Meyi 1 anali pomaliza lamulo pa "Internet wodziyimira pawokha", koma akatswiri pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo amachitcha kuti kudzipatula kwa gawo la Russia pa intaneti, ndi chiyani? (m'mawu osavuta)
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti popanda kudziyika okha m'chisokonezo chosafunikira komanso mawu osamveka. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zinthu zosavuta kwa anthu ambiri, koma kwa ambiri sizitanthauza kwa aliyense. Komanso kuchotsa nthano za ndale za kutsutsa lamuloli.
Kodi intaneti imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zoyambira. Intaneti imakhala ndi makasitomala, ma routers ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zimagwira ntchito kudzera pa IP protocol
(v4 adilesi ili motere: 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255)
Makasitomala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta okha, omwewo omwe mukukhala ndikuwerenga nkhaniyi. Iwo ali ndi cholumikizira oyandikana (olumikizidwa mwachindunji) ma routers. Makasitomala amatumiza deta ku adilesi kapena ma adilesi osiyanasiyana amakasitomala ena.
Ma routers - Olumikizidwa ndi ma routers oyandikana nawo ndipo amatha kulumikizidwa ndi makasitomala oyandikana nawo. Alibe ma adilesi awo apadera (ongotengeranso) IP adilesi, koma ali ndi ma adilesi osiyanasiyana. Ntchito yawo ndikuwona ngati ali ndi makasitomala omwe ali ndi adilesi yomwe afunsidwa kapena ngati akufunika kutumiza zidziwitso kwa ma router ena; apa akufunikanso kudziwa kuti ndi ndani amene ali ndi udindo pama adilesi ofunikira.
Ma routers amatha kukhala pamiyezo yosiyanasiyana: wopereka, dziko, chigawo, mzinda, chigawo, ndipo ngakhale kunyumba mutha kukhala ndi rauta yanu. Ndipo onse ali ndi ma adilesi awoawo.
Zomangamanga zimaphatikizapo malo osinthira magalimoto, kulumikizana ndi ma satelayiti, zolowera ku continental, ndi zina. amafunikira kuphatikiza ma routers ndi ma routers ena omwe ali a operekera ena, mayiko, ndi mitundu yolumikizirana.
Kodi mungasinthe bwanji deta?
Monga mukumvetsetsa, makasitomala ndi ma router okha amalumikizidwa ndi china chake. Zitha kukhala:
Mawaya
- Pansi
Rostelecom backbone network
- Pansi pa madzi
Zingwe zamadzi am'madzi a Transoceanic
Mpweya
Izi ndi Wi-Fi, LTE, WiMax ndi milatho ya wailesi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komwe kumakhala kovuta kukhazikitsa mawaya. Sagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maukonde amtundu wathunthu; nthawi zambiri amakhala kupitiliza kwa ma network opanda zingwe.
Cosmos
Ma Satellite amatha kutumikira onse ogwiritsa ntchito wamba ndikukhala gawo lazomwe amapereka.
ISATEL satellite coverage map
Intaneti ndi netiweki
Monga mukuonera, intaneti ndi yokhudzana ndi anansi ndi oyandikana nawo. Pamlingo uwu wa maukonde palibe malo ndi mabatani ofiira pa intaneti yonse. Ndiko kuti, America woipa sangathe kuyimitsa magalimoto pakati pa mizinda iwiri ya Russia, pakati pa mzinda wa Russia ndi China, pakati pa mzinda wa Russia ndi Australia, ziribe kanthu momwe angakonde. Chokhacho chomwe angachite ndikuponya mabomba pa ma routers, koma izi sizowopseza pa intaneti konse.
kwenikweni, pali malo, koma shh ...
koma malowa ndi odziwitsa okha, ndiko kuti, akuti iyi ndi adilesi ya dziko lotere, chipangizo chotere, wopanga, ndi zina. Popanda deta iyi, palibe chomwe chimasintha pa intaneti.
Ndi vuto la anthu aang'ono!
Mulingo womwe uli pamwamba pa data yeniyeni ndi Webusaiti Yapadziko Lonse yomwe tikuyendera. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito ma protocol omwe ali mmenemo ndi deta yowerengeka ndi anthu. Kuyambira maadiresi a webusaiti, mwachitsanzo, google.ru amasiyana ndi makina 64.233.161.94. Ndipo kutsiriza ndi Http protocol palokha ndi JavaScript code, mukhoza kuwerenga onsewo, mwina osati m'chinenero chanu, koma m'chinenero cha anthu popanda kutembenuka kulikonse.
Apa ndi pamene muzu wa zoipa wagona.
Kuti musinthe maadiresi omveka bwino kwa anthu kukhala maadiresi omveka bwino kwa ma routers, zolembera za ma adilesi omwewa ndizofunikira. Monga momwe pali zolembera za boma za maadiresi otsogolera monga: Lenin St., 16 - Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov amakhala. Kotero pali kaundula wamba wapadziko lonse, pomwe akuwonetsedwa: google.ru - 64.233.161.94.
Ndipo ili ku America. Kotero, umu ndi momwe tidzaletsedwera ku intaneti!
Kunena zoona, si zophweka.
Malingana ndi
ICANN ndi kontrakitala wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti agwire ntchito ya IANA popanda kulamulidwa ndi maboma (makamaka boma la US), kotero kuti bungweli litha kuwonedwa ngati lapadziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale lidalembetsa ku California.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale ICANN imayang'anira oyang'anira, imachita izi pokhapokha ndi zofunikira ndi malamulo; kuphedwa kumachitika ndi kampani ina yomwe si ya boma - VeriSign.
Kenaka pakubwera ma seva a mizu, pali 13 mwa iwo ndipo ali a makampani osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku US Army kupita ku mabungwe ndi makampani osapindula kuchokera ku Netherlands, Sweden ndi Japan. Palinso makope athunthu padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo ku Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don).
Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, ma seva awa ali ndi mndandanda wa ma seva odalirika padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali ndi mndandanda wa ma seva padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali kale ndi zolembera za mayina ndi maadiresi okha.
Cholinga chenicheni cha ma seva a mizu ndikuti zolembera za seva zotere ndizovomerezeka osati zabodza. Pa kompyuta iliyonse mutha kukhazikitsa seva ndi mndandanda wanu, ndipo mwachitsanzo, mukalowa sberbank.ru, mudzatumizidwa osati adilesi yake yeniyeni - 0.0.0.1, koma - 0.0.0.2, pomwe kopi yeniyeni ya Tsamba la Sberbank lidzapezeka, koma deta yonse idzabedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, wogwiritsa ntchito adzawona adiresi yofunidwa mu mawonekedwe owerengeka ndi anthu ndipo sadzatha kusiyanitsa zabodza ndi malo enieni. Koma kompyuta yokhayo imangofunika adiresi ndipo imangogwira ntchito nayo, sadziwa za zilembo zilizonse. Izi ndi ngati muyang'ana pamalingaliro a ziwopsezo zomwe zingatheke. Chifukwa chiyani tikubweretsa lamulo?
* ncbi imodzi yodziwika - ndiyofunika
Zomwezo zimapitanso muzu wamba wa https/TLS/SSL certification - womwe umayang'ana kale kuonetsetsa chitetezo. Ndondomekoyi ndi yofanana, koma deta ina imatumizidwa pamodzi ndi adiresi, kuphatikizapo makiyi a anthu onse ndi ma signature.
Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti pali mapeto omwe amakhala ngati guarantor. Ndipo ngati pali mfundo zingapo zotere komanso ndi chidziwitso chosiyana, ndiye kuti n'zosavuta kukonza m'malo.
Cholinga chachikulu cha zolembera za maadiresi ndikusunga mndandanda wa mayina kuti tipewe masamba awiri omwe ali ndi adilesi imodzi yowoneka ndi anthu komanso ma IP osiyanasiyana. Tangoganizani momwe zinthu zilili: munthu m'modzi amasindikiza ulalo patsamba la magazine.net patsamba lokhala ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chitetezo ku zokondoweza za amphetamine pogwiritsa ntchito amphonelic acid, munthu wina amakhala ndi chidwi ndikudina ulalowo. Koma ulalo ndi zolemba zokha: magazine.net, ilibe kanthu koma. Komabe, pamene wolemba adasindikiza ulalo, adangowukopera kuchokera pa msakatuli wake, koma adagwiritsa ntchito Google DNS (kaundula yemweyo), ndipo pansi pa tsamba lake magazine.net ndi adilesi 0.0.0.1, ndipo m'modzi mwa owerenga omwe adatsatira ulalo umagwiritsa ntchito Yandex DNS ndipo imasunga adilesi ina - 0.0.0.2, pomwe sitolo yamagetsi ndi registry sadziwa chilichonse chokhudza 0.0.0.1. Kenako, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sangathe kuwona nkhani yomwe akufuna. Zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mfundo yonse ya maulalo.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri: kwenikweni, zolembera zimakhala ndi maadiresi osiyanasiyana, ndipo malo amathanso kusintha IP yomaliza pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana (Mwadzidzidzi, wopereka watsopano amapereka liwiro lalikulu). Ndipo kuti maulalo asataye kufunika kwawo, DNS imapereka mwayi wosintha ma adilesi. Izi zimathandizanso pakuchulukitsa kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma seva omwe akutumizira tsambalo.
Zotsatira zake, mosasamala kanthu za chisankho cha mbali ya America kapena kuukira kwa asitikali, kuphatikiza kulanda mabungwe omwe si aboma, kuwombeza kwa malo oyambira, kapena kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa ubale ndi Russia, sikungatheke kubweretsa bata. ya gawo la Russia la intaneti mpaka maondo ake.
Choyamba, makiyi a encryption master amasungidwa m'mabanki awiri mbali zosiyanasiyana za United States. Kachiwiri, kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kakakula kukhale kofunikira kwambiri. Zomwe zidzatsagana ndi zokambirana zazitali ndipo Russia ingokhala ndi nthawi yokhazikitsa maziko ake. Pakalipano, palibe malingaliro otere omwe apangidwa m'mbiri, ngakhale m'malingaliro. Chabwino, nthawi zonse pamakhala makope kulikonse padziko lapansi. Zikhala zokwanira kutumiziranso anthu ku kopi yaku China kapena ku India. Zotsatira zake, tidzayenera kugwirizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo kachiwiri, ku Russia nthawi zonse padzakhala mndandanda waposachedwa wa maseva ndipo mutha kupitiliza kuyambira pomwe mudasiyira. Kapena mutha kungosintha siginecha ndikuyika ina.
Simuyenera kuyang'ana siginecha konse - ngakhale zonse zitachitika nthawi yomweyo ndipo malo aku Russia awonongedwa, opereka amatha kunyalanyaza kusowa kwa kulumikizana ndi ma seva a mizu, izi ndizongowonjezera chitetezo ndipo sizikhudza njira.
Othandizira amasunganso cache (odziwika kwambiri omwe amafunsidwa) a makiyi onse ndi zolembetsa zokha, ndipo kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mawebusayiti anu otchuka amasungidwa pakompyuta yanu. Zotsatira zake, poyamba simudzamva kalikonse.
Palinso malo ena a WWW, koma nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito mofananamo ndipo safunikira.
Aliyense adzafa, koma achifwamba adzakhala ndi moyo!
Kuphatikiza pa ma seva ovomerezeka, pali ena, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala a achifwamba ndi ma anarchists omwe amatsutsa kuwunika kulikonse, kotero opereka samawagwiritsa ntchito. Koma osankhidwawoβ¦Kuno, ngakhale dziko lonse litapanga chiwembu motsutsana ndi Russia, anyamatawa adzapitirizabe kutumikira.
Mwa njira, ma aligorivimu a DHT a ma intaneti amtundu wa anzawo a Torrent amatha kukhala mwakachetechete popanda zolembetsa zilizonse; sapempha adilesi inayake, koma amalumikizana ndi hashi (chizindikiritso) cha fayilo yomwe mukufuna. Ndiko kuti, achifwamba adzakhala moyo muzochitika zilizonse!
Kuukira kwenikweni kokha!
Chowopsa chokhacho chingakhale chiwembu cha dziko lonse lapansi, kudula zingwe zonse zochokera ku Russia, kuwombera ma satellites ndikuyika kusokoneza kwa wailesi. Zowona, pankhani ya kutsekeka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, chinthu chomaliza chomwe chingakhale chosangalatsa ndi intaneti. Kapena nkhondo yogwira ntchito, koma zonse ziri zofanana kumeneko.
Intaneti ku Russia idzapitirizabe kugwira ntchito monga momwe zilili. Kungokhala ndi kuchepa kwakanthawi kwachitetezo.
Ndiye lamulo ndi chiyani?
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti lamulo, mwachidziwitso, limafotokoza izi, koma limapereka zinthu ziwiri zenizeni:
- Pangani malo anu a WWW.
- Tumizani malo onse olowera m'malire a intaneti kupita ku Roskomnadzor ndikuyika zoletsa.
Ayi, izi sizinthu ziwiri zomwe zimathetsa vutoli, izi ndizo, zinthu ziwiri zomwe zili m'malamulo, zina zili ngati: "ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti intaneti ikukhazikika." Palibe njira, chindapusa, mapulani, kugawa maudindo ndi maudindo, koma kungolengeza.
Monga mukumvetsetsa kale, mfundo yoyamba yokha ndiyomwe ikugwirizana ndi intaneti, yachiwiri ndikuwunika ndipo ndizo zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zitha kuchepetsa ntchito yomanga ma network am'mphepete, ndipo pamapeto pake zimachepetsa kukhazikika kwa intaneti.
Mfundo yoyamba, monga tadziwira kale, imathetsa vuto lachiwopsezo chakanthawi kochepa komanso chowopsa pang'ono. Izi zichitika kale ndi omwe atenga nawo gawo pamaneti pomwe ziwopsezo ziwoneka, koma apa zikunenedwa kuchita izi pasadakhale. Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa pasadakhale, pokhapokha pamutu umodzi wokhumudwitsa kwambiri.
Zotsatira zake ndi zokhumudwitsa!
Mwachidule, zikuwoneka kuti boma lapereka ma ruble 30 biliyoni palamulo lomwe limathetsa vuto losayembekezereka, losakhala lowopsa, lomwe silingavulaze. Ndipo gawo lachiwiri lidzakhazikitsa censorship. Timapatsidwa mwayi woti tisamaleredwe. Titha kulimbikitsanso dziko lonse kumwa mkaka Lachinayi kuti tipewe kuphana. Ndiko kuti, zonse zomveka komanso zomveka zimanena kuti zinthu izi sizikugwirizana ndipo sizingagwirizane.
Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani boma proactively kukonzekera kufufuza kwathunthu ... kufufuza ndi nkhondo?
Mphindi ya chisamaliro kuchokera ku UFO
Izi zitha kukhala zotsutsana, kotero musanapereke ndemanga, chonde kumbukiraninso china chake chofunikira:
Momwe mungalembe ndemanga ndikupulumuka
- Osalemba ndemanga zokhumudwitsa, osakhala zaumwini.
- Pewani kutukwana ndi khalidwe loipa (ngakhale lophimbidwa).
- Kuti munene ndemanga zomwe zikuphwanya malamulo a patsamba, gwiritsani ntchito batani la "Ripoti" (ngati liripo) kapena .
Zoyenera kuchita ngati: |
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Source: www.habr.com