Momwe foni idakhalira yoyamba mwaukadaulo wophunzirira kutali

Kale kwambiri zaka za Zoom zisanafike pa nthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus, ana omwe adakhala mkati mwa makoma anayi a nyumba zawo adakakamizika kupitiliza kuphunzira. Ndipo adachita bwino chifukwa cha "kuphunzitsa-foni" maphunziro a telefoni.

Pomwe mliriwu ukukulirakulira, masukulu onse ku United States atsekedwa, ndipo ophunzira akuvutika kuti apitilize maphunziro awo kunyumba. Ku Long Beach, California, gulu la ana asukulu akusekondale linachita upainiya wogwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zipangizo zamakono zodziwika bwino kuti agwirizanenso ndi aphunzitsi awo.

Ndi 1919, mliri womwe tatchulawu ukuchitika chifukwa cha zomwe zimatchedwa. "chimfine cha ku Spain". Ndipo luso lodziwika bwino ndilo kulankhulana kwa telefoni. Ngakhale panthawiyo cholowa cha Alexander Graham Bell chinali kale ndi zaka 40 [Chitaliyana amaonedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa telefoni lero. Antonio Meucci / pafupifupi. transl.], akusinthabe dziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono. Panthaŵiyo, theka lokha la mabanja opeza ndalama zapakati anali ndi telefoni, malinga ndi buku la Claude Fisher lakuti “America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940.” Ophunzira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni pophunzira anali lingaliro labwino kwambiri moti linalembedwanso m'manyuzipepala.

Komabe, chitsanzo ichi sichinayambitse nthawi yomweyo kuphunzira kwakutali pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano. Ma switch ambiri amafoni pa mliri wa chimfine waku Spain sanathe kupirira zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale zotsatsa zofalitsidwa ndi zopempha kuti aletse kuyimba foni pokhapokha pazochitika zadzidzidzi. Mwina ndichifukwa chake kuyesa kwa Long Beach sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. United States idakwanitsa kupewa zovuta zathanzi zofananira komanso kutsekedwa kwasukulu kwazaka zopitilira zana mpaka coronavirus idafika.

Komabe, ngakhale popanda zochitika monga chimfine cha ku Spain, ana ambiri kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1952 sanapite kusukulu chifukwa cha matenda. Ngakhale kuti timapeza mapindu a zinthu zambiri zomwe zapezedwa m’zachipatala ndi zotulukapo zake, timayiwala kuchuluka kwa matenda akupha amene anali kuchitika tsiku ndi tsiku kwa makolo athu ndi agogo athu. Mu XNUMX, chifukwa cha miliri ya m'deralo poliyo chiwerengero cha milandu ku United States chinafikira 58. Chaka chimenecho, motsogozedwa ndi Jonas Salk Mmodzi mwa katemera woyamba wa poliyo anapangidwa.

Patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera ku Spanish Flu, foni idawonekeranso ngati chida chophunzirira kutali. Ndipo nthawi ino - ndi zotsatira zake.

Kwa zaka zambiri, masukulu amaphunzitsa ana obwera kunyumba njira yachikale. Anabweretsa maphunziro m’nyumba zawo mothandizidwa ndi aphunzitsi oyendayenda. Komabe, njira iyi inali yokwera mtengo ndipo sinali bwino. Ana asukulu anali ochuluka kwa aphunzitsi ochepa. M’madera akumidzi, kungosamutsa mphunzitsi kunyumba ndi nyumba kumamthera nthaŵi yambiri yogwira ntchito. Ubwino wa ophunzirawo unali woti ankangophunzira ola limodzi kapena awiri pamlungu.

AT&T ndi makampani amafoni am'deralo adalengeza ntchito zawo zophunzitsira lamya, kudziwitsa anthu omwe angagwiritse ntchito ndikudzipangira mbiri yabwino.

Mu 1939, dipatimenti ya zamaphunziro ku Iowa inatsogolera pulogalamu yoyendetsa galimoto yomwe imayika aphunzitsi pa telefoni m'malo moyendetsa galimoto. Zonse zidayamba ku Newton, wodziwika bwino chifukwa chopanga zida zapakhitchini za Maytag. Malinga ndi nkhani ya mu 1955 Saturday Evening Post yolembedwa ndi William Dutton, ana asukulu aŵiri odwala—Tanya Ryder, mtsikana wazaka 9 wodwala nyamakazi, ndi Betty Jean Curnan, mtsikana wazaka 16 amene anachira atachitidwa opaleshoni—anayamba kuphunzira patelefoni. Dongosololi, lopangidwa ndi antchito odzifunira a kampani ya telefoni ya m’deralo, linakhala chitsanzo choyamba cha chimene pambuyo pake chikanadzatchedwa lamya yophunzitsa pa foni, sukulu ndi nyumba, kapena kungoti “bokosi lamatsenga.”

Posakhalitsa ena anagwirizana ndi Tanya ndi Betty. Mu 1939, Dorothy Rose Cave wa ku Marcus, Iowa, anachita mgwirizano matenda osteomyelitis, matenda osoŵa m’mafupa amene anam’pangitsa kukhala chigonere kwa zaka zambiri. Madokotala adangopeza m'ma 1940 kuti zitha kuchiritsidwa. penicillin. Nkhani ya mu 1942 ya Sioux City Journal inakumbukira mmene kampani ya mafoni ya m’deralo inayendetsa chingwe cha telefoni cha makilomita XNUMX kulumikiza famu yake kusukulu yapafupi. Sanagwiritse ntchito foniyo pophunzira kokha, komanso kumvetsera zoimbaimba zomwe anzake akusukulu amapereka komanso masewera awo a basketball.

Pofika m’chaka cha 1946, ophunzira 83 a ku Iowa anali kuphunzitsidwa patelefoni, ndipo lingalirolo linafalikira kumaiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1942, Frank Huettner wa ku Bloomer, Wisconsin, anafa ziwalo pamene basi yasukulu imene anakwera kuchokera kumkangano inagubuduzika. Atakhala masiku 100 m’chipatala kenako n’kukambirana ndi anzake a m’kalasi pa maphunziro onse, anapeza nkhani ina yonena za pulogalamu yophunzitsa anthu pafoni ku Iowa. Makolo ake adalimbikitsa koleji yakumaloko kukhazikitsa zida zonse zofunika. Huettner adadziwika ngati munthu woyamba kumaliza bwino koleji kenako sukulu yamalamulo pophunzira patelefoni.

Pofika m’chaka cha 1953, pafupifupi mayiko 43 anali atatengera luso lophunzirira kutali. Akavomereza wophunzira, amalipira pafupifupi mtengo wonse wa mautumiki a telefoni. Mu 1960, inali pakati pa $13 ndi $25 pamwezi, yomwe mu 2020 imatanthawuza mitengo pakati pa $113 ndi $218. Ngakhale nthawi zina mabungwe monga Elks ndi United Cerebral Palsy ankathandizira kulipira ngongole.

Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kuphunzitsa pafoni

Monga momwe masukulu amasiku ano adatengera Zoom, ntchito yomwe idapangidwira mabizinesi amalonda, makina oyamba ophunzitsira pafoni adangobwezedwanso kuchokera kumaofesi omwe adangoyambitsidwa kumene otchedwa Flash-A-Call. Komabe, ogwiritsa ntchito akumana ndi phokoso pamayitanidwe pakati pa sukulu ndi nyumba za ophunzira. Komanso, monga momwe Dutton analembera mu Saturday Evening Post, “maphunziro a masamu nthaŵi zina anali kusokonezedwa ndi mawu a amayi apakhomo akuitanira golosale.”

Mavuto aukadaulo otere adalimbikitsa Bell System ndi kampani yolumikizirana zamalonda ya Executone kuti ipange zida zapadera zolumikizirana kusukulu ndi nyumba. Monga chotulukapo chake, ophunzira kunyumba (ndipo nthaŵi zina m’chipatala) analandira chida chofanana ndi wailesi ya patebulo, yokhala ndi batani lotha kukanikiza kuti alankhule. Inalumikizana kudzera pa foni yodzipereka ku chipangizo china cha m’kalasi, chimene chinazindikira mawu a mphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ndi kuwapatsira kwa mwana wakutali. Zotumizira kusukulu zidapangidwa kuti zizitha kunyamula ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkanyamulidwa kuchokera mkalasi kupita ku kalasi ndi ophunzira odzipereka pamasiku asukulu.

Ndipo komabe, phokoso lachilendo linayambitsa mavuto. Blaine Freeland analemba m’nyuzipepala ya Cedar Rapids Gazette mu 1948 ponena za Ned Ruffin, yemwe anali ndi zaka 16, analemba kuti: “Maphokoso otsika kwambiri, amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo phokoso la pensulo likuthyoka pafupi ndi kalasi la telefoni likumveka ngati kulira kwa mfuti.” -okhala ku Iowa akudwala pachimake rheumatic fever.

Masukulu adapeza chidziwitso chogwira ntchito ndiukadaulo wophunzitsa pafoni ndipo adaphunzira mphamvu ndi zofooka zake. Chinenero chawo chinkakhoza kuphunzitsidwa mosavuta ndi liwu limodzi lokha. Masamu anali ovuta kufotokoza - zinthu zina ziyenera kulembedwa pa bolodi. Koma masukulu akhala akuvutika kuti agwiritse ntchito maphunziro a patelefoni. Mu 1948, nyuzipepala ya ku Iowa yotchedwa Ottumwa Daily Courier inalemba kuti wophunzira wina wa m’deralo dzina lake Martha Jean Meyer, yemwe ankadwala rheumatic fever, anabweretsedwa kunyumba kwake ndi maikulosikopu kuti aziphunzira za biology.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, masukulu nthawi zambiri ankaganiza zophunzitsa ana osapitirira giredi 5 kutali. Ankakhulupirira kuti ana ang'onoang'ono analibe kupirira kokwanira - izi ndi zomwe aphunzitsi onse akusukulu ya kindergarten anakumana nawo omwe amayesa kuyang'anira kutali ana azaka XNUMX chaka chino. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuyendera kunyumba kwa aphunzitsi sikunasiyidwe kotheratu; ichi chatsimikizira kukhala chida chothandizira chothandizira, makamaka pamayeso omwe ndi ovuta kuwongolera patali.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa nkhani yophunzitsa-foni chinali kugwira ntchito kwa teknolojiyi. Kafukufuku wa 1961 adapeza kuti 98% ya ophunzira omwe adagwiritsa ntchito lusoli adapambana mayeso, poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi 85% ya ophunzira omwe adachita izi. Olemba lipotilo adatsimikiza kuti ophunzira omwe adayimba foni pasukuluyi anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi sukulu komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri yophunzira kuposa anzawo athanzi, osasamala.

Kuphatikizidwa ndi mapindu a maphunziro, dongosololi linalinso lothandiza pobwezeretsa ubwenzi umene unali wosafikirika kwa ana otsala panyumba chifukwa cha matenda. “Kulankhulana patelefoni ndi sukulu kumapatsa ophunzira osakhala kunyumba kukhala ndi chidziŵitso cha chitaganya,” analemba motero Norris Millington mu 1959 mu Family Weekly. "Chipinda cha wophunzira chimatseguka padziko lonse lapansi, kulumikizana komwe sikumatha kumapeto kwa makalasi." Chaka chotsatira, nkhani ina inafalitsidwa yonena za wophunzira wina wa ku Newkirk, Oklahoma, dzina lake Gene Richards, amene anadwala matenda a impso. Ankakonda kuyatsa foni yake yophunzitsa patatha theka la ola makalasi asanayambe kucheza ndi anzake akusukulu.

Mizinda ikuluikulu

Ngakhale kuti kuphunzitsa pafoni kunabadwira kumidzi, m'kupita kwa nthawi kunafika kumadera okhala ndi anthu ambiri. Mapulogalamu ena ophunzirira akutali m'matauni apitilira kulumikiza ana obwera kunyumba ndi makalasi achikhalidwe. Anayamba kupereka makalasi enieni, ndipo wophunzira aliyense amapita kutali. Mu 1964, panali malo 15 ophunzitsira pa telefoni ku Los Angeles, aliyense akutumikira ophunzira 15-20. Aphunzitsi ankagwiritsa ntchito mafoni oimbira okha ndi kuyimba kunyumba za ana asukulu kudzera pa mizere yanjira imodzi. Ophunzira adachita nawo maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito masipikala, kubwereka komwe kumawononga $7,5/mwezi.

Masukulu adaphatikizanso makalasi amafoni ndi matekinoloje ena ophunzirira kutali. Ku New York, ana asukulu anamvetsera zoulutsidwa pawailesi zotchedwa “High School Live” ndiyeno n’kukambirana zimene anamva patelefoni. Panalinso njira yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe idapangidwa ku GTE, yomwe adayitcha "board by wire." Mphunzitsiyo ankatha kulemba manotsi pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera chamagetsi pa tabuleti, ndipo zotsatira zake ankazitumiza kudzera pawaya kupita pa TV. Sikuti tekinolojeyo idapulumutsira anthu otsekeredwa, komanso idalonjeza "kulumikiza makalasi osauka kwambiri ndi aphunzitsi anzeru kwambiri, kutali kwambiri," monga AP idadabwitsa mu 1966. Komabe, lusoli silinagwiritsidwe ntchito mofala—monga momwe zipangizo zamakono zophunzirira kutali zalephera kukwaniritsa malonjezo awo.

Njira zophunzirira kutali zinali zothandiza kwambiri kotero kuti zidapitilirabe mpaka zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990 monga momwe zinalili zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, wogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakonozi anali wotchuka kwambiri. David Vetter, “mnyamata wonyezimira” wa ku Houston amene kulephera kwa chitetezo cha m’thupi kophatikizana kwambiri kunamulepheretsa kutuluka m’chipinda chotetezera chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa m’nyumba mwake. Anali ndi telefoni yophunzitsa, yomwe ankakonda kuyitana masukulu oyandikana nawo, kupangitsa moyo wake kukhala wamba mpaka pamene anamwalira mu 1984 ali ndi zaka 12.

Pamene zaka za zana la 18 zikuyandikira, ukadaulo watsopano wasintha kuphunzira kwakutali kosatha: kufalitsa makanema. Poyambirira, msonkhano wamakanema wamaphunziro unkafunikira zida zomwe zimawononga ndalama zopitilira $000 ndikudutsa IDSN, mtundu wakale wa Broadband pomwe nyumba zambiri ndi masukulu zidalumikizidwa kudzera. kuyimba. Talia Seidman Foundation, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi makolo a mtsikana yemwe anamwalira ndi khansa ya muubongo ali ndi zaka XNUMX½, ayamba kulimbikitsa ukadaulo ndikulipira mtengo wa zida kuti masukulu athe kuphunzitsa ophunzira omwe sangathe kupita kusukulu payekha.

Masiku ano, ntchito monga Zoom, Magulu a Microsoft ndi Google Meet, ndi ma laputopu okhala ndi makamera amakanema apangitsa kuti maphunziro apakanema akutali athe kupezeka. Kwa mamiliyoni a ophunzira omwe amakakamizidwa ndi coronavirus kuti aziphunzira kunyumba, matekinoloje awa akukhala ofunikira. Komanso, lingaliro ili likadali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwachitukuko. Masukulu ena akugwiritsa ntchito kale maloboti kuti azikhala kutali, monga aku VGo. Zipangizo zoyendera patali zokhala ndi magudumu, zomwe zili ndi makamera ndi zowonera pavidiyo, zimatha kukhala maso ndi makutu a wophunzira yemwe sangathe kuyenda yekha. Mosiyana ndi mabokosi akale ophunzitsa-foni, maloboti a telepresence amatha kuyanjana ndi anzanu a m'kalasi ndikuzungulira zipinda momwe angafunire, ngakhale kutenga nawo mbali mu kwaya kapena kukwera ndi kalasi.

Koma, mosasamala kanthu za ubwino wawo wonse, umene watengera malobotiwa kutali ndi machitidwe a telefoni a m'zaka za zana la 80, akadali, makamaka, mafoni apakanema pamawilo. Amapereka mwayi kwa ophunzira omwe amakhala kunyumba kuti aphunzire ndi kutengera, ndi kuthandiza ana kuthana ndi mavuto ovuta, kuchepetsa kusungulumwa kwa zovuta zawo. Kwa anthu a ku Iowa omwe anali m'gulu la anthu oyambirira kugwiritsa ntchito foni yophunzitsa-foni zaka zoposa XNUMX zapitazo, maloboti oterowo angawoneke ngati nthano za sayansi, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo angayamikire zomwe angathe komanso ubwino wawo.

Source: www.habr.com