Nkhaniyi ndi yachiwiri pamndandanda wankhani za "Momwe mungayang'anire zida zanu zamanetiweki." Zomwe zili m'nkhani zonse pamndandanda ndi maulalo zitha kupezeka .
Cholinga chathu pakadali pano ndikubweretsa dongosolo pazolemba ndi kasinthidwe.
Pamapeto pa ndondomekoyi, muyenera kukhala ndi zolemba zofunikira ndi maukonde opangidwa mogwirizana ndi iwo.
Tsopano sitilankhula za kuwunika kwa chitetezo - iyi idzakhala mutu wa gawo lachitatu.
Kuvuta kumaliza ntchito yomwe wapatsidwa panthawiyi, ndithudi, kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kampani ndi kampani.
Mkhalidwe wabwino ndi liti
- maukonde anu analengedwa molingana ndi pulojekitiyi ndipo muli ndi zikalata zonse
- zakhazikitsidwa mu kampani yanu za network
- molingana ndi njirayi, muli ndi zikalata (kuphatikiza zithunzi zonse zofunika) zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chonse cha momwe zinthu ziliri pano.
Pankhaniyi, ntchito yanu ndi yosavuta. Muyenera kuphunzira zikalata ndikuwunikanso zosintha zonse zomwe zasinthidwa.
Muzochitika zoyipa kwambiri, mudzakhala nazo
- maukonde opangidwa popanda projekiti, popanda dongosolo, popanda kuvomerezedwa, ndi mainjiniya omwe alibe ziyeneretso zokwanira,
- ndi chisokonezo, kusintha kosalembedwa, ndi zambiri "zinyalala" ndi suboptimal zothetsera
Zikuwonekeratu kuti mkhalidwe wanu uli kwinakwake pakati, koma mwatsoka, pamlingo uwu wabwino - woyipa kwambiri, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti mudzakhala pafupi ndi mapeto oyipa.
Pankhaniyi, mudzafunikanso luso lowerenga malingaliro, chifukwa muyenera kuphunzira kumvetsetsa zomwe "okonza" akufuna kuchita, kubwezeretsa malingaliro awo, kumaliza zomwe sizinathe ndikuchotsa "zinyalala".
Ndipo, ndithudi, muyenera kukonza zolakwa zawo, kusintha (panthawiyi pang'onopang'ono momwe mungathere) kupanga ndi kusintha kapena kupanganso ziwembu.
Nkhaniyi sikunena kuti ndi yathunthu. Pano ndikufotokozera mfundo zachidule zokhazokha ndikuganizira za mavuto omwe amayenera kuthetsedwa.
Seti ya zikalata
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chitsanzo.
Pansipa pali zolemba zina zomwe zimapangidwira ku Cisco Systems panthawi yopanga.
CR - Zofunikira za Makasitomala, Zofuna zamakasitomala (zofotokozera zaukadaulo).
Zimapangidwa pamodzi ndi kasitomala ndikusankha zofunikira pa intaneti.HLD - Kupanga Kwapamwamba Kwambiri, mapangidwe apamwamba kutengera zofunikira pa intaneti (CR). Chikalatacho chikufotokozera ndi kulungamitsa zisankho zomangidwa (topology, protocols, kusankha kwa hardware, ...). HLD ilibe zambiri zamapangidwe, monga ma interfaces ndi ma adilesi a IP omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komanso, masinthidwe enieni a hardware sakukambidwa pano. M'malo mwake, chikalata ichi ndi kufotokozera mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kamangidwe kakasitomala kasamalidwe kaukadaulo.
LLD - Low Level Design, mapangidwe otsika otengera mapangidwe apamwamba (HLD).
Iyenera kukhala ndi zonse zofunikira kuti polojekiti ichitike, monga momwe mungalumikizire ndi kukonza zida. Ichi ndi chiwongolero chathunthu chogwiritsira ntchito mapangidwe. Chikalatachi chiyenera kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira kuti chikhazikitsidwe ngakhale ndi anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi luso.Chinachake, mwachitsanzo, ma adilesi a IP, manambala a AS, mawonekedwe osinthira thupi (cabling), zitha "kutulutsidwa" m'malemba osiyana, monga PIN (Network Implementation Plan).
Kumanga kwa maukonde kumayamba pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwa malembawa ndipo kumachitika motsatira kwambiri iwo ndipo kenako amafufuzidwa ndi kasitomala (mayesero) kuti atsatire mapangidwewo.
Zoonadi, ophatikiza osiyanasiyana, makasitomala osiyanasiyana, ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana angakhale ndi zofunikira zosiyana pa zolemba za polojekiti. Koma ndikufuna kupewa zikhalidwe ndikuganiziranso nkhaniyi pazoyenera zake. Gawo ili siliri la mapangidwe, koma la kuyika zinthu, ndipo timafunikira zolemba zokwanira (zithunzi, matebulo, mafotokozedwe ...) kuti timalize ntchito zathu.
Ndipo m'malingaliro anga, pali chocheperako chocheperako, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kuwongolera bwino maukonde.
Izi ndi zolembedwa zotsatirazi:
- chithunzi (log) cha kusintha kwa thupi (cabling)
- zojambulajambula kapena zithunzi zokhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira cha L2/L3
Chithunzi chosinthira thupi
M'makampani ena ang'onoang'ono, ntchito yokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa zida ndi kusintha kwa thupi (cabling) ndi udindo wa akatswiri opanga maukonde.
Pankhaniyi, vuto limathetsedwa pang'ono ndi njira zotsatirazi.
- gwiritsani ntchito kufotokozera pa mawonekedwe kuti mufotokoze zomwe zikugwirizana nazo
- poyang'anira zimitsani madoko onse osalumikizidwa ndi netiweki
Izi zidzakupatsani mwayi, ngakhale pakakhala vuto ndi chiyanjano (pamene cdp kapena lldp sichigwira ntchito pa mawonekedwe awa), kuti mudziwe mwamsanga zomwe zikugwirizana ndi doko ili.
Mutha kuwonanso mosavuta kuti ndi madoko ati omwe ali ndi anthu komanso omwe ali aulere, zomwe ndizofunikira pokonzekera kulumikizana kwa zida zatsopano zama network, ma seva kapena malo ogwirira ntchito.
Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti ngati mutaya mwayi wopeza zidazi, mudzatayanso chidziwitsochi. Kuphatikiza apo, mwanjira imeneyi simudzatha kulemba zidziwitso zofunika monga zida zamtundu wanji, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zotani, madoko angati, rack yomwe ilimo, ndi mapanelo ati omwe alipo komanso kuti (mu rack / patch panel) ) amalumikizana. Choncho, zolemba zowonjezera (osati mafotokozedwe pazida) akadali othandiza kwambiri.
Njira yabwino ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu opangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito ndimtunduwu. Koma mutha kudziletsa pamatebulo osavuta (mwachitsanzo, mu Excel) kapena kuwonetsa zomwe mukuwona kuti ndizofunikira pazithunzi za L1/L2.
Zofunika!
Wopanga maukonde, ndithudi, amatha kudziwa bwino zovuta ndi miyezo ya SCS, mitundu ya ma racks, mitundu yamagetsi osasunthika, momwe kanjira kozizira komanso kotentha ndi kotani, momwe angapangire maziko oyenera ... monga momwe angathere. dziwani fiziki yazinthu zoyambira kapena C ++. Koma munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti zonsezi si gawo lake lachidziwitso.
Choncho, ndi bwino kukhala ndi madipatimenti odzipatulira kapena anthu odzipereka kuti athetse mavuto okhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa, kulumikiza, kukonza zipangizo, komanso kusintha kwa thupi. Nthawi zambiri kwa malo opangira data awa ndi mainjiniya a data center, ndipo ku ofesi ndi desk yothandizira.
Ngati magawano otere aperekedwa mu kampani yanu, ndiye kuti nkhani zodula mitengo si ntchito yanu, ndipo mutha kudziletsa nokha kufotokozera za mawonekedwe ndi kutseka kwa madoko osagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zithunzi za netiweki
Palibe njira yapadziko lonse lapansi yojambulira zithunzi.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti zithunzizo ziyenera kupereka chidziwitso cha momwe magalimoto aziyendera, zomwe zili zomveka komanso zakuthupi pa intaneti yanu.
Ndi zinthu zakuthupi tikutanthauza
- zida zogwira ntchito
- zolumikizira / madoko a zida zogwira ntchito
Pansi pa zomveka -
- zida zomveka (N7K VDC, Palo Alto VSYS, ...)
- Chithunzi cha VRF
- Anthu a Vilan
- zolumikizirana
- ngalande
- mabacteria
- ...
Komanso, ngati maukonde anu sakhala oyambira, amakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.
Mwachitsanzo
- data center
- intaneti
- WAN
- kufikira kutali
- Ofesi ya LAN
- DMZ
- ...
Ndikwanzeru kukhala ndi zithunzi zingapo zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chachikulu (momwe magalimoto amayendera pakati pa magawo onsewa) ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane gawo lililonse.
Popeza mu maukonde amakono pakhoza kukhala zigawo zambiri zomveka, mwina ndi njira yabwino (koma osati yofunikira) yopangira mabwalo osiyanasiyana pamagulu osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, panjira yophatikizira izi zitha kukhala mabwalo otsatirawa:
- kuziphimba
- L1/L2 pansi
- L3 pansi
Zachidziwikire, chithunzi chofunikira kwambiri, popanda chomwe sikungatheke kumvetsetsa lingaliro la kapangidwe kanu, ndichojambula chowongolera.
Ndondomeko ya njira
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, chithunzichi chiyenera kuwonetsera
- ndi njira zotani zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso komwe
- Zambiri zokhuza makonda a protocol (dera/AS nambala/rauta-id/β¦)
- ndi zida ziti zomwe kugawanso kumachitika?
- kumene kusefa ndi kusonkhanitsa njira kumachitika
- zambiri zamayendedwe okhazikika
Komanso, pulogalamu ya L2 (OSI) nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza.
Pulogalamu ya L2 (OSI)
Chithunzichi chikhoza kusonyeza izi:
- zomwe VLANs
- madoko omwe ndi madoko akuluakulu
- madoko omwe amaphatikizidwa kukhala ether-channel (port channel), virtual port channel
- ndi ma protocol a STP omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso pazida ziti
- zoikamo zoyambira za STP: zosunga zobwezeretsera mizu/mizu, mtengo wa STP, doko lofunika kwambiri
- makonda owonjezera a STP: BPDU wolondera / fyuluta, muzuβ¦
Zolakwika zamapangidwe
Chitsanzo cha njira yoyipa yomanga maukonde.
Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo chophweka chomanga ofesi yosavuta LAN.
Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chophunzitsa telecom kwa ophunzira, nditha kunena kuti pafupifupi wophunzira aliyense pofika pakati pa semester yachiwiri ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira (monga gawo la maphunziro omwe ndinaphunzitsa) kuti akhazikitse ofesi yosavuta ya LAN.
Chovuta ndi chiyani pakulumikiza ma switch kwa wina ndi mnzake, kukhazikitsa ma VLAN, ma SVI interfaces (panthawi ya masiwichi a L3) ndikukhazikitsa njira zokhazikika?
Chirichonse chidzagwira ntchito.
Koma nthawi yomweyo, mafunso okhudzana ndi
- chitetezo
- kusungitsa malo
- makulitsidwe a network
- zokolola
- zotsatira
- kudalirika
- ...
Nthawi ndi nthawi ndimamva mawu akuti ofesi ya LAN ndi chinthu chophweka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri ndimamva izi kuchokera kwa mainjiniya (ndi oyang'anira) omwe amachita chilichonse koma maukonde, ndipo amanena izi molimba mtima kuti musadabwe ngati LAN idzakhala. zopangidwa ndi anthu osakwanira mchitidwe ndi chidziwitso ndipo adzapangidwa ndi pafupifupi zolakwa zomwe ine kufotokoza pansipa.
Common L1 (OSI) Zolakwika Zopanga
- Ngati, komabe, mulinso ndi udindo pa SCS, ndiye kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zosasangalatsa zomwe mungalandire ndikusintha mosasamala komanso kosaganizira bwino.
Ndikayikanso ngati zolakwika zamtundu wa L1 zokhudzana ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo,
- bandwidth yosakwanira
- TCAM yosakwanira pazida (kapena osagwiritsa ntchito bwino)
- kugwira ntchito kosakwanira (nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi zozimitsa moto)
Common L2 (OSI) Zolakwika Zopanga
Nthawi zambiri, ngati palibe kumvetsetsa bwino momwe STP imagwirira ntchito komanso zovuta zomwe imabweretsa nayo, masiwichi amalumikizidwa mwachisawawa, ndi zoikamo zosasinthika, popanda kusintha kwa STP.
Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi zotsatirazi
- lalikulu STP network awiri, zomwe zingayambitse kuwulutsa mkuntho
- Muzu wa STP udzatsimikiziridwa mwachisawawa (kutengera ma adilesi ya Mac) ndipo njira yamagalimoto idzakhala yocheperako
- madoko olumikizidwa ku makamu sangasinthidwe ngati m'mphepete (portfast), zomwe zidzatsogolera kuwerengeranso kwa STP mukayatsa/kuzimitsa masiteshoni omaliza.
- maukonde sadzakhala segmented pa mlingo L1/L2, chifukwa mavuto ndi kusintha kulikonse (mwachitsanzo, kuchulukira mphamvu) zidzachititsa recalculation wa STP topology ndi kuyimitsa magalimoto mu VLANs onse masiwichi (kuphatikiza imodzi yofunika kwambiri pakuwona gawo la ntchito yopitiliza)
Zitsanzo za zolakwika pakupanga kwa L3 (OSI).
Zolakwika zingapo za novice networkers:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi (kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kokha) kwa ma static routing
- kugwiritsa ntchito ma protocol a suboptimal routing pamapangidwe operekedwa
- suboptimal logical network segmentation
- kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo adilesi, omwe salola kuphatikizika kwa njira
- palibe njira zosunga zobwezeretsera
- palibe kusungitsa pachipata chosasinthika
- mayendedwe asymmetric pomanganso misewu (itha kukhala yovuta pankhani ya NAT/PAT, ma firewall)
- mavuto ndi MTU
- misewu ikamangidwanso, magalimoto amadutsa m'malo ena otetezedwa kapena ma firewall ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magalimotowa athe.
- scalability osauka topology
Zofunikira pakuwunika mtundu wa mapangidwe
Tikamalankhula za kuchita bwino kwambiri / kusachita bwino, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuchokera pamalingaliro azomwe titha kuwunika izi. Pano, kuchokera kumalingaliro anga, ndizofunika kwambiri (koma osati zonse) (ndi kufotokozera mokhudzana ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera):
- scalability
Mwachitsanzo, mwasankha kuwonjezera malo ena a data. Kodi mungachite bwanji? - kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito (kuwongolera)
Kodi kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikosavuta komanso kotetezeka bwanji, monga kulengeza ma gridi atsopano kapena njira zosefera? - kupezeka
Kodi ndi nthawi yanji yomwe makina anu amapereka mlingo wofunikira wa ntchito? - chitetezo
Kodi deta yotumizidwa ndi yotetezeka bwanji? - mtengo
Zosintha
Mfundo yofunikira pakadali pano ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi njira yakuti "musavulaze."
Choncho, ngakhale simukugwirizana kwathunthu ndi mapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa kosankhidwa (kusintha), sikoyenera nthawi zonse kusintha. Njira yabwino ndikuyika zovuta zonse zomwe zadziwika molingana ndi magawo awiri:
- momwe vutoli lingathetsedwe mosavuta
- ali pachiwopsezo chochuluka bwanji?
Choyamba, m'pofunika kuthetsa zomwe panopa zimachepetsa mlingo wa utumiki woperekedwa pansi pa mlingo wovomerezeka, mwachitsanzo, mavuto omwe amatsogolera kutayika kwa paketi. Kenako konzani zomwe zili zosavuta komanso zotetezeka kwambiri kukonza pakuchepetsa kuopsa kwachiwopsezo (kuchokera pamapangidwe owopsa kwambiri kapena masinthidwe mpaka omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa).
Kufuna kuchita zinthu mosalakwitsa chilichonse pa nthawi imeneyi kungakhale kovulaza. Bweretsani mapangidwewo kuti akhale abwino ndikugwirizanitsa masinthidwe a netiweki moyenerera.
Source: www.habr.com