Ndithudi inu, monga wogwiritsa ntchito Bitcoin, Ether kapena cryptocurrency ina iliyonse, munali ndi nkhawa kuti aliyense angathe kuona ndalama zingati zomwe muli nazo m'chikwama chanu, kwa omwe mudawasamutsira ndi omwe mudawalandira. Pali mikangano yambiri yokhudzana ndi ma cryptocurrencies osadziwika, koma chinthu chimodzi chomwe sitingagwirizane nacho ndi momwe Woyang'anira projekiti ya Monero Riccardo Spagni pa akaunti yake ya Twitter: "Bwanji ngati sindikufuna kuti wosunga ndalama kusitolo adziwe kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe ndili nazo pazomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito?"
M'nkhaniyi tiwona mbali yaukadaulo ya kusadziwika - momwe amachitira, ndikupereka mwachidule njira zodziwika bwino, zabwino ndi zoyipa zawo.
Masiku ano pali pafupifupi ma blockchains khumi ndi awiri omwe amalola kuchitapo kanthu mosadziwika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kwa ena, kusadziwika kwa kusamutsidwa ndikoyenera, kwa ena ndizosankha, ena amabisa okha maadiresi ndi olandira, ena samalola anthu ena kuti awone ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa. Pafupifupi matekinoloje onse omwe tikuwalingalirawa sakudziwika konseβmunthu wakunja sangawunike masikelo, olandira, kapena mbiri yamalonda. Koma tiyeni tiyambe ndemanga yathu ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa ntchitoyi kuti atsatire kusinthika kwa njira zodziwikiratu.
Pakali pano matekinoloje osadziwika bwino akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: omwe amachokera ku kusakaniza - kumene ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasakanizidwa ndi ndalama zina kuchokera ku blockchain - ndi matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maumboni ozikidwa pa polynomials. Kenako, tiyang'ana gulu lililonse lamaguluwa ndikulingalira zabwino ndi zoyipa zawo.
Kneading zochokera
Ndalama Coin
sichimabisa zomasulira za ogwiritsa ntchito, koma zimangosokoneza kutsatira kwawo. Koma tidaganiza zophatikizira ukadaulo uwu pakuwunika kwathu, popeza inali imodzi mwamayesero oyamba kukulitsa chinsinsi chazomwe zimachitika pa intaneti ya Bitcoin. Tekinoloje iyi imakopa chidwi mu kuphweka kwake ndipo sichifuna kusintha malamulo a intaneti, kotero ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta mu blockchains ambiri.
Zimatengera lingaliro losavuta - bwanji ngati ogwiritsa ntchito alowa ndikupereka malipiro awo mumgwirizano umodzi? Zikuoneka kuti ngati Arnold Schwarzenegger ndi Barack Obama chipped ndi kupereka malipiro awiri kwa Charlie Sheen ndi Donald Lipenga mu ntchito imodzi, ndiye zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa amene ndalama ndawala zisankho Lipenga - Arnold kapena Barack.
Koma kuchokera ku mwayi waukulu wa CoinJoin umabwera choyipa chake chachikulu - chitetezo chofooka. Masiku ano, pali kale njira zodziwira zochitika za CoinJoin pamanetiweki ndikufananiza zolowa kumagulu azotulutsa poyerekezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupangidwa. Chitsanzo cha chida cha kusanthula koteroko ndi .
Zotsatira:
β’ Kuphweka
Wotsatsa:
β’ Kuwonetsa kusokoneza
Mwezi
Chiyanjano choyamba chomwe chimabwera mukamva mawu akuti "cryptocurrency osadziwika" ndi Monero. Ndalama iyi kukhazikika kwake ndi zinsinsi pansi pa maikulosikopu ya ntchito zanzeru:
M'modzi mwa ake aposachedwa Talongosola ndondomeko ya Monero mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo lero tifotokoza mwachidule zomwe zanenedwa.
Mu protocol ya Monero, lipoti lililonse lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda limasakanizidwa ndi zosachepera 11 (panthawi yolemba) zotuluka mwachisawawa kuchokera ku blockchain, potero zimasokoneza graph yapaintaneti ndikupangitsa kuti ntchito yotsata zochitika zikhale zovuta. Zolemba zosakanikirana zimasainidwa ndi siginecha ya mphete, yomwe imatsimikizira kuti siginecha inaperekedwa ndi mwiniwake wa ndalama zosakanikirana, koma sizimapangitsa kuti adziwe yemwe.
Kuti abise olandira, ndalama iliyonse yomwe yangopangidwa kumene imagwiritsa ntchito adilesi yanthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kwa wowonera (zovuta monga kuswa makiyi a encryption, ndithudi) kugwirizanitsa zotuluka zilizonse ndi adilesi ya anthu onse. Ndipo kuyambira September 2017, Monero anayamba kuthandizira ndondomekoyi (CT) ndi zowonjezera zina, motero zimabisanso ndalama zosinthira. Patapita nthawi, opanga ndalama za cryptocurrency adasintha siginecha ya Borromean ndi Bulletproofs, motero kuchepetsa kukula kwa malonda.
Zotsatira:
β’ Kuyesedwa kwa nthawi
β’ Kusavuta kwenikweni
Wotsatsa:
β’ Kupanga umboni ndi kutsimikizira kumakhala pang'onopang'ono kuposa ZK-SNARKs ndi ZK-STARKs
β’ Osagonjetsedwa ndi kubera pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum
Mimblewimble
Mimblewimble (MW) idapangidwa ngati ukadaulo wowopsa wodziwikiratu kusamutsidwa pa netiweki ya Bitcoin, koma idapeza kukhazikitsidwa kwake ngati blockchain yodziyimira payokha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cryptocurrencies ΠΈ .
MW ndiyodziwika chifukwa ilibe maadiresi a anthu onse, ndipo kuti atumize malonda, ogwiritsa ntchito amasinthanitsa zotuluka mwachindunji, motero amachotsa kuthekera kwa wowonera kunja kusanthula kusamutsidwa kuchokera kwa wolandila kupita kwa wolandila.
Kubisa kuchuluka kwa zolowa ndi zotuluka, njira yodziwika bwino yomwe a Greg Maxwell adapanga mu 2015 imagwiritsidwa ntchito - (CT). Ndiye kuti, ndalamazo zimasungidwa (kapena m'malo, amagwiritsa ntchito ), ndipo m'malo mwawo maukonde amagwira ntchito ndi zomwe zimatchedwa malonjezano. Kuti malonda awonedwe kuti ndi olondola, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupangidwa kuphatikiza komishoni ziyenera kukhala zofanana. Popeza maukonde sagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi manambala, kufanana kumatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya mapangano omwewa, omwe amatchedwa kudzipereka ku ziro.
Mu CT yoyambirira, kuti atsimikizire kusagwirizana kwazinthu (zomwe zimatchedwa umboni wamitundu), amagwiritsa ntchito Siginecha za Borromean (siginecha za mphete za Borromean), zomwe zidatenga malo ambiri mu blockchain (pafupifupi 6 kilobytes pachotulutsa chilichonse. ). Pachifukwa ichi, kuipa kwa ndalama zosadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito teknolojiyi kunaphatikizapo kukula kwakukulu kwa malonda, koma tsopano aganiza zosiya ma signature awa pofuna ukadaulo wophatikizika - Bulletproofs.
Palibe lingaliro lakuchitapo kanthu mu block ya MW yokha, pali zotuluka zokha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupangidwa mkati mwake. Palibe kugulitsa - palibe vuto!
Kuti mupewe kusadziwika kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo pagawo la kutumiza ntchitoyo ku netiweki, protocol imagwiritsidwa ntchito. , yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito unyolo wa ma proxy node a netiweki autali wosasunthika omwe amapatsira malondawo kwa wina ndi mnzake asanawagawire kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali, motero amasokoneza njira yolowera pa intaneti.
Zotsatira:
β’ Kukula kwa blockchain kakang'ono
β’ Kusavuta kwenikweni
Wotsatsa:
β’ Kupanga umboni ndi kutsimikizira kumakhala pang'onopang'ono kuposa ZK-SNARKs ndi ZK-STARKs
β’ Kuthandizira pazinthu monga zolemba ndi ma signature ambiri ndizovuta kukhazikitsa
β’ Osagonjetsedwa ndi kubera pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum
Zizindikiro za polynomials
Zithunzi za ZK-SNARK
Dzina lovuta kwambiri laukadaulo uwu limayimira " Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge, "yomwe ingatanthauzidwe kuti "Umboni wosadziwika wosagwirizana ndi ziro." Zinakhala kupitiliza kwa protocol ya zerocoin, yomwe idasinthanso kukhala zerocash ndipo idakhazikitsidwa koyamba mu Zcash cryptocurrency.
Nthawi zambiri, umboni wopanda chidziwitso umalola gulu lina kutsimikizira kwa linzake zowona za mawu ena a masamu popanda kuwulula zambiri za izo. Pankhani ya cryptocurrencies, njira zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti, mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa sikutulutsa ndalama zambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira, popanda kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa.
ZK-SNARKs ndizovuta kumvetsetsa, ndipo zingatenge nkhani yoposa imodzi kufotokoza momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Patsamba lovomerezeka la Zcash, ndalama zoyamba zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito protocol iyi, kufotokozera ntchito yake kumaperekedwa kwa . Choncho, mβmutu uno tingofotokoza mwachidule chabe.
Pogwiritsa ntchito algebraic polynomials, ZK-SNARKs amatsimikizira kuti wotumiza malipirowo ali ndi ndalama zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito komanso kuti ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizidutsa ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa.
Protocol iyi idapangidwa ndi cholinga chochepetsa kukula kwa umboni wotsimikizira kuti mawuwo ndi olondola komanso nthawi yomweyo amatsimikizira mwachangu. Inde, malinga ndi Zooko Wilcox, CEO wa Zcash, kukula kwa umboni ndi ma byte 200 okha, ndipo kulondola kwake kumatha kutsimikiziridwa mu 10 milliseconds. Kuphatikiza apo, mu mtundu waposachedwa wa Zcash, opanga adakwanitsa kuchepetsa nthawi yowonetsera umboni mpaka pafupifupi masekondi awiri.
Komabe, musanagwiritse ntchito ukadaulo uwu, pamafunika njira yokhazikitsira yodalirika ya "magawo a anthu", yomwe imatchedwa "mwambo" (). Vuto lonse ndilakuti pakuyika magawowa, palibe chipani chomwe chili ndi makiyi apadera omwe amasiyidwa, otchedwa "zinyalala zapoizoni", apo ayi zitha kupanga ndalama zatsopano. Mutha kuphunzira momwe izi zimachitikira kuchokera muvidiyoyi .
Zotsatira:
β’ Umboni wochepa
β’ Kutsimikizira mwachangu
β’ Mwachangu umboni m'badwo
Wotsatsa:
β’ Njira zovuta kukhazikitsa magawo a anthu
β’ Zinyalala zapoizoni
β’ Kuvuta kwaukadaulo
β’ Osagonjetsedwa ndi kubera pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum
ZK-STARKs
Olemba matekinoloje awiri omaliza ali bwino kusewera ndi mawu ofupikitsa, ndipo mawu otsatirawa akuyimira "Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent ARguments of Knowledge." Njirayi idapangidwa kuti ithetse zolakwika zomwe zidalipo za ZK-SNARKs panthawiyo: kufunikira kwa malo odalirika a magawo a anthu, kukhalapo kwa zinyalala zapoizoni, kusakhazikika kwa cryptography ndikubera pogwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu a quantum, komanso m'badwo wotsimikizira mwachangu. Komabe, opanga ZK-SNARK athana ndi zovuta zomaliza.
ZK-STARKs amagwiritsanso ntchito maumboni a polynomial. Ukadaulowu sugwiritsa ntchito makiyi achinsinsi a anthu, kudalira chiphunzitso cha hashing ndi kufalitsa. Kuchotsa njira za cryptographic izi kumapangitsa ukadaulo kukana ma algorithms a quantum. Koma izi zimabwera pamtengo - umboniwo ukhoza kufika ma kilobytes mazana angapo kukula kwake.
Pakadali pano, ZK-STARK ilibe kukhazikitsidwa mumtundu uliwonse wa cryptocurrencies, koma imangopezeka ngati laibulale . Komabe, opanga ali ndi mapulani ake omwe amapitilira ma blockchains (mwawo olembawo akupereka chitsanzo cha umboni wa DNA mu database ya apolisi). Pachifukwa ichi adalengedwa , yomwe kumapeto kwa 2018 inasonkhanitsa ndalama zochokera kumakampani akuluakulu amakampani.
Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za momwe ZK-STARK imagwirira ntchito pazolemba za Vitalik Buterin (, , ).
Zotsatira:
β’ Kukana kubedwa ndi makompyuta a quantum
β’ Mwachangu umboni m'badwo
β’ Kutsimikizira mwachangu umboni
β’ Palibe zinyalala zapoizoni
Wotsatsa:
β’ Kuvuta kwaukadaulo
β’ Kukula kwakukulu kwa umboni
Pomaliza
Blockchain ndi kufunikira kwakukula kwa kusadziwika kumabweretsa zofuna zatsopano pa cryptography. Chifukwa chake, nthambi ya cryptography yomwe idayamba chapakati pazaka za m'ma 1980 - maumboni opanda chidziwitso - yawonjezeredwa ndi njira zatsopano, zomangika mwamphamvu m'zaka zochepa chabe.
Chifukwa chake, kuthawa kwa malingaliro asayansi kwapangitsa CoinJoin kukhala yosatha, ndipo MimbleWimble kukhala watsopano wodalirika wokhala ndi malingaliro atsopano. Monero akadali chimphona chosagwedezeka poteteza zinsinsi zathu. Ndipo SNARKs ndi STARKs, ngakhale ali ndi zofooka, akhoza kukhala atsogoleri m'munda. Mwina m'zaka zikubwerazi, mfundo zomwe tidawonetsa mugawo la "Cons" paukadaulo uliwonse zidzakhala zopanda ntchito.
Source: www.habr.com