Kulankhulana nthawi zonse ndi chinthu chopatulika,
Ndipo pankhondo ndizofunikira kwambiri ...
Lero, May 7, ndi tsiku la wailesi ndi kulankhulana. Izi ndizoposa tchuthi cha akatswiri - ndi filosofi yonse ya kupitiriza, kunyada mu imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za anthu, zomwe zalowa m'mbali zonse za moyo ndipo sizingatheke kuti zikhale zosagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa. Ndipo m’masiku awiri, pa Meyi 9, zidzakhala zaka 75 zakupambana pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi. Pankhondo yomwe kulumikizana kunatenga gawo lalikulu komanso nthawi zina lofunikira. Signalmen analumikiza magawano, magulu ankhondo, ndi malire, nthawi zina kwenikweni pamtengo wa moyo wawo, kukhala mbali ya dongosolo lomwe limatheketsa kutumiza maoda kapena chidziwitso. Ichi chinali chochitika chenicheni cha tsiku ndi tsiku pankhondo yonseyi. Ku Russia, Tsiku la Msilikali Wankhondo lakhazikitsidwa, limakondwerera pa Okutobala 20. Koma ndikudziwa motsimikiza kuti akukondwerera lero, pa Tsiku la Radio. Choncho, tiyeni tikumbukire zida ndi matekinoloje olankhulana a Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa palibe chifukwa chomwe amanena kuti mauthenga ndi mitsempha ya nkhondo. Mitsempha iyi inali pa malire awo ndipo ngakhale kupitirira iwo.
Signalmen of the Red Army mu 1941 ndi reel ndi foni yam'munda
Mafoni am'manja
Kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, mauthenga a mawaya anali atasiya kale kukhala udindo wa telegraph; mizere ya telefoni ikukula mu USSR, ndipo njira zoyankhulirana zogwiritsa ntchito mawailesi zidawonekera. Koma poyamba, chinali kulumikizana kwa mawaya komwe kunali minyewa yayikulu: matelefoni adapangitsa kuti azitha kulumikizana pamalo otseguka, nkhalango, kuwoloka mitsinje, osafunikira zida zilizonse. Kuphatikiza apo, siginecha yochokera pa foni yamawaya sikadatha kulumikizidwa kapena kutengedwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mwakuthupi.
Asilikali a Wehrmacht sanagone: adafunafuna mwachangu mizere yolumikizirana m'munda ndi mitengo, adaphulitsa bomba ndikuwononga. Kuti aukire malo olumikizirana panali zipolopolo zapadera zomwe zikaphulitsidwa, mawaya amakokedwa ndikudula maukonde onse.
Woyamba kukumana ndi nkhondo ndi asitikali athu anali foni yosavuta yamunda UNA-F-31, imodzi mwazomwe zimafunikira mawaya amkuwa kuti zitsimikizire kulumikizana. Komabe, anali mauthenga a waya omwe ankasiyanitsidwa panthawi ya nkhondo ndi kukhazikika ndi kudalirika. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito foni, zinali zokwanira kukoka chingwe ndikuchilumikiza ku chipangizocho. Koma zinali zovuta kumvetsera foni yotereyi: munayenera kulumikiza mwachindunji ku chingwe, chomwe chinali chotetezedwa (monga lamulo, owonetsa zizindikiro ankayenda awiriawiri kapena ngakhale gulu laling'ono). Koma zimamveka zosavuta "m'moyo wamba." Panthawi yankhondo, ma signmen adayika miyoyo yawo pachiswe ndikukoka mawaya pansi pamoto wa adani, usiku, pansi pa dziwe, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mdaniyo adayang'anira mosamalitsa zochita za ma signature a Soviet ndipo, pamwayi woyamba, adawononga zida zoyankhulirana ndi zingwe. The ngwazi za signmen sankadziwa malire: iwo anagwera mu madzi oundana Ladoga ndi kuyenda pansi zipolopolo, iwo anawoloka kutsogolo ndi kuthandiza reconnaissance. Documentary magwero amafotokoza zambiri pamene siginecha, asanamwalire, kufinya chingwe chosweka ndi mano ake kuti kuphipha komaliza kunakhala kusowa ulalo kuonetsetsa kulankhulana.
UNA-F-31
UNA-F (phonic) ndi UNA-I (inductor) adapangidwa mumzinda wa Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) pa. , kuyambira 1928. Zinali kachipangizo kakang'ono mu chimango chamatabwa chokhala ndi lamba, wokhala ndi cholumikizira cha m'manja, thiransifoma, capacitor, ndodo ya mphezi, batire (kapena zingwe zamagetsi). The inductor telefoni inayimba ndi belu, ndipo foni yam'manja inalimba foni pogwiritsa ntchito mkokomo wamagetsi. Mtundu wa UNA-F unali chete kotero kuti woimba telefoniyo anakakamizika kusunga wolandirayo pafupi ndi khutu lake panthawi yonseyi (pofika 1943, mutu womasuka unapangidwa). Pofika m'chaka cha 1943, kusinthidwa kwatsopano kwa UNA-FI kunawonekera - mafoni awa anali ndi maulendo ochulukirapo ndipo amatha kulumikizidwa ndi masiwichi amtundu uliwonse - phonic, inductor ndi phonoinductor.
Mafoni akumunda a UNA-I-43 okhala ndi foni yoyimbira adapangidwa kuti azitha kulumikizana ndi matelefoni amkati ku likulu ndikuwongolera magulu ankhondo ndi magulu. Kuphatikiza apo, zida za inductor zidagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana patelefoni pakati pa likulu lalikulu lankhondo ndi malikulu apansi. Kuyankhulana kotereku kunkachitika makamaka kudzera pa chingwe chokhazikika cha waya wawiri, pomwe zida za telegraph zidagwiranso ntchito nthawi imodzi. Zipangizo za Inductor zafala kwambiri komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kusinthasintha komanso kudalirika kowonjezereka.
UNA-FI-43 - foni yam'munda
Mndandanda wa UNA udasinthidwa ndi mafoni a TAI-43 okhala ndi foni yolumikizira, yopangidwa pamaziko a kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wamatelefoni aku Germany omwe adagwidwa FF-33. Njira yolumikizirana kudzera pa chingwe chakumunda inali mpaka 25 km, ndipo kudzera pamzere wokhazikika wa 3 mm - 250 km. TAI-43 idapereka kulumikizana kokhazikika ndipo inali yopepuka kawiri kuposa ma analogi ake akale. Foni yamtunduwu idagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mauthenga pamagawo kuyambira magawo ndi kupitilira apo.
TAI-43
Chodabwitsa kwambiri chinali chipangizo cha telefoni cha "PF-1" (Thandizo Patsogolo) pamlingo wa gulu-kampani-battalion, yomwe "inagonjetsa" makilomita 18 okha kudzera pa chingwe chakumunda. Kupanga zida kunayamba mu 1941 pamisonkhano ya MGTS (Moscow City Telephone Network). Pazonse, zida za 3000 zidapangidwa. Gulu ili, ngakhale likuwoneka laling'ono malinga ndi miyezo yathu, linakhala chithandizo chachikulu kutsogolo, kumene njira zonse zolankhulirana zinkawerengedwa ndikuyamikiridwa.
Communications Center ku Stalingrad
Panali foni ina ndi mbiri zachilendo - IIA-44, amene, monga dzina likusonyeza, anaonekera mu asilikali mu 1944. M’bokosi lachitsulo, lokhala ndi makapisozi aŵiri, lolembedwa bwino lomwe ndi malangizo, linali losiyana pang’ono ndi matabwa ake ndipo linkawoneka ngati chikho. Koma ayi, IIA-44 idapangidwa ndi kampani yaku America ya Connecticut Telephone & Electric ndipo idaperekedwa ku USSR pansi pa Lend-Lease. Idali ndi foni yamtundu wa inductor ndipo idalola kulumikizidwa kwa cholumikizira chowonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya Soviet, inali ndi batire yamkati osati yakunja (yotchedwa kalasi ya MB, yokhala ndi batire yakumaloko). Mphamvu ya batri yochokera kwa wopanga inali maola 8 ampere, koma foni inali ndi mipata ya mabatire aku Soviet kuyambira 30 ampere-maola. Komabe, onyamula zizindikiro zankhondo analankhula mosadziletsa ponena za ubwino wa zidazo.
IIA-44
Zosafunikira kwenikweni pamakina olumikizirana ankhondo zinali zingwe (reels) ndi masiwichi.
Zingwe zapamunda, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali mamita 500, zinkavulazidwa pazingwe zomangirira pamapewa ndipo zinali zosavuta kuti zisungunuke ndi kulowa mkati. "Mitsempha" yaikulu ya Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi inali chingwe cha telegraph cha munda PTG-19 (mawu olankhulana 40-55 km) ndi PTF-7 (mayankhulidwe osiyanasiyana 15-25 km). Chiyambireni Nkhondo Yaikulu Yadziko Lonse, asitikali ankhondo amakonza chaka chilichonse ma kilomita 40-000 amafoni ndi ma telegraph ndi mawaya opitilira 50 omwe adayimitsidwa pa iwo ndikusintha mpaka mizati 000. Mdaniyo anali wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse kuti awononge machitidwe a mauthenga, kotero kubwezeretsa kunali kosalekeza komanso mwamsanga. Chingwecho chinayenera kuikidwa pamtunda uliwonse, kuphatikizapo pansi pa nkhokwe - pamenepa, ma sinkers apadera anamiza chingwecho ndipo sanalole kuti chiyandamire pamwamba. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri pa kuyala ndi kukonza zingwe za telefoni inachitika panthawi ya kuzingidwa kwa Leningrad: mzinda sunasiyidwe popanda mauthenga, ndipo owononga anali kuchita ntchito yawo, choncho nthawi zina anthu osiyanasiyana ankagwira ntchito pansi pa madzi ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira. Mwa njira, chingwe chamagetsi chopangira magetsi ku Leningrad chinayikidwa chimodzimodzi, ndi zovuta zazikulu.
Mawaya (chingwe) anali okhudzidwa ndi zida zonse ziwiri zapansi ndi zida zankhondo - waya adadulidwa ndi zidutswa m'malo angapo ndipo wowonetsa chizindikiro adakakamizika kupita kukafufuza ndikukonza zosweka zonse. Kulankhulana kunayenera kubwezeretsedwanso nthawi yomweyo kuti agwirizanitse zochita zina za asilikali, choncho otumizira mauthenga nthawi zambiri ankayenda pansi pa zipolopolo ndi zipolopolo. Panali zochitika pamene waya anayenera kukokedwa kudutsa mgodi wa migodi ndipo owonetsa zizindikiro, popanda kuyembekezera ma sappers, anachotsa migodi okha ndi mawaya awo. Omenyera nkhondowo anali ndi kuwukira kwawo, owonetsa ma signature anali ndi awo, osachepera komanso owopsa.
Kuphatikiza pa ziwopsezo zachindunji za zida za adani, owonetsa zizindikiro anali ndi vuto linanso loyipa kuposa imfa: popeza munthu yemwe adakhala patelefoni amadziwa zonse zomwe zili kutsogolo, anali chandamale chofunikira kwa anzeru aku Germany. Olemba ma signature nthawi zambiri ankagwidwa chifukwa zinali zosavuta kuyandikira kwa iwo: kunali kokwanira kudula waya ndikudikirira mobisalira kuti woyimbayo abwere pamalowo kuti adzafune kupuma kotsatira. Patapita nthawi, njira zotetezera ndi kuzilambalala zidazi zidawonekera, nkhondo zomenyera zidziwitso zidapita pawailesi, koma kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo zinthu zinali zoipa.
Masinthidwe amodzi ndi awiriawiri adagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ma foni (phonic, inductor ndi hybrid). Zosinthazi zidapangidwira manambala a 6, 10, 12 ndi 20 (akaphatikizana) ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mafoni amkati ku regiment, battalion, ndi likulu la magawo. Mwa njira, masiwichi anasintha mofulumira ndithu ndi 1944 asilikali anali ndi zida opepuka ndi mphamvu mkulu. Masinthidwe aposachedwa anali atayima kale (pafupifupi 80 kg) ndipo amatha kusinthira olembetsa mpaka 90.
Kusintha kwa foni K-10. Samalani zolembedwa pamlanduwo
Kumapeto kwa 1941, Ajeremani adadzipangira cholinga cholanda Moscow. Mwa zina, likululo linali likulu la zolankhulana zonse za Soviet Union, ndipo mkangano uwu wa mitsempha unayenera kuwonongedwa. Ngati likulu la Moscow litawonongedwa, mbali zonse zikanakhala zosagwirizana, kotero People's Commissar of Communications I.T. Peresypkin pafupi ndi Moscow adapanga njira yolumikizirana ndi mfundo zazikulu kumpoto, kum'mwera, kum'mawa, kumadzulo. Malo osungira awa angatsimikizire kulumikizana ngakhale zitawonongeka kotheratu telegraph yapakati mdziko muno. Ivan Terentyevich Peresypkin anachita mbali yaikulu pa nkhondo: iye anapanga mayunitsi oposa 1000 kulankhulana, anakhazikitsa maphunziro ndi masukulu oyendetsa foni, oyendetsa wailesi, ndi signmen, amene anapereka kutsogolo ndi akatswiri mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka. Pofika pakati pa 1944, chifukwa cha zisankho za People's Commissar of Communications Peresypkin, "mantha pawailesi" adazimiririka ndipo ankhondo, ngakhale Lend-Lease isanachitike, anali ndi ma wayilesi oposa 64 amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndili ndi zaka 000, Peresypkin anakhala wotsogolera mauthenga.
Ma wailesi
Nkhondoyo inali nyengo ya kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa mu mauthenga a wailesi. Nthawi zambiri, ubale pakati pa ma sign a Red Army udasokonekera: pomwe pafupifupi msilikali aliyense amatha kugwiritsa ntchito foni yosavuta, mawayilesi amafunikira ma sign omwe ali ndi luso linalake. Choncho, signmen woyamba wa nkhondo ankakonda anzawo okhulupirika - mafoni kumunda. Komabe, mawailesi posakhalitsa adawonetsa zomwe adatha ndipo adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse ndipo adatchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu ochita zigawenga komanso anzeru.
Wailesi yam'manja ya HF (3-P)
Wailesi ya RB (wailesi ya battalion) yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 0,5 W pazosintha zoyamba inali ndi transceiver (10,4 kg), magetsi (14,5 kg) ndi gulu la dipole antenna (3,5 kg). Kutalika kwa dipole kunali 34 m, mlongoti - 1,8 m. Inali imodzi mwawailesi yakale kwambiri yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II.
Foreman wa Red Army ndi Republic of Belarus
Pofika m'chaka cha 1942, mtundu wa RBM (wamakono) unawonekera, momwe chiwerengero cha machubu amagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito chinachepetsedwa, mphamvu ndi kusasunthika kwapangidwe kunawonjezeka, monga momwe zimafunira ndi zochitika zenizeni za nkhondo. RBM-1 yokhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa 1 W ndi RBM-5 yokhala ndi 5 W idawonekera. Zipangizo zakutali za masiteshoni atsopanowa zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kukambirana kuchokera kumalo otalikirana mpaka 3 km. Wailesi iyi idakhala wayilesi yamagawidwe, magulu ankhondo ndi akuluakulu ankhondo. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wonyezimira, zinali zotheka kusungitsa kulumikizana kwa radiotelegraph yokhazikika pamtunda wa 250 km kapena kupitilira apo (mwanjira, mosiyana ndi mafunde apakati, omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi mtengo wonyezimira usiku, mafunde amfupi mpaka 6 MHz adawonekera bwino. kuchokera ku ionosphere nthawi iliyonse ya tsiku ndipo imatha kufalikira mtunda wautali chifukwa cha kuwunikira kuchokera ku ionosphere ndi pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, popanda kufunikira ma transmitters amphamvu). Kuphatikiza apo, ma RBM adawonetsa kuchita bwino kwambiri pothandizira mabwalo a ndege munthawi yankhondo.
Nkhondo itatha, asilikali anagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zopita patsogolo, ndipo RBMs inakhala yotchuka pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kuti apitirizebe kukhala ngwazi za nkhani za m'magazini apadera mu 80s.
Chithunzi cha RBM:
Mu 1943, anthu a ku America anapempha chilolezo kuti apange wailesi yopambana komanso yodalirika imeneyi, koma anakanidwa.
ngwazi lotsatira la nkhondo anali Sever wailesi wailesi, amene kutsogolo anali poyerekeza ndi "Katyusha", choncho anafunika mwamsanga ndi pa nthawi yake anali chipangizo ichi.
Mawayilesi "Sever" adayamba kupangidwa mu 1941 ndipo adapangidwa ngakhale ku Leningrad. Iwo anali opepuka kuposa ma RB oyamba - kulemera kwa seti yathunthu yokhala ndi mabatire kunali "kokha" 10 kg. Anapereka kulankhulana pa mtunda wa makilomita 500, ndipo muzochitika zina ndi m'manja mwa akatswiri "anamaliza" mpaka 700 Km. Wailesi iyi idapangidwa kuti ikhale yodziwitsa anthu komanso magulu agulu. Inali wayilesi yokhala ndi cholandirira chachindunji, magawo atatu, ndi mayankho osinthika. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wa batri, panali "kuwala", komwe kumafuna mphamvu ya AC, komanso mitundu ingapo yosiyana ya zombo. Chidacho chinali ndi antenna, mahedifoni, kiyi ya telegraph, nyali zotsalira, ndi zida zokonzera. Kuti akonze zoyankhulirana, mawailesi apadera okhala ndi zoulutsira mawu zamphamvu ndi zolandilira mawayilesi zamphamvu anatumizidwa kumalikulu akutsogolo. Malo olumikizirana anali ndi ndandanda yawoyawo, malinga ndi momwe amalumikizirana ndi wailesi 2-3 masana. Pofika m'chaka cha 1944, mawayilesi amtundu wa Sever adalumikiza Central Headquarters ndi magulu opitilira 1000. "Sever" yothandizidwa ndi zida zoyankhulirana (ZAS), koma nthawi zambiri amasiyidwa kuti asalandire ma kilogalamu angapo a zida. Kuti "agawane" zokambirana kuchokera kwa adani, adalankhula mwatsatanetsatane, koma malinga ndi ndondomeko inayake, pamafunde osiyanasiyana komanso ndi zolemba zina za malo a asilikali.
Wailesi yaku North
12-RP ndi wayilesi yaku Soviet man-portable infantry shortwave yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumagulu ankhondo a Red Army. Ili ndi midadada yosiyana ya 12-R transmitter ndi 5SG-2 wolandila. Receive-transmit, telegraph-telegraph, half-duplex radio station, yopangidwira kuti igwire ntchito poyenda komanso m'malo oimika magalimoto. Wailesiyo inali ndi mapaketi a transceiver (kulemera kwa 12 kg, miyeso 426 x 145 x 205 mm) ndi magetsi (kulemera kwa 13,1 kg, miyeso 310 x 245 x 185 mm). Ananyamulidwa kumbuyo kumalamba ndi omenyana awiri. Wailesi idapangidwa kuyambira Okutobala - Novembala 1941 mpaka kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi anapatsidwa dzina la M.V. Frunze M’kati mwa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yosonyeza Kukonda Dziko Lako, nyumbayo inathandiza kwambiri kuti asilikali azitha kulankhulana pawailesi. Inapanga magulu 48 akutsogolo, akulemba ntchito anthu oposa 500. Mu 1943 mokha, zida zoyezera mawayilesi 2928 zamitundu isanu ndi iwiri zinapangidwa. M’chaka chomwecho, Plant No.
Wailesi 12-RP
Mawayilesi mwachangu adakhala ofunikira kwambiri pazandege, zoyendera komanso makamaka m'matanki. Mwa njira, kunali kumangidwa kwa asitikali akasinja ndi ndege zomwe zidakhala chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa magulu ankhondo aku Soviet kupita ku mafunde a wailesi - foni yamawaya inali yosayenera kulumikizana ndi akasinja ndi ndege wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi zolemba.
Mawailesi aku Soviet tank anali olumikizana kwambiri kuposa aku Germany, ndipo mwina ichi chinali, mwina, gawo lotsogola la mauthenga ankhondo kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa nkhondo. Mu Red Army kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, kulankhulana kunali koipa kwambiri - makamaka chifukwa cha ndondomeko yomweyi isanayambe nkhondo ya zida zopanda kumanga. Kugonjetsedwa koopsa koyambirira ndi zikwi za ovulala zinali makamaka chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa zochita ndi kusowa kwa njira zolankhulirana.
Wailesi yoyamba ya tanki ya Soviet inali 71-TK, yomwe idapangidwa koyambirira kwa 30s. Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lawo adasinthidwa ndi mawayilesi 9-R, 10-R ndi 12-R, omwe adasinthidwa mosalekeza. Pamodzi ndi wayilesi, ma intercom a TPU adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'matangi. Popeza kuti ogwira ntchito m’thanki sankatha kugwira ntchito ndi manja awo n’kusokonezedwa, ma laryngophone ndi mahedifoni (makamaka mahedifoni) analumikizidwa ku zipewa za akasinja—ndichifukwa chake mawu akuti “helmetphone.” Zambiri zidatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikolofoni kapena kiyi ya telegraph. Mu 1942, mawailesi a tank 12-RT (ochokera ku 12-RP) adapangidwa pamaziko a wailesi ya 12-RP. Mawailesi akasinja adapangidwa makamaka kuti asinthane chidziwitso pakati pa magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, 12-RP idapereka njira ziwiri zoyankhulirana ndi wayilesi yofananira nayo pamalo ovuta kwambiri masana patali:
- Beam (pa ngodya ina) - telefoni mpaka 6 km, telegraph mpaka 12 km
- Pin (malo athyathyathya, zosokoneza zambiri) - telefoni mpaka 8 km, telegraph mpaka 16 km
- Dipole, inverted V (yoyenera kwambiri nkhalango ndi mitsinje) - telefoni mpaka 15 km, telegraph mpaka 30 km
Opambana kwambiri komanso omwe adakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali munkhondo anali 10-RT, yomwe idalowa m'malo mwa 1943-R mu 10, yomwe inali ndi maulamuliro ndi ma mounting pa chisoti chomwe chinali ergonomic nthawi imeneyo.
10-RT kuchokera mkati
Wailesi ya tank 10-R
Mawayilesi apawayilesi owulutsa ndege mumtundu wa HF wa RSI adayamba kupangidwa mu 1942, adayikidwa pa ndege zomenyera nkhondo ndikuyendetsa zokambirana pafupipafupi 3,75-5 MHz. Masiteshoni oterowo anali mpaka 15 km polumikizana pakati pa ndege mpaka 100 km polumikizana ndi ma wayilesi apansi pazigawo zowongolera. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma siginecha kumadalira mtundu wa zitsulo ndi kutetezedwa kwa zida zamagetsi; wayilesi ya womenyayo inkafunika kukonzedwa mosamala komanso njira yaukadaulo. Pofika kumapeto kwa nkhondo, mitundu ina ya RSI idalola kukwera kwakanthawi kochepa kwamagetsi otumizira mpaka 10 W. Zowongolera zawayilesi zidalumikizidwa ku chisoti cha woyendetsa ndege molingana ndi mfundo zomwe zili m'matanki.
RSI-3M1 - transmitter yochepa yoweyula yomwe ili mu wailesi ya RSI-4 womenya, yomwe idapangidwa kuyambira 1942.
Mwa njira, panali milandu ambiri pamene siteshoni wailesi mu chikwama anapulumutsa moyo wa siginecha - izo anatenga zipolopolo kapena shrapnel pa mabomba, palokha analephera, ndipo anapulumutsa msilikali. Ambiri, pa nthawi ya nkhondo, mawailesi ambiri analengedwa ndi ntchito oyenda pansi, panyanja, sitima zapamadzi zombo, ndege ndi zolinga zapadera, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali woyenera nkhani yonse (kapena buku), chifukwa anali ofanana. omenyana monga omwe adagwira nawo ntchito . Koma tilibe Habr wokwanira pa phunziro lotere.
Komabe, nditchulanso wayilesi ina - zolandila wailesi zaku US (universal superheterodyne, ndiko kuti, jenereta yamagetsi otsika kwambiri am'deralo), mndandanda wamawayilesi amtundu wa DV/MF/HF. USSR anayamba kulenga wolandila wailesi iyi pansi pa pulogalamu yachitatu rearmament Red Army ndi mbali yaikulu mu kugwirizana ndi khalidwe la ntchito zankhondo. Poyambirira, ma US adapangidwa kuti akonzekeretse mawayilesi ophulitsira mabomba, koma mwachangu adalowa ntchito ndi asitikali apansi ndipo adakondedwa ndi ma signature chifukwa cholumikizana, kugwira ntchito mosavuta komanso kudalirika kwapadera, kufananiza ndi foni yama waya. Komabe, mzere wa olandila wailesi unakhala wopambana kotero kuti sunangopereka zosowa za ndege ndi makanda, komanso pambuyo pake unadziwika pakati pa akatswiri a wailesi a USSR (omwe amafunafuna makope ochotsedwa pazoyeserera zawo).
УС
Kuyankhulana kwapadera
Kulankhula za mauthenga pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lathu, munthu sangalephere kutchula zida zapadera zoyankhulirana. Mfumukazi yaukadaulo inali boma "HF communication" (aka ATS-1, aka Kremlin), yomwe idapangidwira OGPU, zomwe zinali zosatheka kumvera popanda zida zaukadaulo zapamwamba komanso mwayi wapadera wamizere ndi zida. Inali dongosolo la njira zoyankhulirana zotetezeka ... Komabe, chifukwa chiyani? Idakalipobe: njira yolumikizirana yotetezeka yomwe imatsimikizira kulumikizana kokhazikika komanso chinsinsi cha zokambirana pakati pa atsogoleri a dzikoli, mabungwe ofunikira achitetezo, maunduna ndi mabungwe azamalamulo. Masiku ano, njira zotetezera zasintha ndi kulimbikitsidwa, koma zolinga ndi zolinga zimakhala zofanana: palibe amene ayenera kudziwa chidziwitso chimodzi chomwe chinadutsa njirazi.
Mu 1930, woyamba basi mafoni kuwombola mu Moscow unayambitsidwa (m'malo gulu la masiwichi Buku kulankhulana), amene anasiya ntchito mu 1998. Pofika chapakati pa 1941, maukonde olumikizirana ndi boma a HF anali ndi masiteshoni 116, malo 20, malo owulutsa 40 ndipo adatumizira pafupifupi 600 olembetsa. Osati Kremlin yokha yomwe inali ndi mauthenga a HF; kuti athe kulamulira ntchito zankhondo, likulu ndi lamulo pamizere yakutsogolo anali nazo. Mwa njira, m'zaka za nkhondo, siteshoni ya Moscow HF inasamukira ku malo ogwira ntchito a siteshoni ya metro ya Kirovskaya (kuyambira November 1990 - Chistye Prudy) kuti ateteze kuphulika kwa likulu.
Monga momwe mukumvera kale kuchokera ku chidule cha HF, ntchito yolumikizirana ndi boma m'zaka za m'ma 30 idakhazikitsidwa pamfundo yamatelefoni apamwamba kwambiri. Liwu la munthu linasamutsidwa ku ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri ndipo linali losafikirika kwa kumvetsera mwachindunji. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo uwu udapangitsa kuti zitheke kufalitsa zokambirana zingapo nthawi imodzi kudzera pawaya wapansi, zomwe zitha kukhala chopinga china panthawi yolowera.
Liwu la munthu limapanga kugwedezeka kwa mpweya mumayendedwe afupipafupi a 300-3200 Hz, ndipo chingwe chafoni chokhazikika kuti chitumizidwe chiyenera kukhala ndi gulu lodzipatulira (komwe kugwedezeka kwa mawu kudzasinthidwa kukhala mafunde amagetsi) mpaka 4 kHz. Chifukwa chake, kuti mumvetsere kufalitsa kotereku, ndikwanira "kulumikizana" ndi waya mwanjira iliyonse yomwe ilipo. Ndipo ngati muthamanga gulu lafupipafupi la 10 kHz kudzera pawaya, mumapeza chizindikiro chonyamulira ndi kugwedezeka kwa mawu a olembetsa akhoza kubisika pakusintha kwa zizindikiro za zizindikiro (mafupipafupi, gawo ndi matalikidwe). Kusintha kumeneku kwa chizindikiro chonyamulira kumapanga chizindikiro cha envelopu chomwe chidzanyamula phokoso la mawu mpaka kumapeto kwina. Ngati, panthawi ya zokambirana zoterezi, mumagwirizanitsa mwachindunji ndi waya ndi chipangizo chosavuta, ndiye kuti mumangomva chizindikiro cha HF.
Kukonzekera ntchito Berlin, kumanzere - Marshal G.K. Zhukov, pakati - mmodzi wa omenyana Irreplaceable, telefoni
Marshal wa ku Soviet Union I.S. Konev analemba za mauthenga a HF m’zolemba zake kuti: “N’zoonekeratu kuti mauthenga a HF amenewa, monga amanenera, anatumizidwa kwa ife ndi Mulungu. Zinatithandiza kwambiri, zinali zokhazikika m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri kotero kuti tiyenera kupereka msonkho kwa zida zathu ndi ma signature athu, omwe amapereka mwapadera kulumikizana kwapafupipafupi komanso munthawi iliyonse kutsata zidendene za aliyense amene amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana uku panthawi yoyenda. ”
Kupitilira pakuwunika kwathu kwakanthawi kunali njira zofunika zoyankhulirana monga ma telegraph ndi zida zowunikiranso, nkhani zachinsinsi mu nthawi yankhondo, komanso mbiri yakale yolumikizirana. Zida zoyankhulirana pakati pa ogwirizana ndi otsutsa zidasiyidwanso - ndipo ili ndi dziko losangalatsa lakulimbana. Koma apa, monga tanenera kale, Habr sikokwanira kulemba chilichonse, ndi zolemba, zowona ndi zowunikira malangizo ndi mabuku anthawi imeneyo. Iyi si mphindi chabe, iyi ndi gawo lalikulu lodziyimira pawokha la mbiri ya dziko. Ngati muli ndi chidwi monga ife, ndikusiyirani maulalo abwino kwambiri omwe mungafufuze. Ndipo ndikhulupirireni, pali china chake choti mupeze ndikudabwa pamenepo.
- - malo okhala ndi mzimu wa nyali
- Kuchokera pamenepo
- - malo ena okhala ndi mzimu wa nyali
- Kuyankhulana kwapadera mu dongosolo lothandizira la Russia - gawo, tsitsani PDF, yosangalatsa
Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali kulumikizana kwamtundu uliwonse: mawaya otetezedwa kwambiri, maulumikizidwe a satellite, ma messenger ambiri apompopompo, ma frequency odzipatulira a wailesi, kulumikizana ndi ma cellular, ma walkie-talkies amitundu yonse ndi makalasi oteteza. Njira zambiri zoyankhulirana zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu kunkhondo zilizonse komanso kuwonongeka. Ndipo pamapeto pake, chipangizo cholimba kwambiri m'munda, monga nthawiyo, chidzakhala foni yawaya. Sindikufuna kungoyang'ana izi, ndipo sindikuzifuna. Timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zonsezi pazifukwa zamtendere.
Tsiku labwino la wailesi ndi kulumikizana, abwenzi okondedwa, owonetsa ma signature ndi omwe akukhudzidwa! Anu
73!
Source: www.habr.com