteroko kumafuna zazikulu, zovuta komanso, zofunika kwambiri, kusintha kosinthika mu machitidwe angapo olembedwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a chitukuko. Akamaliza kusonkhanitsa, ndondomeko yonse iyenera kugwira ntchito.

Momwe mungatulutsire zosintha zotere osasokoneza? Choyamba tinaganiza zoyang'ana pang'ono zamtsogolo.

Njira yotulutsira

• Zingakhale zotheka kutulutsa mankhwalawa m'magawo angapo, koma izi zitha kuwonjezera nthawi yachitukuko katatu. Kuphatikiza apo, kwa nthawi yayitali tikhala ndi kusagwirizana kwathunthu kwa data muzosungira. Muyenera kulemba zida zanu zolumikizirana ndikukhala ndi malo ogulitsira angapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo izi zimapanga zoopsa zosiyanasiyana.
• Chilichonse chomwe chingakonzedwe mowonekera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito chidachitika pasadakhale. Zinatenga miyezi iwiri.
• Tinadzilola tokha kutha kwa maola angapo - kungogwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga ndikusintha zothandizira.
• Pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zomwe zidapangidwa kale, nthawi yocheperako inali yosavomerezeka. Tidakonza kuti pakutulutsidwa, zothandizira ziyenera kugwira ntchito popanda kutsika komanso kukhudza makasitomala.
• Kuti tichepetse kukhudzidwa kwa makasitomala athu ngati china chake chalakwika, tinaganiza zoyamba Lamlungu madzulo. Makasitomala ochepera amawongolera makina enieni usiku.
• Tidachenjeza makasitomala athu onse kuti panthawi yomwe yasankhidwa kuti itulutsidwe, kasamalidwe ka ntchito sikudzakhalapo.

Kupatuka: kutulutsa ndi chiyani?

<caution, philosophy>

Katswiri aliyense wa IT amatha kuyankha mosavuta kuti kutulutsa ndi chiyani. Mumayika CI / CD, ndipo zonse zimaperekedwa ku sitolo. 🙂

Ndithudi izi ndi zoona. Koma chovuta ndichakuti ndi zida zamakono zoperekera ma code, kumvetsetsa kwa kutulutsa komweko kumatayika. Momwe mumayiwala za epicness ya kupangidwa kwa gudumu mukamawona zoyendera zamakono. Chilichonse chimakhala chokhazikika kotero kuti kutulutsa nthawi zambiri kumachitika popanda kumvetsetsa chithunzi chonse.

Ndipo chithunzi chonse chiri chonchi. Kutulutsa kumakhala ndi mbali zinayi zazikulu:

1. Kutumiza kwa code, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa data. Mwachitsanzo, kusamuka kwawo.
2. Code rollback ndikutha kubwerera ngati china chake chalakwika. Mwachitsanzo, popanga ma backups.
3. Nthawi ya ntchito iliyonse yotulutsa/kubweza. Muyenera kumvetsetsa nthawi ya ntchito iliyonse ya mfundo ziwiri zoyambirira.
4. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Ndikofunikira kuwunika zonse zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa zabwino komanso zoyipa zomwe zingachitike.

Mbali zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti mutulutse bwino. Kawirikawiri yoyamba, kapena yabwino yachiwiri, imawunikidwa, ndiyeno kutulutsidwa kumatengedwa kukhala kopambana. Koma chachitatu ndi chachinayi ndizofunika kwambiri. Ndi wogwiritsa ntchito uti amene angakonde ngati kutulutsako kungatenge maola atatu m'malo mwa miniti imodzi? Kapena ngati china chake chosafunikira chikukhudzidwa panthawi yotulutsidwa? Kapena kodi kutsika kwa ntchito imodzi kumabweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka?

Act 1..n, kukonzekera kumasulidwa

Poyamba ndinaganiza kufotokoza mwachidule misonkhano yathu: gulu lonse, mbali zake, milu ya zokambirana pa khofi, mikangano, mayesero, maganizo. Kenako ndinaganiza kuti sifunika. Miyezi inayi yachitukuko nthawi zonse imakhala ndi izi, makamaka ngati simukulemba china chake chomwe chimatha kuperekedwa nthawi zonse, koma chinthu chimodzi chachikulu pamakina amoyo. Zomwe zimakhudza mautumiki onse, koma palibe chomwe chiyenera kusintha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kupatula "batani limodzi pa intaneti."

Kamvedwe kathu ka m'mene tingayambitsire anasintha pa msonkhano uliwonse watsopano, ndipo kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, tikusintha database yathu yonse yolipira. Koma tidawerengera nthawiyo ndipo tidazindikira kuti sizingatheke kuchita izi munthawi yoyenera. Zinatitengera pafupifupi sabata yowonjezera kuti tisunge ndikusunga nkhokwe yamalipiritsa. Ndipo pamene liwiro loyembekezeredwa linali losakhutiritsa, tinayitanitsa zida zowonjezera, zamphamvu kwambiri, pomwe maziko onse adakokedwa. Sikuti sitinafune kuchita izi posachedwa, koma kufunikira kwapano kwatisiya opanda zosankha.

Mmodzi wa ife akakayikira kuti kutulutsako kungakhudze kupezeka kwa makina athu enieni, tinakhala sabata imodzi ndikuyesa, kuyesa, kusanthula kachidindo ndikumvetsetsa bwino kuti izi sizingachitike pakupanga kwathu, ndipo ngakhale anthu okayika kwambiri adavomereza. ndi izi.

Pakadali pano, anyamata ochokera ku chithandizo chaukadaulo adachita zoyeserera zawo pawokha kuti alembe malangizo kwa makasitomala panjira zolumikizirana, zomwe zimayenera kusintha pambuyo potulutsa. Anagwira ntchito pa UX wogwiritsa ntchito, adakonzekera malangizo ndikupereka zokambirana zawo.

Tidasinthiratu ntchito zonse zotulutsa zomwe zidatheka. Opaleshoni iliyonse inali yolembedwa, ngakhale yosavuta kwambiri, ndipo mayesero anali kuchitidwa nthawi zonse. Amatsutsana za njira yabwino yozimitsira ntchitoyo - kusiya daemon kapena kuletsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ndi firewall. Tidapanga mndandanda wamagulu pagawo lililonse lotulutsidwa ndikuwongolera pafupipafupi. Tidajambula ndikusintha tchati cha Gantt pazantchito zonse zotulutsa, ndi nthawi.

Ndipo kenako…

Ntchito yomaliza, isanatuluke

...yakwana nthawi yoti tituluke.

Monga akunenera, ntchito yojambula siingathe kumalizidwa, kungomaliza kugwira ntchitoyo. Muyenera kuyesetsa mwakufuna, kumvetsetsa kuti simudzapeza chilichonse, koma kukhulupirira kuti mwapanga malingaliro onse omveka, operekedwa pazochitika zonse zomwe zingatheke, anatseka nsikidzi zonse zovuta, ndipo onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adachita zonse zomwe angathe. Mukatulutsa kachidindo kochulukira, kumakhala kovuta kuti mutsimikizire izi (kupatulapo, aliyense amamvetsetsa kuti ndizosatheka kuwoneratu chilichonse).

Tinaganiza kuti tinali okonzeka kutulutsa titatsimikiza kuti tachita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tipeze zoopsa zonse kwa ogwiritsa ntchito athu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zosayembekezereka komanso zotsika. Ndiko kuti, chilichonse chikhoza kusokonekera kupatula:

1. Zokhudza (zopatulika kwa ife, zamtengo wapatali kwambiri) zogwiritsa ntchito,
2. Kagwiridwe ntchito: kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yathu pambuyo potulutsa kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi kale.

Kutulutsa

Mipukutu iwiri, 8 musasokoneze

Timachotsa nthawi pazopempha zonse kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kwa maola 7. Pakadali pano, tili ndi dongosolo lotulutsa komanso pulani yobwezeretsanso.

• Kutulutsa pakokha kumatenga pafupifupi maola atatu.
• 2 maola kuyezetsa.
• Maola a 2 - sungani zosintha zomwe zingatheke.

Tchati cha Gantt chajambulidwa pachinthu chilichonse, zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, zomwe zimachitika motsatizana, zomwe zimachitika limodzi.

Chidutswa cha tchati cha Gantt chotulutsidwa, chimodzi mwazomasulira zoyambilira (popanda kutsatana). Chida Chamtengo Wapatali Cholumikizira

Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali ali ndi udindo wawo pakutulutsa, ntchito zomwe amachita, ndi zomwe ali nazo. Timayesa kubweretsa gawo lililonse kuti likhale lodziwikiratu, tulutsani, sinthaninso, sonkhanitsani ndemanga ndikuzitulutsanso.

Mbiri ya zochitika

Chotero, anthu 15 anabwera kudzagwira ntchito Lamlungu, April 29, 10 koloko masana. Kuphatikiza pa omwe adatenga nawo mbali, ena adangobwera kudzathandizira gululo, zomwe zikomo kwambiri kwa iwo.

Ndikoyeneranso kutchula kuti woyesa makiyi athu ali patchuthi. Sizingatheke kutulutsa popanda kuyesa, tikufufuza zosankha. Mnzake wogwira naye ntchito akuvomera kutiyesa kuchokera kutchuthi, zomwe amayamikira kwambiri gulu lonse.

00:00. Imani
Timayimitsa zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito, ikani chikwangwani chonena zaukadaulo. Kuyang'anira kukuwa, koma zonse nzabwinobwino. Timaonetsetsa kuti palibe chomwe chinagwa kupatula chomwe chimayenera kugwa. Ndipo timayamba ntchito ya kusamuka.

Aliyense ali ndi ndondomeko yosindikiza yosindikizidwa, aliyense amadziwa yemwe akuchita chiyani komanso panthawi yanji. Pambuyo pa chilichonse, timayang'ana nthawi kuti tiwonetsetse kuti sitidutsa, ndipo zonse zimayenda molingana ndi dongosolo. Omwe sakutenga nawo gawo pakutulutsa mwachindunji pakali pano akukonzekera poyambitsa chidole cha intaneti (Xonotic, mtundu wa 3 quacks) kuti asasokoneze anzawo. 🙂

02:00. Kutulutsidwa
Chodabwitsa chodabwitsa - timamaliza kutulutsa patangopita ola limodzi, chifukwa cha kukhathamiritsa kwa nkhokwe zathu ndi zolemba zakusamuka. Mkulu wa ankhondowo anafuula kuti, “Watuluka!” Ntchito zonse zatsopano zikupangidwa, koma mpaka pano ndizomwe titha kuziwona mu mawonekedwe. Aliyense amapita kumayesero, kuwasankha m'magulu, ndikuyamba kuona zomwe zinachitika pamapeto pake.

Sizinakhale bwino kwambiri, timazindikira izi pambuyo pa mphindi 10, pamene palibe chomwe chikugwirizana kapena kugwira ntchito mu ntchito za mamembala a gulu. Kulunzanitsa mwachangu, timalankhula zamavuto athu, timayika zofunika kwambiri, timagulu timagulu ndikusintha.

02:30. Mavuto akulu awiri vs maso anayi
Timapeza zovuta ziwiri zazikulu. Tidazindikira kuti makasitomala sawona ntchito zina zolumikizidwa, ndipo mavuto angabwere ndi maakaunti anzako. Zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha zolembedwa zosamuka bwino pamilandu ina yam'mphepete. Tiyenera kukonza tsopano.

Timalemba mafunso omwe amalemba izi, ndi maso osachepera 4. Timawayesa panthawi yokonzekera kuti tiwonetsetse kuti amagwira ntchito ndipo sakuphwanya chilichonse. Mutha kugubuduza. Nthawi yomweyo, timayesa kuyesa kwaphatikizidwe, komwe kumawonetsa zovuta zina. Onse ndi ochepa, koma amafunikanso kukonzedwa.

03:00. -2 mavuto +2 mavuto
Mavuto awiri am'mbuyomu adakonzedwa, ndipo pafupifupi ang'onoang'ono nawonso. Onse omwe alibe zokonza akugwira ntchito mwachangu muakaunti yawo ndikuwonetsa zomwe apeza. Timayika patsogolo, kugawa pakati pamagulu, ndikusiya zinthu zosafunikira m'mawa.

Timayesanso mayeso, amapeza zovuta ziwiri zazikulu. Sikuti ndondomeko zonse zautumiki zinafika molondola, kotero zopempha zina za ogwiritsa ntchito sizidutsa chilolezo. Komanso vuto latsopano ndi maakaunti abwenzi. Tiyeni tithamangire kukawona.

03:20. Kulunzanitsa kwadzidzidzi
Nkhani imodzi yatsopano yakhazikitsidwa. Chachiwiri, tikukonza kulunzanitsa mwadzidzidzi. Timamvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika: zomwe zachitika kale zidathetsa vuto limodzi, koma zidapanga zina. Timapuma pang'ono kuti tidziwe momwe tingachitire molondola komanso popanda zotsatira zake.

03:30. Maso asanu ndi limodzi
Timamvetsetsa zomwe gawo lomaliza la maziko liyenera kukhala kuti zonse ziyende bwino kwa onse ogwirizana. Timalemba pempho ndi maso a 6, titulutseni pokonzekera, tiyese, titulutseni kuti tipangidwe.

04:00. Zonse zikuyenda
Mayesero onse adadutsa, palibe zovuta zovuta zomwe zimawoneka. Nthawi ndi nthawi, china chake mu timu sichigwira ntchito kwa wina, timachitapo kanthu mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri alamu amakhala abodza. Koma nthawi zina chinachake sichifika, kapena tsamba losiyana silikugwira ntchito. Timakhala, kukonza, kukonza, kukonza. Gulu lina likuyambitsa gawo lalikulu lomaliza - kulipira.

04:30. Mfundo yosabwerera
Mfundo yosabwerera ikuyandikira, ndiko kuti, nthawi yomwe, ngati tiyamba kubwerera m'mbuyo, sitidzakumana ndi nthawi yopuma yomwe tapatsidwa. Pali mavuto ndi kulipira, komwe kumadziwa ndikulemba zonse, koma mouma khosi kumakana kulemba ndalama kwa makasitomala. Pali zolakwika zingapo patsamba lililonse, zochita, ndi ma status. Ntchito yaikulu imagwira ntchito, mayesero onse amapita bwino. Timaganiza kuti kutulutsidwa kwachitika, sitibwerera m'mbuyo.

06:00. Tsegulani aliyense mu UI
Bugs anakonza. Zina zomwe sizimasangalatsa ogwiritsa ntchito zimasiyidwa mtsogolo. Timatsegula mawonekedwe kwa aliyense. Tikupitiriza kugwira ntchito yolipira, kudikirira ndemanga za ogwiritsa ntchito ndikuwunika zotsatira.

07:00. Mavuto ndi katundu wa API
Zikuwonekeratu kuti tidasokoneza pang'ono katundu pa API yathu ndikuyesa katundu uyu, zomwe sizikanatha kuzindikira vutoli. Zotsatira zake, ≈5% ya zopempha zikulephera. Tiyeni tisonkhane ndikuyang'ana chifukwa chake.

Billing ndi wamakani ndipo safunanso kugwira ntchito. Timaganiza zoimitsa kaye mpaka mtsogolo kuti tikwaniritse zosinthazo modekha. Ndiye kuti, zinthu zonse zimasonkhanitsidwa mmenemo, koma zolembera kuchokera kwa makasitomala sizidutsa. Zoonadi, ili ndi vuto, koma poyerekeza ndi kutulutsidwa kwapadera kumawoneka ngati kosafunika.

08:00. Konzani API
Tinagubuduza kukonza kwa katunduyo, zolephera zidapita. Timayamba kupita kunyumba.

10:00. Zonse
Zonse zimakonzedwa. Zimakhala chete pakuwunika komanso pamalo a makasitomala, gululo limapita kukagona. Malipiro atsala, tidzabwezeretsa mawa.

Ndiye masana panali zotulutsa zomwe zidakhazikika, zidziwitso, ma code obweza ndi makonda kwa ena mwamakasitomala athu.

Chotero, kutulutsidwako kunali kopambana! Zikanakhala bwino, koma tinafika pa mfundo zimene sizinali zokwanira kuti tikwaniritse ungwiro.

Chiwerengero

M'miyezi iwiri yokonzekera kutulutsa, ntchito 2 zidamalizidwa, kuyambira maola angapo mpaka masiku angapo.

Panthawi yotulutsa:

• ziwanda zatsopano ndi zosinthidwa - zidutswa 5, m'malo mwa monoliths 2;
• zosintha mkati mwa nkhokwe - nkhokwe zathu zonse 6 zokhala ndi data ya ogwiritsa zakhudzidwa, kutsitsa kwapangidwa kuchokera pankhokwe zitatu zakale kupita kumalo atsopano;
• kukonzanso kwathunthu kutsogolo;
• kuchuluka kwa ma code otsitsidwa - mizere 33 ya code yatsopano, ≈ mizere 3 zikwi za code pamayesero, ≈ mizere 5 zikwi za masamu;
• deta zonse zili bwino, palibe makina enieni a kasitomala omwe adawonongeka. 🙂

Zochita zabwino zopezera ndalama

Iwo anatitsogolera pa nthawi yovutayi. Koma, kawirikawiri, ndizothandiza kuwatsata panthawi iliyonse yotulutsidwa. Koma pamene kutulutsako kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, m’pamenenso amatenga nawo gawo lalikulu.

1. Choyambirira chomwe muyenera kuchita ndikumvetsetsa momwe kutulutsa kungakhudzire ogwiritsa ntchito. Kodi padzakhala nthawi yopuma? Ngati ndi choncho, nthawi yopuma ndi yotani? Kodi izi zikhudza bwanji ogwiritsa ntchito? Ndi zochitika ziti zabwino kwambiri komanso zoyipa kwambiri? Ndipo bisani zoopsa.
2. Konzani zonse. Pa gawo lililonse, muyenera kumvetsetsa mbali zonse za kutulutsa:
   • kutumiza kodi;
   • kodi rollback;
   • nthawi ya ntchito iliyonse;
   • magwiridwe antchito.
3. Sewerani zochitikazo mpaka magawo onse a kutulutsa, komanso kuopsa kwa aliyense wa iwo, ziwonekere. Ngati muli ndi kukayikira kulikonse, mutha kupumula ndikuwunika siteji yokayikitsa padera.
4. Gawo lirilonse likhoza ndipo liyenera kuwongoleredwa ngati lithandiza ogwiritsa ntchito athu. Mwachitsanzo, zidzachepetsa nthawi yopuma kapena kuchotsa zoopsa zina.
5. Kuyesa kwa rollback ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kuyesa kopereka ma code. Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti chifukwa cha kubwezeretsanso dongosololi lidzabwerera ku chikhalidwe chake choyambirira, ndikutsimikizira izi ndi mayesero.
6. Chilichonse chomwe chingathe kukhala chokhazikika chiyenera kukhala chokhazikika. Chilichonse chomwe sichingakhale chokhazikika chiyenera kulembedwa pasadakhale pa pepala lachinyengo.
7. Lembani muyeso wopambana. Ndi ntchito ziti zomwe ziyenera kupezeka komanso nthawi yanji? Ngati izi sizingachitike, yendetsani dongosolo lobweza.
8. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri - anthu. Aliyense ayenera kudziwa zomwe akuchita, chifukwa chake komanso zomwe zimadalira zomwe akuchita potulutsa.

Ndipo mu chiganizo chimodzi, ndi kukonzekera bwino ndi kulongosola bwino mukhoza kutulutsa chilichonse chomwe mukufuna popanda zotsatira za malonda. Ngakhale china chake chomwe chingakhudze mautumiki anu onse pakupanga.

Source: www.habr.com